【摘要】：邀請(qǐng)是維持和諧的人際關(guān)系的重要手段,是邀請(qǐng)雙方均受益的言語(yǔ)行為,在語(yǔ)用上屬于邀請(qǐng)行為兼具承諾性與指令性言語(yǔ)行為類型。本研究從社會(huì)語(yǔ)用學(xué)角度對(duì)比分析東鄉(xiāng)語(yǔ)和蘭州方言的邀請(qǐng)言語(yǔ)行為的特點(diǎn),并探究年齡和社會(huì)距離對(duì)于東鄉(xiāng)語(yǔ)和蘭州方言邀請(qǐng)語(yǔ)用策略所產(chǎn)生的影響。本研究總受試人數(shù)為696,其中角色扮演16人(東鄉(xiāng)語(yǔ)8,蘭州方言8),預(yù)測(cè)問(wèn)卷有效受試80人(東鄉(xiāng)語(yǔ)40,蘭州方言40),正式問(wèn)卷有效受試600人(東鄉(xiāng)300,蘭州方言300)。所有東鄉(xiāng)語(yǔ)受試均來(lái)自東鄉(xiāng)偏遠(yuǎn)山村,蘭州方言受試均來(lái)自蘭州市榆中縣的農(nóng)村地區(qū)。根據(jù)他們的實(shí)際年齡,受試分為青年組(16-35)和老年組(55-70),每組男女均等。本研究使用了角色扮演和問(wèn)卷調(diào)查的方法來(lái)收集數(shù)據(jù)。角色扮演是最接近真實(shí)交際的收集語(yǔ)料的方法,它通過(guò)錄音錄像來(lái)收集半自然語(yǔ)料的同時(shí)還能有效控制各種社會(huì)變量。本研究設(shè)計(jì)了24個(gè)語(yǔ)境來(lái)進(jìn)行角色扮演,每個(gè)語(yǔ)境下設(shè)計(jì)了8組對(duì)話(男青—男老,男青—女老,女青—男老,女青—女老,男老—男青,男老—女青,女老—女青,女老—男青),受試根據(jù)所設(shè)計(jì)好的語(yǔ)境來(lái)實(shí)施邀請(qǐng),總共收集到384個(gè)有效視頻(東鄉(xiāng)語(yǔ)192,蘭州方言192)。然后對(duì)角色扮演所獲得的語(yǔ)料進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)寫,統(tǒng)計(jì)出每一種邀請(qǐng)策略出現(xiàn)的頻次,根據(jù)邀請(qǐng)策略的出現(xiàn)的高低頻次來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)卷選項(xiàng)。預(yù)測(cè)問(wèn)卷包含24個(gè)語(yǔ)境,共獲得80份有效問(wèn)卷(東鄉(xiāng)語(yǔ)40,蘭州方言40)。本研究分析了預(yù)測(cè)問(wèn)卷的調(diào)查結(jié)果,并采納受試的訪談意見,對(duì)問(wèn)卷進(jìn)行了刪減和修正。正式問(wèn)卷包含12個(gè)語(yǔ)境,最終在兩地收集到600份有效問(wèn)卷(東鄉(xiāng)語(yǔ)300,蘭州方言300)。本研究根據(jù)Blum-Kulka等人1989年的“跨文化言語(yǔ)行為實(shí)現(xiàn)研究項(xiàng)目”(CCSARP)的研究方法,又參照了Garcia(2008)的研究,將邀請(qǐng)策略劃分為:主言語(yǔ)行為部分(直接邀請(qǐng)策略和間接邀請(qǐng)策略),直接邀請(qǐng)又分為語(yǔ)氣推導(dǎo)、請(qǐng)求、命令和愿望;間接邀請(qǐng)又分為建議、詢問(wèn)和暗示。主言語(yǔ)行為內(nèi)修飾詞部分,禮貌詞、輕描淡寫表達(dá)、個(gè)人主觀看法、尋求許可同意。附加部分,分為理由、提供選擇和詢問(wèn)三種策略。稱呼部分,親屬稱呼和職業(yè)稱呼。所得數(shù)據(jù)通過(guò)SPSS16.0軟件進(jìn)行分析。研究結(jié)果顯示:第一:東鄉(xiāng)語(yǔ)的邀請(qǐng)策略有:(1)東鄉(xiāng)人傾向于采用直接邀請(qǐng)策略而非間接策略。附加部分使用最多的策略是說(shuō)明事由和詢問(wèn)的策略。(2)年齡差異影響東鄉(xiāng)人的邀請(qǐng)語(yǔ)用策略。就主言語(yǔ)行為而言,直接邀請(qǐng)是老年和青年都最常使用的語(yǔ)用策略。就詞匯修飾策略而言,老年比青年使用禮貌詞多。老年使用職業(yè)稱呼比青年多。就附加策略而言,老年比青年多使用說(shuō)明事由和詢問(wèn)的策略,而青年則是提供選擇的策略多于老年。(3)社會(huì)距離遠(yuǎn)近影響東鄉(xiāng)人實(shí)施邀請(qǐng)言語(yǔ)行為的語(yǔ)用策略選擇。在社會(huì)距離遠(yuǎn)時(shí),采用直接邀請(qǐng),使用禮貌詞較多,采用職業(yè)稱呼,附加策略多用詢問(wèn)和提供選擇,說(shuō)話人禮貌程度會(huì)比較高。在社會(huì)距離近時(shí),更多采用親戚稱呼,附加策略多使用說(shuō)明事由,說(shuō)話人在邀請(qǐng)時(shí)禮貌程度較低,語(yǔ)言使用則較為隨意。第二:東鄉(xiāng)和蘭州兩地在實(shí)施邀請(qǐng)言語(yǔ)行為時(shí),在觀察了年齡和社會(huì)距離后發(fā)現(xiàn),兩地存在異同。(1)就相同點(diǎn)而言:在邀請(qǐng)時(shí)都傾向于直接邀請(qǐng),都傾向于弱化,輕描淡寫的詞匯策略,在邀請(qǐng)時(shí)使用職業(yè)稱呼的頻次要要高于親戚稱呼,多使用說(shuō)明事由的附加策略。(2)就不同點(diǎn)而言,東鄉(xiāng)語(yǔ)比蘭州方言使用直接邀請(qǐng)的策略多,東鄉(xiāng)語(yǔ)在邀請(qǐng)主言語(yǔ)行為的策略中極少使用表達(dá)愿望的策略,使用禮貌詞則少于蘭州地區(qū),東鄉(xiāng)語(yǔ)使用親戚稱呼少于蘭州方言。不同社會(huì)文化背景下,地區(qū)性的語(yǔ)言呈現(xiàn)其不同的特點(diǎn),人們形成的語(yǔ)用習(xí)慣也存在差異。邀請(qǐng)會(huì)讓說(shuō)話人的積極面子高漲,同時(shí)也希望得到聽話人同樣的認(rèn)同。這也是在邀請(qǐng)時(shí)大多采用直接邀請(qǐng)的原因。
[Abstract]:Invitation is an important means to maintain a harmonious interpersonal relationship and a speech act beneficial to both sides of an invitation. Pragmatically, it belongs to both promising and directive speech acts. The total number of participants in this study was 696, including 16 role-playing participants (Dongxiang 8, Lanzhou 8), 80 valid participants (Dongxiang 40, Lanzhou 40) and 600 valid participants (Dongxiang 300, Lanzhou 300). According to their actual age, the subjects were divided into young group (16-35) and old group (55-70), each with equal sex. This study used role-playing and questionnaire to collect data. Role-playing was the closest approach to real communication. In this study, 24 contexts were designed for role-playing, and eight groups of dialogues were designed for each context (male youth-male elder, male youth-female elder, female youth-male elder, female