威尼斯共和憲政研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-09-10 11:40
【摘要】： 憲政的永恒主題是通過制度設(shè)計(jì)與安排以限制國家政治權(quán)力,防止權(quán)力被濫用,保障人們的自由權(quán)利。中世紀(jì)的威尼斯城邦圍繞這一主題,建立起了一套雖不完善但可謂成功的憲政制度,并順利運(yùn)行數(shù)百年之久。 威尼斯憲政的建立與發(fā)展得益于得天獨(dú)厚的自然和歷史條件。它憑借偏居海濱一隅的有利地理位置,避開了歐洲大陸上的爭端與戰(zhàn)爭,使獨(dú)樹一幟的憲政制度得以在中世紀(jì)的封建土壤中萌發(fā)生機(jī)。又由于狹小的土地和不利的氣候而難以開展有效的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn),威尼斯建國伊始就走上了“以商立國”的道路。在數(shù)百年的歷史上,商業(yè)貿(mào)易一直是威尼斯憲政的深層社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)。同時(shí),遠(yuǎn)離國際紛爭又為威尼斯憲政贏得了良好的發(fā)展空間,而羅馬憲政的遺風(fēng)則為威尼斯憲政提供了寶貴的歷史文化資源。 威尼斯憲政的歷史大致經(jīng)歷了四個(gè)發(fā)展階段。首先是“童年”時(shí)期,大約5-8世紀(jì),此時(shí)威尼斯剛剛建國,采用的是“民眾會(huì)議——軍事首領(lǐng)”協(xié)商治國模式,初步確定了共和憲政的政治基調(diào)和未來發(fā)展走向。其次是“青年”時(shí)期,大約8-13世紀(jì),此時(shí)威尼斯商人統(tǒng)治階級(jí)按照自己的政治理想和國情現(xiàn)實(shí),建立健全了國家政治機(jī)構(gòu),明確了各種機(jī)構(gòu)的職權(quán)分工及其相互關(guān)系,一套具有鮮明共和色彩的政治體制基本成形。再次是“成年”時(shí)期,大約13-17世紀(jì),在這一時(shí)期,盡管普通民眾的直接參政權(quán)仍受到極大的限制,但各政治機(jī)構(gòu)之間的制約平衡關(guān)系開始成為國家權(quán)力結(jié)構(gòu)的主導(dǎo)機(jī)制,憲政制度趨于成熟,并給威尼斯帶來了幾百年的穩(wěn)定繁榮局面。最后是“老年”時(shí)期,大約17-18世紀(jì),這一時(shí)期因商路的斷絕直接導(dǎo)致了威尼斯經(jīng)濟(jì)的衰落和憲政的滅亡。 政治權(quán)力的分立與制衡是威尼斯憲政的最本質(zhì)內(nèi)容。威尼斯的國家政府是由若干獨(dú)立機(jī)構(gòu)組成的,每個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)都有自己的職責(zé)范圍,國家權(quán)力系統(tǒng)呈現(xiàn)“塊狀”分割結(jié)構(gòu)。其中,大議事會(huì)是共和國的立法機(jī)關(guān)、公職選任機(jī)關(guān)和最高權(quán)力機(jī)關(guān),元老院、總督、執(zhí)政團(tuán)、諮議團(tuán)組成國家最高行政決策與執(zhí)行機(jī)關(guān),四十人委員會(huì)、十人委員會(huì)則相當(dāng)于共和國的司法機(jī)關(guān)。三個(gè)系統(tǒng)之間雖然在人事上有所交叉,但在職權(quán)上是相互分立的。不僅如此,三個(gè)權(quán)力系統(tǒng)之間還呈現(xiàn)出相互制約與平衡的特點(diǎn)。這就使得國家政治權(quán)力從未集中于少數(shù)貴族寡頭手中,而是由數(shù)以千計(jì)的貴族以民主表決的方式共同分享。平民雖無權(quán)接近權(quán)力體系的中心,但沒有被完全排除在國家事務(wù)之外,他們?nèi)钥稍谶吘壷幰云涮赜械姆绞綄?duì)政治生活打上自己的印痕。 濃郁的自由氣息和鮮明的法治色彩是威尼斯憲政的主要特征。威尼斯是中世紀(jì)歐洲自由度最高的國家,威尼斯的公民所享有的政治經(jīng)濟(jì)思想自由令當(dāng)時(shí)歐洲各國都難以望其項(xiàng)背。為保障公民的自由特別是財(cái)產(chǎn)自由,搶劫、盜竊等犯罪行為均被威尼斯刑法列為重點(diǎn)打擊的對(duì)象。盡管那時(shí)的成文法還不甚發(fā)達(dá),但威尼斯畢竟在實(shí)踐中走出了一條以行政法治、立法法治和司法法治約束權(quán)力的憲政之路。 威尼斯憲政是立足本國現(xiàn)實(shí)需求的杰作,是威尼斯人民政治智慧的結(jié)晶。它創(chuàng)制的以分權(quán)制衡為核心并兼具一定民主性的憲政模式,既規(guī)制和滿足了人們對(duì)政治參與和分享權(quán)力的渴求,又不讓任何個(gè)人或集團(tuán)長期地壟斷國家權(quán)力,從而一方面防止了專制獨(dú)裁的出現(xiàn),另一方面又避免了同期佛羅倫薩那種貴族宗派之間的權(quán)力斗爭,給威尼斯帶來了數(shù)百年的政治穩(wěn)定和經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮,創(chuàng)造了舉世矚目的“威尼斯神話”。 當(dāng)然,對(duì)于威尼斯的憲政制度也不宜評(píng)價(jià)過高。與古希臘羅馬的古典憲政和17世紀(jì)以后民族主權(quán)國家的現(xiàn)代憲政相比,威尼斯城市共和憲政還存在相當(dāng)大的差距。威尼斯沒有成文憲法,也沒有形成能夠代表“憲法性法律”的特定立法或司法機(jī)關(guān),多元分權(quán)制衡體制又在一定程度上妨礙了行政效能。特別是由于威尼斯憲政依托于一個(gè)彈丸城邦,缺乏強(qiáng)有力的民族國家作支撐,因而其生命力是極為脆弱的。一旦海商命脈被切斷,威尼斯憲政必將伴隨著城邦國家的覆滅而宣告終結(jié)。
[Abstract]:The eternal theme of constitutionalism is to restrict the state's political power, prevent the abuse of power, and protect people's freedom and rights through system design and arrangement.
