本文關(guān)鍵詞：《欲望都市》中女性語言表達(dá)特色研究，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。

        語言是為了滿足社會交際的需要而產(chǎn)生、存在和發(fā)展的。它由人類創(chuàng)造和使用，因而語言中也不可避免地存在著性別差異。這一現(xiàn)象已引起了語言學(xué)界的廣泛關(guān)注。在以往的研究過程中，學(xué)者們發(fā)現(xiàn)由于女性在日常生活中所處的特殊地位（母親、日常生活活動的主要組織者和承擔(dān)者、大部分教師是女性……），女性語言自有其區(qū)別于男性語言的獨(dú)特表現(xiàn)形式。因此，它在一定程度上成為了語言的規(guī)范及未來發(fā)展趨勢的風(fēng)向標(biāo)。也就是說，對于女性語言表達(dá)特色的研究將有助于語言學(xué)家準(zhǔn)確把握未來的語言發(fā)展方向。由美國HBO有線電視網(wǎng)出品的《欲望都市》描繪了生活在紐約曼哈頓的四名三十多歲的女性好友尋找愛情，體驗(yàn)大都會人生喜怒哀樂的故事。憑借著時尚漂亮的四位女主角身上散發(fā)的現(xiàn)代都市單身女性的濃郁氣息，以及她們所面臨的感情挫折和困擾，這部電視劇自從1998年夏季播出以來，已在越來越多的都市人群中引起了強(qiáng)烈而又廣泛的共鳴。這部電視劇共由六季組成，每集又包含大約12節(jié)，其中每節(jié)時長為20到25分鐘。作者認(rèn)為女性之間的交談是這部電視劇最引人注目的特色之一，且非常適合作為語料來進(jìn)行語言學(xué)的研究�？紤]到文章的篇幅要求，本論文語料均選自劇中第一集的臺詞片段。本篇論文主要從社會語言學(xué)和語用學(xué)等方面對《欲望都市》中女性語言的表達(dá)特點(diǎn)作了廣泛而又深刻的研究，同時也屬于多學(xué)科的研究范疇。首先，在社會語言學(xué)領(lǐng)域，作者利用Wood提出的女性交談特點(diǎn)（包含平等性、善于發(fā)問、響應(yīng)能力、試探性等四個方面），從女性在日常交往中的實(shí)際目的出發(fā)，對《欲望都市》中女性語言表達(dá)特色進(jìn)行探討。研究結(jié)果顯示，女性語言的平等性指出在溝通中為了讓對方感到輕松，女性往往愿意分享自己與之類似的經(jīng)驗(yàn)或持有相同的意見。劇中四位女主角之間的交談極為常見，從這些對話中可以看到當(dāng)今女性具有直接表達(dá)情感和看法的傾向，她們樂于對某一事物展開討論并各抒己見。由于彼此熟識，即便在出現(xiàn)意見分歧時，她們也能夠保持良好的友誼和親密的關(guān)系。相對于男性而言，女性更加善于提出問題。這個特點(diǎn)能夠幫助她們更好地理解對方，同時還有利于發(fā)起一個新的話題，從而保證溝通的順利進(jìn)行。研究中作者還通過列表詳細(xì)分析了英語中較為常見的委婉表達(dá)的問句用法，這表明女性在交談中注重維護(hù)他人尊嚴(yán)和面子，展現(xiàn)了其體貼細(xì)心的特點(diǎn)。接下來，文中討論的第三個特點(diǎn)為女性語言的應(yīng)答性，又稱響應(yīng)能力。通過向他人提供正面的支持性反饋使對方感受到自己得到了尊重與重視。作者還注意到女性的回答中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的感嘆詞，如“啊”、“哦”、“呃”等，將有助于表達(dá)她們的強(qiáng)烈感情。然而，強(qiáng)感嘆詞甚至是咒罵語的使用體現(xiàn)了女性語言呈男性化、并逐漸向男性語言接近的趨勢。女性語言的試探性進(jìn)一步解釋了女性喜歡采取委婉方式表達(dá)自我的現(xiàn)象，其主要包含以下三個部分：模糊限制語、語調(diào)和附加疑問句。通過研究可以推斷模糊限制語在女性語言中更為常見，這與拉考夫的發(fā)現(xiàn)相一致。跟男性相比，女性語言在語調(diào)方面也有著很大的差別。本文論證了女性傾向于在句尾用上升語調(diào)，以此來體現(xiàn)她們對談話另一方發(fā)自內(nèi)心的關(guān)愛。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)，女性更加頻繁地使用附加疑問句來確定她們的想法并為對話留有空間以便進(jìn)一步展開討論。在語用分析方面，女性通常以積極的態(tài)度參與到對話中，并能夠?qū)Ψ降奶釂栕龀龀浞值�、真�?shí)的且相關(guān)的回答，因而傾向于遵守合作原則；男性在很多時候則不能給對方提供適當(dāng)?shù)幕卮�，他們通常情況下有更大的可能性違反合作原則。從禮貌原則來看，一方面女性角色習(xí)慣用委婉提問的方式來表達(dá)請求或建議，另一方面她們在人際交往中往往更喜歡給予和接受贊美，此外還擅長向?qū)Ψ奖硎举澩屯橐允径Y貌從而遵守了禮貌原則；相比之下，男性通常不具備上述特點(diǎn)，他們更容易違反禮貌原則。此外，作者通過對語料的分析還發(fā)現(xiàn)女性在日常交談中十分注意保全對方的面子，也就是說，盡量不去觸碰敏感的話題，從而避免尷尬的發(fā)生。雖然本論文的目標(biāo)在于研究女性的語言，可作者認(rèn)為仍有必要從更寬泛的角度來看待這個問題。這就意味著需要進(jìn)行性別語言的研究，，因?yàn)榕哉Z言的特征只有在與男性語言的對比下才能更具獨(dú)特性和突出性。這也能夠解釋為什么會有如此眾多的學(xué)者展開對兩性之間語言差異的研究。本論文的創(chuàng)新之處在于將傳統(tǒng)的理論框架同現(xiàn)代電視劇的臺詞腳本相結(jié)合，從社會語言學(xué)和語用學(xué)的角度對男女兩性之間語言特色進(jìn)行對比和分析，這使得女性語言表達(dá)特色的研究成果更具真實(shí)性，也更能反映出當(dāng)今美國社會生活中的多種意識形態(tài)。與此同時，作者發(fā)現(xiàn)Wood理論中女性語言的平等性、善于發(fā)問特點(diǎn)同語用學(xué)中的合作原則存在一定的聯(lián)系，而響應(yīng)能力和試探性也正好反映了禮貌原則及面子理論的本質(zhì)。由此可以看出，語言學(xué)中各學(xué)科之間的關(guān)系是密不可分、相輔相成的。作者希望通過本文的研究，能夠使人們對了解西方思想和文化，熟悉跨文化交際的原則和策略，以及今后開展女性語言表達(dá)特色的研究起到一定的推動作用。