youth-female elder, male elder-male youth, male elder-female elder, female elder-female elder, male elder-male elder-female youth, female elder-female youth, female elder-female youth, female elder-female elder). A total of 384 valid videos (Dongxiang 192, Lanzhou 192) were collected according to the designed context. The corpus obtained from role-playing was transcribed and the frequency of each strategy was counted. Questionnaire options were designed according to the frequency of the strategy. A total of 80 valid questionnaires (Dongxiang dialect 40, Lanzhou dialect 40) were obtained in 24 contexts. The results of this study were analyzed and the questionnaires were deleted and revised with the help of interviews. The formal questionnaire contains 12 contexts and 600 valid questionnaires (Dongxiang dialect 300, Lanzhou dialect 300) were collected in both places. According to Blum-Kulka's 1989 CCSARP research method and Garcia's (2008) research, the invitation strategy is divided into three parts: the main speech act part (direct invitation strategy and indirect invitation strategy), the direct invitation is divided into tone deduction, request, order and desire, and the indirect invitation is divided into three parts: direct invitation strategy and indirect invitation strategy. Suggestions, Questions and Suggestions. Subject speech act modifiers, polite words, understatement, personal subjective opinions, seeking permission. Additional parts, divided into reasons, providing choices and asking three strategies. Addressing part, kinship address and professional address. The data obtained were analyzed by SPSS 16.0 software. The results show that: 1. Invitation strategies in local dialects are: (1) Dongxiang people tend to adopt direct invitation rather than indirect invitation strategies. The most frequently used strategies are explanatory and inquiry strategies. (2) Age differences influence the pragmatic strategies of Dongxiang people's invitation. As far as the additional strategies are concerned, the elderly use more explanatory and inquiry strategies than the young, while the young use more selective strategies than the old. (3) Social distance influences the pragmatic strategies of invitation speech act in Dongxiang. When social distance is long, direct invitation is adopted, polite words are used more, professional address is adopted, additional strategies are used to inquire and offer choices, the degree of politeness of the speaker is higher. Second, Dongxiang and Lanzhou are more casual. After observing their ages and social distances, we find that there are similarities and differences between them. (1) In terms of similarities, both of them tend to invite directly, tend to weaken, understate the vocabulary strategy, and use professional titles more frequently than relatives when inviting. (2) Dongxiang dialect uses more direct invitation than Lanzhou dialect in terms of different points. Dongxiang dialect seldom uses the strategy of expressing wishes in the strategy of inviting the main speech act. It uses less polite words than Lanzhou area. Dongxiang dialect uses less relative address than Lanzhou dialect. In the context of localization, regional languages have different characteristics and pragmatic habits. Invitation can make the speaker more positive and also hope to get the same recognition from the hearer. This is also the reason why direct invitation is mostly used in invitations.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：蘭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：H233;H172.2

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