The establishment and development of Venice's constitutionalism benefited from its unique natural and historical conditions. It avoided disputes and wars on the European continent by virtue of its advantageous geographical position in the coastal corner, and enabled its unique constitutional system to germinate in the feudal soil of the Middle Ages. In order to develop effective agricultural production, Venice embarked on the road of "establishing a state by commerce" at the beginning of its founding. In the history of hundreds of years, commercial trade has been the deep social and economic foundation of Venice's constitutional government. Constitutionalism has provided valuable historical and cultural resources.
The history of constitutionalism in Venice has undergone four stages of development. First, the period of childhood, about the fifth and eighth centuries, when Venice was just founded, it adopted the mode of "popular conference-military leader" to negotiate and govern the country. The political tone and future development trend of the constitutionalism in the Republic were initially determined. Second, the period of "youth", about 8-13. In the 20th century, the ruling class of Venetian merchants established and perfected the state political institutions in accordance with their own political ideals and realities of national conditions, clarified the division of powers and relations among the various institutions, and basically formed a political system with distinct Republican colors. Again, the "adult" period, about the 13th to 17th centuries, during this period, although The direct political participation of ordinary people is still greatly restricted, but the balance of restrictions among the political institutions has become the dominant mechanism of the state power structure. The constitutional system has matured and brought stability and prosperity to Venice for hundreds of years. It has directly led to the decline of Venice's economy and the demise of constitutional government.
Separation and checks and balances of political power are the most essential content of Venice's constitutional government. The Venetian national government is composed of several independent institutions, each with its own scope of responsibility, and the state power system presents a "block" structure of separation. The Senate, the Governor, the Executive Council and the Consultative Council constitute the supreme executive decision-making and executive organ of the state, the 40-member Committee and the 10-member Committee are equivalent to the judicial organs of the republic. This makes the political power of the state never centralized in the hands of a few aristocratic oligarchs, but shared by thousands of aristocrats by democratic vote. Political life marks itself.
Venice was the country with the highest degree of freedom in medieval Europe. The freedom of political and economic thought enjoyed by the citizens of Venice made it difficult for all European countries at that time. Although the statute law at that time was not very developed, Venice, after all, had embarked on a constitutional road in practice, which was governed by administrative law, legislative law and judicial law.
