本文關(guān)鍵詞：英國(guó)近代法律教育轉(zhuǎn)型研究　出處：《山東大學(xué)》2010年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 英國(guó) 法律教育 學(xué)徒制 學(xué)院制 近代轉(zhuǎn)型

【摘要】： 法律教育是一個(gè)國(guó)家法治建設(shè)的基本要素,法律教育發(fā)展的水平直接影響甚至決定法治發(fā)展的方向、規(guī)模和速度。改革開(kāi)放三十多年來(lái),我國(guó)法律教育可謂突飛猛進(jìn),法律教育向何處去也成為目前社會(huì)各界關(guān)注的話題。對(duì)于發(fā)展歷史早、成就顯著的英國(guó)法治的研究自然也離不開(kāi)英國(guó)法律教育這一主題,對(duì)于英國(guó)法律教育的考察無(wú)論是從理論研究和實(shí)踐層面上來(lái)分析都具有重要意義。然而,對(duì)于英國(guó)法律教育的研究特別是對(duì)英國(guó)近代法律教育研究的不足使我們無(wú)法認(rèn)清英國(guó)法律教育的來(lái)龍去脈,無(wú)法把握英國(guó)當(dāng)前的法律教育,從而也無(wú)法揭示法律教育與法治之間的有機(jī)聯(lián)系。正是在這個(gè)意義上,研究英國(guó)近代法律教育的演進(jìn)歷程,探討其運(yùn)行機(jī)制和實(shí)施效果成為本文寫作的主旨。 本文在對(duì)于大量資料進(jìn)行分析的基礎(chǔ)上,運(yùn)用歷史學(xué)、社會(huì)學(xué)、法學(xué)、教育學(xué)等研究方法對(duì)于英國(guó)近代法律教育的轉(zhuǎn)型做了比較深入的探討。全文共分為五章。 一個(gè)國(guó)家的教育制度是與社會(huì)的發(fā)展要求密切聯(lián)系的,社會(huì)發(fā)展變化必然對(duì)已經(jīng)存在的教育制度提出新的要求,法律教育制度也不例外。因此,要研究英國(guó)近代法律教育,就應(yīng)從分析其社會(huì)背景入手。本文第一章著重分析了社會(huì)發(fā)展變化與當(dāng)時(shí)法律教育之間的矛盾,特別是通過(guò)對(duì)18世紀(jì)中葉之前律師會(huì)館和大學(xué)法律教育的分析,明確提出律師會(huì)館所進(jìn)行的學(xué)徒制—經(jīng)驗(yàn)型法律教育和牛津、劍橋大學(xué)的羅馬法—民法教育不僅處于相對(duì)分離狀態(tài),而且社會(huì)發(fā)展所要求的科學(xué)、系統(tǒng)的普通法法律教育在律師會(huì)館和大學(xué)里都沒(méi)有開(kāi)展起來(lái)。隨著英國(guó)社會(huì)從中世紀(jì)走向近代,法律教育的分離狀態(tài)必定要改變,法律教育的轉(zhuǎn)型勢(shì)在必行。在轉(zhuǎn)型過(guò)程中,勢(shì)必要對(duì)各種力量和資源進(jìn)行重新調(diào)整和配置,使之實(shí)現(xiàn)優(yōu)化組合,發(fā)揮最大效益。在對(duì)18世紀(jì)中葉之前英國(guó)法律教育的分析中,對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)的法律教育并不是一味否定,而是進(jìn)行歷史的評(píng)析。律師會(huì)館法律教育不僅促進(jìn)了英國(guó)法律共同體的形成,而且這種法律職業(yè)組織的教育活動(dòng)在新的時(shí)代將會(huì)得到復(fù)興。在進(jìn)入近代社會(huì)之后,大學(xué)和法律職業(yè)組織在各自傳統(tǒng)文化基礎(chǔ)上適時(shí)根據(jù)社會(huì)需要不斷進(jìn)行調(diào)整,兩者的關(guān)系也開(kāi)始發(fā)生微妙的變化,從而帶來(lái)英國(guó)法律教育的向前推進(jìn)。 從第二章到第四章,以律師會(huì)館和大學(xué)之間關(guān)系的動(dòng)態(tài)分析為線索,分階段敘述英國(guó)法律教育的演進(jìn)過(guò)程：以18世紀(jì)中葉布萊克斯通在牛津大學(xué)進(jìn)行法律教育實(shí)踐活動(dòng)為標(biāo)志,英國(guó)開(kāi)始了大學(xué)進(jìn)行普通法教育的探索和嘗試。盡管布萊克斯通之后大學(xué)里的法律教育沒(méi)有得到轟轟烈烈的開(kāi)展,但是這一嘗試預(yù)示了大學(xué)必定會(huì)成為近現(xiàn)代法律教育的主體,宣告了英國(guó)法律教育的新紀(jì)元的到來(lái)。布萊克斯通通過(guò)他的教育實(shí)踐活動(dòng)和著述,提出了大學(xué)進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的法律教育的構(gòu)想。布萊克斯通進(jìn)行的法律教育的大膽探索和實(shí)踐深刻地影響著英國(guó)近代法律教育。布萊克斯通運(yùn)用其知識(shí)和智慧為英國(guó)普通法制作了一件比較得體的衣衫,使普通法走到了普通大眾的面前,為近代法律教育的開(kāi)展創(chuàng)造了條件,而且預(yù)示著英國(guó)法律教育體制的根本轉(zhuǎn)向。布萊克斯通的法律教育理論和實(shí)踐初步定下了英國(guó)法律教育的基調(diào),即在重視法律教育的職業(yè)化和應(yīng)用性的同時(shí),強(qiáng)調(diào)法律教育的理論性和科學(xué)性。從這個(gè)意義上可以說(shuō)布萊克斯通的法律教育活動(dòng)成為英國(guó)法律教育歷史發(fā)展的一個(gè)分水嶺,意味著英國(guó)法律教育在進(jìn)入新的世紀(jì)之后需要繼續(xù)做出調(diào)整和變革,意味著大學(xué)不再完全置身于英國(guó)法律教育之外,而是要成為英國(guó)法律教育的重要場(chǎng)所,并將和法律職業(yè)組織一起擔(dān)負(fù)起培養(yǎng)法律人才的重任。(第二章)。 