發(fā)布時間：2018-02-15 09:50

  本文關(guān)鍵詞： 中世紀 憲政 城市共和國 馬基雅維利　出處：《華東政法大學》2010年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】： 本文試圖在中世紀末期歐洲社會由古代向現(xiàn)代轉(zhuǎn)軌的背景下,以馬基雅維利對威尼斯共和國的評價為線索,描繪出在由中世紀國家向現(xiàn)代民族國家轉(zhuǎn)型時期歐洲思想界的憲政觀念以及實踐活動,并進而揭示其對后世的影響與貢獻。全文的基本框架如下: 在簡短的導言中,筆者說明了本文采用的憲政的基本立場與歷史觀點。隨后文章分為三大部分。 本文第一章考察了中世紀意大利城市共和國憲政的興起過程、出現(xiàn)的問題以及作為城市共和國典型的威尼斯憲政模式。在以土地為基礎(chǔ)的西歐中世紀的封建社會體系中,建立在商業(yè)之上的意大利城市共和國發(fā)展出了一套真實存在的共和政府體制。但是大多數(shù)城市共和國的憲政并沒有處理好多元的社會階層如何分享國家權(quán)力的問題。唯獨威尼斯通過政治結(jié)構(gòu)上的巧妙設(shè)計而一直保持著共和政體。隨后本文介紹了威尼斯的憲政模式與政府運轉(zhuǎn),并在人文主義者的角度對其進行評價。 本文第二章則是站在馬基雅維利的視角對威尼斯共和國的憲政進行剖析,通過馬基雅維利《論李維》中的羅馬與威尼斯進行對比分析,進而探尋馬基雅維利對威尼斯共和國的評價。在共和國的主人、共和國君主的作用以及共和國的目的三個方面的對比后,筆者發(fā)現(xiàn),在馬基雅維利筆下,威尼斯憲政模式與古羅馬完全不同,威尼斯共和國的權(quán)力完全由商業(yè)貴族把持,只是一種守成型的國家,而共和國的使命在于擴張,因此其推崇古羅馬式的憲政模式,極力否定威尼斯,認為威尼斯的成功只是單獨案例。 本文第三章分析了馬基雅維利心目中理想的共和國憲政模式。該部分首先考察了馬基雅維利所推崇古羅馬模式的原因,中世紀末期的歐洲,傳統(tǒng)的多元政治結(jié)構(gòu)正在解體,新興的君主專制與民族國家正在興起。意大利的城市共和國普遍面臨著內(nèi)部平民與貴族的紛爭,外部新興的君主專制國家對意大利領(lǐng)土與財富的覬覦,危機重重。馬基雅維利認為解決方式應(yīng)該將共和國交由具有“新德行”的“新君主”。他鼓勵意大利的獨裁者應(yīng)當重新建構(gòu)共和國的憲政,使其恢復到最初的源頭,而非徹底摧毀共和國。同時,他也認為人民擁有使用陰謀的權(quán)力以推翻僭主的統(tǒng)治的權(quán)利。 最后,在結(jié)語中筆者認為中世紀末期的歐洲社會已經(jīng)不具有傳統(tǒng)城市共和國憲政模式存在的基礎(chǔ),因此馬基雅維利提出的新憲政模式是特定社會條件下的產(chǎn)物,其對現(xiàn)代民族國家的憲政模式具有不可磨滅的影響。
[Abstract]:In the context of the transition of European society from ancient to modern in the late Middle Ages, this paper attempts to take Machiavelli's evaluation of the Republic of Venice as a clue. This paper describes the constitutional ideas and practical activities of European ideological circles during the transition from medieval countries to modern nation-states, and further reveals their influence and contribution to later generations. The basic framework of this thesis is as follows:. In the brief introduction, the author explains the basic position and historical viewpoint of constitutionalism adopted in this paper, and then the article is divided into three parts. The first chapter examines the rise of constitutional government in medieval Italian urban republics, the problems that arise and the typical Venetian constitutionalism model of urban republics. In the feudal social system of Western Europe based on land, The commercial-based Italian city republic has developed a real Republican system of government. But the constitutionalism of most city republics fails to deal with the question of how the pluralistic social class shares state power. Only Venice has maintained a republic by clever design of political structure. Then this article introduces the constitutional model of Venice and the operation of government. And from the point of view of humanists to evaluate it. The second chapter is to analyze the constitutionalism of the Republic of Venice from the angle of Machiavelli, and through the comparative analysis of Rome and Venice in Machiavelli. And then to explore Machiavelli's evaluation of the Republic of Venice. After comparing the masters of the Republic, the role of the monarch of the Republic and the purpose of the Republic, the author finds that in Machiavelli's works, The constitutional model of Venice is completely different from that of ancient Rome. The power of the Republic of Venice is completely controlled by the business nobles, and it is only a kind of country which is formed, and the mission of the Republic is to expand, so it values the constitutional model of the ancient Roman style. Strongly negate Venice, arguing that Venice's success is a single case. The third chapter analyzes Machiavelli's ideal constitutional model of the Republic. This part first examines the reasons for Machiavelli's worship of the ancient Roman model. In the end of the Middle Ages, the traditional pluralistic political structure is disintegrating in Europe. New autocratic monarchies and nation-states are emerging. Italy's urban republics are generally confronted with internal civil and aristocratic disputes, while outside monarchies covet Italy's territory and wealth. Crisis. Machiavelli believes that the solution should be to hand the Republic over to a "new monarch" with "new virtue". He encouraged Italian dictators to re-establish the republic's constitutionalism and restore it to its original origins. He also believed that the people had the power to use conspiracy to overthrow the tyrant. Finally, in the conclusion, the author thinks that the European society in the end of the Middle Ages no longer has the foundation of the traditional urban republic constitutional model, so Machiavelli's new constitutional model is the product of the specific social conditions. It has an indelible influence on the constitutional model of modern nation-state.
【學位授予單位】：華東政法大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：D95;DD911

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本文編號：1512993