The Venetian constitutionalism is a masterpiece based on the realistic needs of Venice and the crystallization of the Venetian people's political wisdom.It creates a constitutional model with decentralization and checks and balances as the core and a certain degree of democracy, which not only regulates and satisfies people's desire for political participation and power sharing, but also allows no individual or group to monopolize state power for a long time. On the one hand, it prevented the emergence of autocratic dictatorship, on the other hand, it avoided the power struggle between the aristocratic sects of Florence in the same period. It brought about hundreds of years of political stability and economic prosperity in Venice, and created a world-famous "Venetian myth".
Of course, the constitutional system of Venice should not be overrated. Compared with the classical constitutionalism of ancient Greece and Rome and the modern constitutionalism of national sovereignty countries after the 17th century, there is still a considerable gap between the urban republicanism of Venice and the constitutionalism of Venice. The judiciary, the system of multiple decentralization and checks and balances, to a certain extent, hampers the administrative efficiency. Especially because Venice's constitutional government relies on a city-state of bullets and lacks the support of a powerful nation-state, its vitality is extremely fragile. Declare an end.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號(hào)】：DD911;D954.6
[Abstract]:The eternal theme of constitutionalism is to restrict the state's political power, prevent the abuse of power, and protect people's freedom and rights through system design and arrangement.
The establishment and development of Venice's constitutionalism benefited from its unique natural and historical conditions. It avoided disputes and wars on the European continent by virtue of its advantageous geographical position in the coastal corner, and enabled its unique constitutional system to germinate in the feudal soil of the Middle Ages. In order to develop effective agricultural production, Venice embarked on the road of "establishing a state by commerce" at the beginning of its founding. In the history of hundreds of years, commercial trade has been the deep social and economic foundation of Venice's constitutional government. Constitutionalism has provided valuable historical and cultural resources.
The history of constitutionalism in Venice has undergone four stages of development. First, the period of childhood, about the fifth and eighth centuries, when Venice was just founded, it adopted the mode of "popular conference-military leader" to negotiate and govern the country. The political tone and future development trend of the constitutionalism in the Republic were initially determined. Second, the period of "youth", about 8-13. In the 20th century, the ruling class of Venetian merchants established and perfected the state political institutions in accordance with their own political ideals and realities of national conditions, clarified the division of powers and relations among the various institutions, and basically formed a political system with distinct Republican colors. Again, the "adult" period, about the 13th to 17th centuries, during this period, although The direct political participation of ordinary people is still greatly restricted, but the balance of restrictions among the political institutions has become the dominant mechanism of the state power structure. The constitutional system has matured and brought stability and prosperity to Venice for hundreds of years. It has directly led to the decline of Venice's economy and the demise of constitutional government.
Separation and checks and balances of political power are the most essential content of Venice's constitutional government. The Venetian national government is composed of several independent institutions, each with its own scope of responsibility, and the state power system presents a "block" structure of separation. The Senate, the Governor, the Executive Council and the Consultative Council constitute the supreme executive decision-making and executive organ of the state, the 40-member Committee and the 10-member Committee are equivalent to the judicial organs of the republic. This makes the political power of the state never centralized in the hands of a few aristocratic oligarchs, but shared by thousands of aristocrats by democratic vote. Political life marks itself.
Venice was the country with the highest degree of freedom in medieval Europe. The freedom of political and economic thought enjoyed by the citizens of Venice made it difficult for all European countries at that time. Although the statute law at that time was not very developed, Venice, after all, had embarked on a constitutional road in practice, which was governed by administrative law, legislative law and judicial law.
The Venetian constitutionalism is a masterpiece based on the realistic needs of Venice and the crystallization of the Venetian people's political wisdom.It creates a constitutional model with decentralization and checks and balances as the core and a certain degree of democracy, which not only regulates and satisfies people's desire for political participation and power sharing, but also allows no individual or group to monopolize state power for a long time. On the one hand, it prevented the emergence of autocratic dictatorship, on the other hand, it avoided the power struggle between the aristocratic sects of Florence in the same period. It brought about hundreds of years of political stability and economic prosperity in Venice, and created a world-famous "Venetian myth".
Of course, the constitutional system of Venice should not be overrated. Compared with the classical constitutionalism of ancient Greece and Rome and the modern constitutionalism of national sovereignty countries after the 17th century, there is still a considerable gap between the urban republicanism of Venice and the constitutionalism of Venice. The judiciary, the system of multiple decentralization and checks and balances, to a certain extent, hampers the administrative efficiency. Especially because Venice's constitutional government relies on a city-state of bullets and lacks the support of a powerful nation-state, its vitality is extremely fragile. Declare an end.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號(hào)】：DD911;D954.6
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