以19世紀(jì)三十年代倫敦大學(xué)和法律職業(yè)組織的創(chuàng)立為契機(jī),英國(guó)近代法律教育在人才培養(yǎng)體制、教育內(nèi)容和方法等方面有了初步發(fā)展。倫敦大學(xué)的創(chuàng)立是英國(guó)法律教育史上的一個(gè)重要的里程碑,比1753年布萊克斯通在牛津大學(xué)的大膽的教學(xué)改革來(lái)說(shuō),意義更大。倫敦成功地把學(xué)法律的學(xué)生引入大學(xué)學(xué)院來(lái),把自由教育的好處帶給高等學(xué)校的學(xué)生,這是一項(xiàng)偉大的成就。盡管倫敦大學(xué)的法律教育還處于發(fā)展的初期階段,還存在教育體制、內(nèi)容等方面的許多問(wèn)題,但是大學(xué)畢竟加入到法律教育的主流中來(lái),從這個(gè)意義上說(shuō),倫敦大學(xué)的創(chuàng)立具有劃時(shí)代意義。在此之后,英國(guó)大學(xué)紛紛建立,到19世紀(jì)中期,牛津和劍橋不再是英格蘭唯有的兩所大學(xué)了。大學(xué)正式參與到英國(guó)法律教育中來(lái)。法律職業(yè)組織在進(jìn)入新世紀(jì)以后根據(jù)社會(huì)的發(fā)展變化適時(shí)作出調(diào)整。事務(wù)律師于1831年成立法律協(xié)會(huì)(law society)。新的協(xié)會(huì)對(duì)于渴望成為事務(wù)律師的學(xué)生提供充分的教育。律師會(huì)館也積極探索有效的教育方案。但是總的來(lái)說(shuō),19世紀(jì)上半葉,無(wú)論是大學(xué)還是法律職業(yè)組織的法律教育都不盡人意,大學(xué)和法律職業(yè)組織基本上還是各自為政,沒(méi)有什么合作。1846年眾議院法律教育專門委員會(huì)通過(guò)一份報(bào)告,分析了傳統(tǒng)法律教育的弊端,提出了法律改革的綱要,建議法律基礎(chǔ)教育和實(shí)踐技能培訓(xùn)分階段進(jìn)行,大學(xué)進(jìn)行法律基礎(chǔ)教育,法律協(xié)會(huì)負(fù)責(zé)從事律師資格考試等方面的實(shí)踐技能培訓(xùn),將基礎(chǔ)教育和職業(yè)教育有機(jī)結(jié)合起來(lái)。報(bào)告建議學(xué)生應(yīng)首先進(jìn)入大學(xué)完成基礎(chǔ)教育,爾后再接受職業(yè)教育。法律教育專門委員會(huì)的報(bào)告成為英國(guó)19世紀(jì)法律教育發(fā)展的指導(dǎo)綱領(lǐng),指明了英國(guó)法律教育的未來(lái)發(fā)展方向,特別是主張大學(xué)和法律職業(yè)組織分工與合作,攜手推進(jìn)法律教育事業(yè)。因此,可以說(shuō),1846年報(bào)告是英國(guó)法律教育發(fā)展史上的一個(gè)重要里程碑和風(fēng)向標(biāo),引導(dǎo)著大學(xué)和法律職業(yè)組織等主要教育資源在法律教育領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行分工與合作,通過(guò)優(yōu)化配置實(shí)現(xiàn)法律教育體制的基本轉(zhuǎn)型。在1846年委員會(huì)報(bào)告之后,無(wú)論是大學(xué)還是法律職業(yè)組織都采取有力措施推進(jìn)法律教育。(第三章)。 從19世紀(jì)中葉特別是從八十年代開(kāi)始,英國(guó)新舊大學(xué)和法律職業(yè)組織都投入到法律教育中來(lái),積極推行法律教育,并初步實(shí)現(xiàn)分工與合作,資源通過(guò)優(yōu)化配置收到了較好效果。從法律教育體制到教育內(nèi)容,英國(guó)法律教育進(jìn)入了實(shí)質(zhì)性的改革與擴(kuò)張時(shí)期,大學(xué)法律教育進(jìn)入了最具活力的時(shí)期,形成了許多具有現(xiàn)代意義的特征。在大學(xué)法律教育轟轟烈烈展開(kāi)的同時(shí),法律職業(yè)組織的法律教育的步伐和力度也在加快,并且加強(qiáng)了與大學(xué)的聯(lián)姻,共同推進(jìn)法律教育。到二十世紀(jì)初,一種新型法律教育基本確立。(第四章) 在對(duì)英國(guó)近代法律教育歷史進(jìn)程進(jìn)行動(dòng)態(tài)分析的基礎(chǔ)上,第五章對(duì)英國(guó)近代法律教育模式和社會(huì)效果進(jìn)行深入分析,以期形成一個(gè)關(guān)于英國(guó)近代法律教育的整體認(rèn)識(shí)和把握。對(duì)照傳統(tǒng)律師會(huì)館的法律教育,第五章通過(guò)對(duì)于英國(guó)近代法律教育的人才培養(yǎng)體制、教育內(nèi)容、教學(xué)方法和教育管理等方面的分析,指出英國(guó)近代法律教育總體上已經(jīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)了法律教育的近代化。英國(guó)法律教育由大學(xué)和法律職業(yè)組織承擔(dān),實(shí)行分工與合作,課程設(shè)置、教學(xué)方法、教育管理等環(huán)節(jié)基本都按照培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)和大學(xué)與法律職業(yè)組織本身的特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行設(shè)置和安排,在充分發(fā)揮各個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)作用的基礎(chǔ)上強(qiáng)調(diào)各種資源之間的優(yōu)化配置,法律教育制度日趨完善。在教育體制上,形成了大學(xué)學(xué)院和法律職業(yè)組織并駕齊驅(qū),互相促進(jìn),互為補(bǔ)充的良好格局。英國(guó)法律教育以各大學(xué)學(xué)院、公共法律教育者協(xié)會(huì)和事務(wù)律師協(xié)會(huì)、四大律師會(huì)館及其下屬的法律教育理事會(huì)為主體,大學(xué)學(xué)院側(cè)重于基本知識(shí)和基礎(chǔ)理論方面的素質(zhì)教育,職業(yè)組織側(cè)重于實(shí)務(wù)性的職業(yè)技能訓(xùn)練,前后銜接、優(yōu)勢(shì)互補(bǔ)、相輔相成,從而提高了法律教育的質(zhì)量,基本滿足了社會(huì)對(duì)高素質(zhì)法律人才的需求。新型法律教育對(duì)于英國(guó)社會(huì)發(fā)展發(fā)揮了重要的作用,這突出表現(xiàn)在接受法律教育的人數(shù)的增加和法律職業(yè)人員素質(zhì)的提高。近代法律教育通過(guò)培養(yǎng)優(yōu)秀的人才在推進(jìn)英國(guó)法治水平的同時(shí)不斷推進(jìn)整個(gè)社會(huì)穩(wěn)步發(fā)展。
