本文選題：耕地利用 + 耕地保護　； 參考：《遼寧大學(xué)》2014年博士論文

【摘要】：土地制度在一國的法律制度中居于十分重要的地位,必然包含著一定的價值取向和制度考量。在一國國民經(jīng)濟發(fā)展過程中,農(nóng)業(yè)構(gòu)成了其它產(chǎn)業(yè)的基礎(chǔ)。而農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展離不開土地,尤其是耕地,所以耕地制度構(gòu)成了土地制度的核心。通過研究耕地利用、耕地保護法律制度,對中國與韓國耕地利用制度進行比較,分析二者的主要內(nèi)容,異同點,強化兩者之間的借鑒,對于兩國的耕地利用法制發(fā)展都有重要的意義。 從國土面積以及地形特點來看,韓國不適宜發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè),但是也正因為如此,韓國政府歷來都十分重視耕地資源的保護,通過經(jīng)濟、法律、行政等多手段的綜合運用來提高耕地資源的管理控制,提高耕地資源的利用效率。為了解決人口增加而導(dǎo)致糧食顯著不足的問題,防止農(nóng)民之間發(fā)生土地斗爭,韓國政府于1949年6月通過了《耕地改革法》,對耕地進行了重新分配。20世紀60年代后,隨著韓國工業(yè)化和城市化發(fā)展速度的加快,耕地資源被重點運用于工業(yè)用地和城市發(fā)展用地,城市化的發(fā)展也帶動了周邊土地的開發(fā)和利用,出現(xiàn)了土地投機問題,因而韓國政府在該段時間內(nèi)加大了法律法規(guī)的出臺力度,如該階段主要頒布實施了《土地征用法》、《城市規(guī)劃法》、《建筑法》、《國土建設(shè)綜合規(guī)劃法》、《地方工業(yè)開發(fā)法》、《都市人口防止對策》、《1967—1976大國土建設(shè)規(guī)劃》、《土地讓渡差益課稅制》等�，F(xiàn)行韓國耕地保護法律主要依據(jù)《農(nóng)地法》,該法于2001年、2003年、2006年、2012年幾經(jīng)修正訂。其中2012年修訂的主要內(nèi)容為：耕地租賃期限改為了三年、修訂了租賃期間的確認與申請代理耕作者指定制度、修訂了法律的強制規(guī)定等補充耕地租賃保護規(guī)定以及放寬農(nóng)業(yè)會社法人的耕地所有限制、規(guī)定農(nóng)業(yè)振興地域耕地收購請求權(quán)等。 韓國現(xiàn)行有關(guān)耕地的法律主要包括基本農(nóng)地法和相關(guān)特殊規(guī)范,二者共同構(gòu)成了韓國現(xiàn)有的農(nóng)地法律制度體系。其中,基本農(nóng)地法主要包括1949年制定的《耕地改革法》、1968年制定的《關(guān)于耕地改革事業(yè)管理的特別措施法》、1972年制定的《關(guān)于耕地保全及利用法律》、1986年制定的《耕地賃貸借管理法》、1969年制定的《地力增進法》以及耕地振興地域、耕地轉(zhuǎn)用申告、耕地轉(zhuǎn)用負擔(dān)金、耕地所有上限的特例認定等有關(guān)法律法規(guī)；而特別措施法則主要是指1990年制定的《農(nóng)村發(fā)展特別措施法》。 中國作為傳統(tǒng)的農(nóng)業(yè)大國,耕地制度在國家發(fā)展甚至是政治穩(wěn)定上的地位是舉足輕重的�？疾煨轮袊刂贫葰v史軌跡,發(fā)現(xiàn)自新中國成立之初的土地改革運動到五十年代初期的農(nóng)業(yè)合作化階段,到人民公社會階段,再到七十年代末期直到如今,具有重大影響的家庭聯(lián)產(chǎn)承包責(zé)任制度等,都體現(xiàn)出鮮明的階段性、變通靈活性和連貫性的特征。尤其是在當(dāng)今,中國政府更是不遺余力地強調(diào)農(nóng)業(yè)的基礎(chǔ)性地位,適時地提出“三農(nóng)問題”以及發(fā)展現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)的政策�，F(xiàn)行耕地保護法的規(guī)范主要包括《土地管理法》、《城鄉(xiāng)規(guī)劃法》、《基本農(nóng)田保護法》等,具體制度性安排包括：土地用途管制制度、農(nóng)地轉(zhuǎn)用審批制度、土地開發(fā)整理制度、土地復(fù)墾制度、基本農(nóng)田保護制度、農(nóng)地征收補償制度。此外,還有耕地占有稅等制度。 不同的土地制度為中韓兩國在土地利用上提供了借鑒的可能。韓國對中國耕地利用制度的借鑒之處,筆者認為主要應(yīng)包括：(1)強化土地私有制下的國家干預(yù)；(2)保護土地承租人的租金利益；(3)借鑒中國的土地稅收制度；(4)吸收中國耕地公有的合理因素等等。中國對韓國耕地利用制度的借鑒可以從以下幾方面出發(fā)：引入耕地產(chǎn)權(quán)界定制度、耕地利用許可制度、土地租賃制度。韓國土地利用管理法律制度中嚴格的土地執(zhí)法、細化征收事由和補償權(quán)救濟方面的內(nèi)容,土地征收補償糾紛解決機制等等,都可供中國政府研究借鑒。中韓兩國只有在深入分析比較兩國之間耕地制度的基礎(chǔ)上,結(jié)合中國的國情,才能夠更好地彼此借鑒,并為其所用。
[Abstract]:The land system occupies a very important position in the legal system of a country, which inevitably includes a certain value orientation and institutional consideration. In the process of national economic development, agriculture constitutes the basis of other industries. The development of agriculture is inseparable from land, especially cultivated land, and the system of cultivated land forms the core of the land system. To study the legal system of cultivated land utilization and cultivated land protection, to compare the system of cultivated land use in China and South Korea, to analyze the main contents of the two, and to strengthen the reference between the two, is of great significance to the development of the legal system of cultivated land use in the two countries.
