【摘要】： 邊沁在其早期作品中明確提出,法律只不過是主權(quán)者的意志表示或者主權(quán)者的命令而已。主權(quán)者的權(quán)威是無限的,除非其本身同意根據(jù)一個明確的協(xié)定服從另一主權(quán)者;否則,每一個主權(quán)者都不受法律限制。但是邊沁在后來的重要作品——《憲法典》一書中又認(rèn)為,憲法作為法律體系的一個部門,可以限制主權(quán)者。如此以來,憲法作為“法律”可以限制不受“法律”限制的主權(quán)者就成為一個悖論。 邊沁認(rèn)為,主權(quán)概念涉及到兩個組織之間的關(guān)系,即人民與主權(quán)者之間的關(guān)系。在這種關(guān)系當(dāng)中,沒有任何一方可以完全地至高無上,兩方存在于一種動態(tài)的博弈關(guān)系之中。這種動態(tài)的博弈關(guān)系成就了主權(quán),也同時迫使主權(quán)者不會僅僅憑借自己的意志頒布憲法,因為主權(quán)者為了使自己的統(tǒng)治能夠持續(xù)下去,它必須在這種動態(tài)的關(guān)系當(dāng)中觀察人民的意愿,并且將這種意愿表達在未來的憲法當(dāng)中。憲法也因此獲得了來自公共領(lǐng)域的道德約束力,這種道德約束力使得主權(quán)者自覺地接受憲法的約束。憲法也因為包含法律的兩項本質(zhì)要素——行為(主權(quán)者的行為)以及針對這種行為的意志(主權(quán)者的意志和人民的意志)而成為法律。 邊沁認(rèn)為,人民在上述博弈過程中扮演著兩種角色:第一種角色為制度上的角色,即選任和罷黜官員;第二種角色涉及道德自治領(lǐng)域,即作為“公意裁判機構(gòu)”(POT)的成員。通過扮演這兩種角色,掌握著“政治主權(quán)”的人民就能夠時刻抗衡掌握著“法律主權(quán)”的主權(quán)者,包含著人民意志的憲法也因此能夠作為“法律”,有效地迫使主權(quán)者進行自我限制。
[Abstract]:Bentham made it clear in his early works that the law was nothing more than the will of the sovereign or the commandment of the sovereign. The authority of a sovereign is unlimited, and every sovereign is free from law unless he himself agrees to serve from another sovereign under a clear agreement. But in his later important work, the Constitution, Bentham argued that the Constitution, as a department of the legal system, could restrict the sovereign. Thus, it is a paradox that the Constitution, as a law, can restrict the sovereign who is not subject to the law. Bentham believes that the concept of sovereignty involves the relationship between the two organizations, that is, the relationship between the people and the sovereign. In this relationship, no party can be completely supreme, the two sides exist in a dynamic game relationship. This dynamic game relationship creates sovereignty and forces the sovereign not only to enact the constitution of his own will, but also to make his rule sustainable. It must observe the will of the people in this dynamic relationship and express that will in the future constitution. As a result, the Constitution acquires moral binding from the public sphere, which makes the sovereign voluntarily subject to the Constitution. The Constitution also becomes law because it contains two essential elements of law-acts (acts of the sovereign) and will against such acts (the will of the sovereign and the will of the people). Bentham believes that the people play two roles in the above game process: the first is the institutional role, that is, to elect and depose officials, and the second is to play a role in the field of moral autonomy, that is, to be a member of the (POT). By playing these two roles, the people who hold "political sovereignty" can always contend with the sovereignty of the "legal sovereignty", and the constitution, which contains the will of the people, can therefore be "the law". Effectively forcing the sovereign to limit himself.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：廈門大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類號】：D911;D909.1

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