[Abstract]:Legal education is an essential element of the construction of rule of law, legal education development level directly affect the development of the rule of law direction, scale and speed. The thirty years of reform and opening up, China's legal education can be described by leaps and bounds, legal education becomes the hot topic in our society. The development history of early. The research achievements of British rule of law also cannot do without the theme of British legal education, the British legal education from both the theoretical research and practice analysis are of great significance. However, for the study of British legal education, especially to the research of modern English legal education that we are unable to get British law education can not grasp the sequence of events, legal education in the UK, it also can not reveal the organic link between the rule of law and legal education. It is in In this sense, the study of the evolution of modern British legal education and its operation mechanism and effect have become the main purpose of this writing.
Based on the analysis of a large amount of data, this paper makes a thorough discussion on the transformation of modern legal education in England based on the methods of history, sociology, law and pedagogy. The full text is divided into five chapters.
A country's education system is closely linked with the development of society, the change of social development will inevitably put forward new requirements to the existing education system, the system of legal education is no exception. Therefore, to study modern English legal education, we should analyze its social background. The first chapter of this paper focuses on the analysis of the social development. And the contradiction between the legal education, especially through the analysis of the mid eighteenth Century before lawyers associations and the legal education in the universities, clearly put forward the apprenticeship Lawyers Guild - experience of legal education and education in Oxford, Rome civil law not only the relative separation state of University of Cambridge, and the social development of the common law science. The legal education system in the University and inns are not carried out. With the British society from the Middle Ages into modern times, the separation of legal education The state is