From the area of land and terrain, South Korea is not suitable for agricultural development, but because of this, the Korean government has always attached great importance to the protection of cultivated land resources, through the comprehensive transportation of economic, legal, administrative and other means to improve the management and control of cultivated land resources, raise the efficiency of the utilization of cultivated land resources. In June 1949, the Korean government passed the law of farmland reform, redistributed the cultivated land and redistributed the cultivated land in June 1949. After the 60s.20 century, the cultivated land was mainly used in industrial land and urban development land, with the speed of industrialization and urbanization in South Korea. The development and utilization of the surrounding land has also led to the development and utilization of the surrounding land and the emergence of land speculation. Therefore, the Korean government has increased its laws and regulations during this period, such as the promulgation and implementation of the land sign usage, the urban planning law, the construction law, the comprehensive planning law of land and construction, the local industrial development law, and the "local industrial development law". City population prevention strategy >, <1967 - 1976 major land construction plan >, land transfer difference benefit lesson tax system, and so on. The current law of South Korean arable land protection is mainly based on land law, which was amended in 2001, 2003, 2006, 2012. The main contents of 2012 revision are: the term of cultivated land lease is changed for three years, and the lease period has been revised. To confirm and apply for the system of designation of the agent cultivator, to revise the compulsory provisions of the law, and to relax the provisions on the protection of the arable land, as well as to relax all the restrictions on the cultivated land of the legal person of the agricultural society, and to stipulate that the agricultural rejuvenation of the requesting right of the arable land acquisition will be rejuvenate.
The current laws on cultivated land in Korea mainly include basic farmland law and related special norms, which together constitute the existing system of farmland legal system in Korea. Among them, the basic agro land law mainly includes the law of farmland reform in 1949, the special measures law on the management of farmland reform in 1968, and the closing of the two in 1972. In 1986, the law of farmland preservation and utilization, the law of loan and loan management of cultivated land, the land Promotion Law in 1969 and the rejuvenation of cultivated land, the transfer of cultivated land, the transfer of cultivated land, the transfer of arable land, the special case of the upper limit of cultivated land and other relevant laws and regulations; and the law of special measures mainly refers to the development of the rural development in 1990. The method of measure is more than.
As a traditional agricultural country, China's cultivated land system plays an important role in the status of national development and even political stability. The historical track of the arable land system in the new China is investigated, and the land reform movement at the beginning of the founding of the new China to the stage of agricultural cooperation in the early 50s, to the public stage of the people, and then to the end of the 70s. Until now, the Household Contract Responsibility System, which has great influence, has shown distinct stages, changes in spirit activity and coherence. Especially in the present time, the Chinese government will spare no effort to emphasize the basic status of agriculture and put forward the policy of "three rural problems" and the development of modern agriculture in a timely manner. The norms of protection law mainly include land management law, urban and rural planning law, and basic farmland protection law. The specific institutional arrangements include land use control system, land transfer examination and approval system, land development and consolidation system, land reclamation system, basic farmland protection system, and farmland expropriation compensation system. In addition, farmland Possession Tax and so on. System.
Different land systems provide a reference for China and South Korea on land use. South Korea's reference to China's land use system should include: (1) strengthening national intervention under land private ownership; (2) protecting the rent interests of land tenants; (3) draw on China's land tax system; (4) absorb China We can draw on the following aspects: introducing the system of defining the property rights of cultivated land, the system of land use license, the land lease system, the strict law enforcement of land in the legal system of land use management in Korea, the refinement of the expropriation and the relief of the right of compensation, The land expropriation compensation dispute settlement mechanism, and so on, can be used for reference by the Chinese government. China and South Korea can learn from the national conditions of China on the basis of in-depth analysis and comparison of the cultivated land system between the two countries, and can be better used for each other and for their use.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：遼寧大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：D922.3;D931.26

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