本文選題：SPS措施 + 貿易壁壘　； 參考：《中國政法大學》2010年碩士論文

【摘要】： 2004年,中美雙方協(xié)議相互解除禽肉產品相關禁令,由中國對美國冷凍禽肉及制品開放市場,而美國則承諾對中國熟制禽肉制品開放市場。但是,美國卻在中國履約后拖延對中國禽肉制品開放市場,更于《2009年綜合撥款法案》第“727條款”中以限制政府資金使用途徑的方式將中國禽肉制品拒之門外。為維護本國在WTO協(xié)議下的合法權益,商務部于2009年4月將美國訴至WTO。就在“中國訴美國禽肉進口措施爭端”解決程序向前推進的過程中,2009年10月,美國總統(tǒng)簽署通過了《2010年農業(yè)撥款法》,其中以第“743條款”取代了“727條款”。從字面上看,“743條款”的內容似乎放寬了“727條款”對中國禽肉出口美國的限制,但根據該條款規(guī)定,美國農業(yè)部要使用財政資金檢驗中國禽肉體系需要滿足一系列苛刻標準,并經歷十分繁復冗長的程序,這嚴重阻礙著中國禽肉制品對美出口的實現(xiàn)。 為了有理有據又有力地應對美國“743條款”可能給中國國內禽肉產業(yè)帶來的不利影響,我們有必要分析該條款的性質并判斷其是否構成國際貿易壁壘。 “743條款”出臺不久,尚未見到官方中文譯文,所以,筆者在引言中簡要介紹了美國“743條款”出臺的背景,并在文章第一部分介紹了該條款主要內容。 接下來,在第二部分,筆者對照《SPS協(xié)定》規(guī)定的SPS措施定義,對“743條款”的性質加以分析。從其實施目的、實施效果和措施形式入手,得出“743條款”構成SPS措施,屬于《SPS協(xié)定》約束范圍的結論。 確定了“743條款”的SPS措施性質后,筆者在文章的第三部分著力對《SPS協(xié)定》的主要原則,包括科學證據原則、風險評估和適度保護原則、非歧視原則及等效性原則在協(xié)定中的地位及其相互關系展開分析;在此基礎上,又結合WTO經典爭端案例,進一步對各原則的內容及其涉及的爭議點進行研究。其中:科學證據原則的研究重點是科學證據“充分性”的認定及該原則與“臨時措施”的關系;風險評估與適度保護原則的分析重點是風險評估的考量因素、適度保護的基本要求、適當保護水平與具體措施的關系這三個問題;對非歧視原則的研究集中在判斷SPS措施違反該原則所必須具備的條件上;對等效性原則的分析則圍繞該原則的重要性及其不斷具體化、可操作化的進程展開。 最后,對照文章第三部分中對《SPS協(xié)定》各重要原則含義的分析,筆者進一步分析美國“743條款”的性質,并得出該條款違背了《SPS協(xié)定》的科學證據原則、風險評估和適度保護原則及非歧視原則的結論,論證了“743條款”的貿易壁壘性質。
[Abstract]:In 2004, China and the United States agreed to lift each other's ban on poultry products, allowing China to open its markets to frozen poultry meat and products from the United States, while the United States pledged to open the market to Chinese cooked poultry products. However, the United States delayed opening the market for Chinese poultry products after China's compliance, and in section 727 of the 2009 Comprehensive Appropriations Act, it barred Chinese poultry products by restricting the use of government funds. To protect its legitimate rights and interests under the WTO agreement, the Commerce Department sued the United States in April 2009. In the course of the settlement of the dispute over measures for the importation of poultry meat from China v. the United States, in October 2009, the President of the United States signed and passed the Agricultural Appropriations Act of 2010, which replaces section 727 with section 743. Literally, the content of Section 743 appears to relax the restrictions on the export of Chinese poultry meat to the United States under Section 727, but under that provision, The USDA's use of financial funds to test China's poultry system needs to meet a series of tough standards and go through a cumbersome and lengthy process that seriously hampers exports of Chinese poultry products to the United States. In order to deal with the possible adverse effects of the US "Section 743" on China's domestic poultry industry, it is necessary to analyze the nature of the clause and determine whether it constitutes an international trade barrier. "743 clause" has not seen official translation in Chinese, so the author briefly introduces the background of "743 clause" in the introduction, and introduces the main content of the article in the first part of the article. Then, in the second part, the author analyzes the nature of "743 clause" with reference to the definition of SPS measures stipulated in the SPS Agreement. Starting with the purpose, effect and form of implementation, it is concluded that "743 clause" constitutes SPS measures and belongs to the binding scope of SPS Agreement. After determining the nature of SPS measures in Section 743, the author focuses on the main principles of the SPS Agreement, including the principle of scientific evidence, the principle of risk assessment and the principle of appropriate protection, in the third part of the article. On the basis of the analysis of the position of the principle of non-discrimination and the principle of equivalence in the agreement and the relationship between them, this paper further studies the contents of the principles and their controversial points in the light of the classic dispute cases of WTO. Among them, the research emphasis of the principle of scientific evidence is the recognition of "adequacy" of scientific evidence and the relationship between the principle and "interim measures", and the analysis of the principle of risk assessment and appropriate protection is the consideration of risk assessment. The basic requirements of appropriate protection, the relationship between the appropriate level of protection and the specific measures, the research on the principle of non-discrimination focuses on the conditions necessary for judging the violation of the principle by SPS measures; The analysis of the principle of equivalence revolves around the importance of the principle and its concrete and operable process. Finally, according to the analysis of the meaning of the important principles of the SPS Agreement in the third part of the article, the author further analyzes the nature of the "743 Clause" in the United States, and draws a conclusion that the Article violates the principle of scientific evidence of the "SPS Agreement". The conclusion of risk assessment, moderate protection principle and non-discrimination principle demonstrates the nature of Trade Barrier in Article 743.
【學位授予單位】：中國政法大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：D971.2

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