bound to change the transformation of legal education is imperative. In the process of transformation, it is bound to re adjust the configuration of a variety of forces and resources to achieve the optimal combination, to maximize efficiency. In the analysis of the mid eighteenth Century before the British legal education, legal education for the traditional and not blindly deny, but the history of law. Hall legal education not only promotes the formation of the legal community, and the legal occupation organization educational activities will be revived in the new era. After entering the modern society, the University and the law occupation organizations in their traditional cultural basis of social need to carry out the adjustment of the relationship between the two is also the beginning of a subtle change, so as to bring forward the legal education.
From the second chapter to the fourth chapter, the dynamic relationship between the lawyers associations and University analysis as a clue, phases described the evolution of British legal education: in mid eighteenth Century Blackstone at the University of Oxford to practice law education as a symbol, the British began the University in common law education to explore and try. Although after Blackstone law the university education has not been carried out this with vigour and vitality, but try to indicate the university will become the main body of modern legal education, declared that the new era of legal education. The arrival of Blackstone through his educational practice and writings, puts forward the idea of university legal education system. The bold exploration of legal education of Blackstone the practice and profound impact on modern legal education in Britain. Blackstone used his knowledge and wisdom Making a decent British common law, the common law go to the ordinary people, to create the conditions for the development of modern legal education, and indicates that the fundamental laws of England education system. To Blackstone's legal education theory and practice of British legal education set the tone the importance of legal education, occupation and application at the same time, emphasizing the legal education theory and science. In this sense the legal education activities of Blackstone became a watershed in the history of the development of British legal education, legal education means that Britain needs to continue to make adjustments and changes after entering the new century that means that the university is no longer entirely outside the British legal education, but to become the important places of legal education, and legal organization and occupation together to shoulder. The important task of cultivating legal personnel (second chapter).
In nineteenth Century 30s the University of London and founded the legal occupation organization as an opportunity of British modern legal education system in the personnel training, education contents and methods are developed. The establishment of the University of London is an important milepost of British legal education history, 1753 Blackstone in bold teaching reform in University of Oxford, meaning more large. London successfully put law students into college, take the advantages of free education to high school students, this is a great achievement. Although University of London legal education is still in the early stages of development, there are still many problems in the education system, content and other aspects of the University, but after all to join the main stream of legal education. In this sense, the establishment of the University of London has epoch-making significance. After this, the British universities have established, to 19 The mid century, Oxford and Cambridge England is no longer the only two universities. The University officially took part in the legal education. The legal occupation organization in the new century according to the development and changes of the society make timely adjustment. Lawyers Law Association was established in 1831 (Law Society). The new association for the desire to be sufficient the lawyer education students. Inns also actively explore effective educational programs. But in general, the first half of nineteenth Century, whether it is legal education or university legal occupation organization are unsatisfactory, the universities and the occupation organization basically or lack of coordination, not what.1846 house legal education cooperation committee through a report. Analysis of the drawbacks of the traditional legal education, put forward the program of legal reform, legal advice and practical skills training in basic education stage. OK, university legal education, legal lawyer association is responsible for qualification examination and other aspects of the practical skills training, basic education and occupation education organically. The report also suggested that the students should first completed the basic education in the universities, and then received the occupation education. The law education committee report became the guiding principle of legal education development in nineteenth Century the specified in the direction of future development of British legal education, especially the University advocates and legal occupation organization of division of labor and cooperation, join hands to promote legal education. Therefore, it can be said that the 1846 report is an important indicator of the history of the development of legal education and the milepost on the UK, led the main educational resources of the University and the law occupation organization etc. division of labor and cooperation in the field of legal education, the basic transformation of the legal education system to optimize the allocation of the Commission in 1846. After the report, both universities and legal professional organizations have taken strong measures to promote legal education. (Chapter third).
From the middle of the nineteenth Century, especially from the beginning of 80s, the new and old universities legal occupation organization into legal education, actively carry out legal education, and the initial realization of division of labor and cooperation, through optimizing the allocation of resources has achieved good results. From the legal education system to the education content, the legal education reform has entered a substantive and during the expansion, university legal education entered the most energetic period, has formed many characters with modern significance. In university legal education with vigour and vitality started at the same time, the law education law occupation organization's pace and intensity also accelerated, and strengthen the University and marriage, to jointly promote legal education. At the beginning of the twentieth Century, basic the establishment of a new type of Legal Education (Chapter fourth).
Based on the dynamic analysis of legal education in modern British history, the fifth chapter in-depth analysis of British modern legal education mode and social effect, in order to form a whole on Legal Education in modern Britain. The control of the understanding and grasp of the traditional legal education inns, the fifth chapter through the legal education in modern British talent the training system, educational content, teaching methods and analysis of education management, and points out that the British modern legal education in general have realized the modernization of legal education. The legal education undertaken by the University and the law occupation organization, the division of labor and cooperation, curriculum, teaching methods, education management links are in accordance with the objectives and the University and the legal occupation organization itself characteristics of the training set and arrangement, emphasize each kind of resources based on full play each mechanism on Optimal allocation between the legal education system is becoming more and more perfect. In the education system, the formation of the college and the law occupation organization promote each other, a good pattern of racing together bridle to bridle, complement each other. The British legal education to the University College of public affairs and Legal Education Association Lawyers Association, four Lawyers Guild and its legal education the Council as the main body, the quality education of University College focuses on the basic knowledge and basic theory, occupation organizations focused on the occupation skill training, cohesion and complementary advantages, complement each other, so as to improve the quality of legal education, basically meet the demand for high-quality legal talents. New legal education has played an important role for the social development, the outstanding performance in the number of legal education to increase and improve the quality of personnel legal occupation. The modern legal education Through training excellent talents to promote the level of the rule of law in the UK, the whole society is steadily developing.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號(hào)】：D956.1;D90-4

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 李杰賡;布萊克斯通法律思想研究[D];吉林大學(xué);2010年

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本文編號(hào)：1438519