    Language comes into being, exists and develops in order to meet therequirements of social communication. Human beings are creators and users oflanguage as well, so it is undoubted that there exist differences in gender language,which have aroused wide concern in the linguistics circle. During the process ofprevious studies, researchers found that compared to male’s language, female’slanguage has its unique form of expression due to the special roles they played indaily life, such as being mothers, central organizers and undertakers in daily life; mostteachers are females, etc. Consequently, women’s language stands for lingualstandards as well as the direction of future development in aspect of language to someextent. In other words, the study on expression features of female language willfacilitate linguists predicting the growing trend of language development.Sex and the City, aired by Home Box Office (HBO), depicts the story of Carrie,Miranda, Charlotte and Amanda, four30-year-old ladies living in Manhattan, NewYork City to find true love and experience happiness and sorrows of life in metropolis.In this TV series, the four fashionable and charming heroines exude full-bodied tingeof modern urban single ladies, and their setbacks and problems confronted inrelationships are reflected as well. Therefore, Sex and the City has caused intense andwidespread resonance among more and more urban population since it premiered inthe summer1998. This series is composed of six seasons with each one includingabout twelve episodes. Every episode lasts20to25minutes. And women’s talk is oneof the most fascinating features of this TV series, which is quite suitable for linguisticresearches. Considering the required length of the thesis, the author has selected thelines appeared in the Season I of the TV series Sex and the City as linguistic data. The author takes Sex and the City as the study object and carries out theextensive and deep study on expression features of female language in it from twoaspects of sociolinguistics and pragmatics respectively. Meanwhile, the presentresearch also belongs to the category of multidisciplinary study. First of all, throughidentifying the purpose of daily communication for women, four features of womentalks concerning equality, the presence of questions, responsiveness, tentativenessobserved by Wood has been used as theoretical basis to explore the expression featureof female language in the TV series. This can be regarded as the analysis fromsociolinguistic perspective. Equality indicates that women would like to share thesimilar experience or have identical opinions in order to make the other party feelrelieved during interaction. Besides, the talks among the four female characters arequite common in the series which signifies nowadays females have the tendency toexpress themselves straightforward especially in the conversations of their owngender. Since they know each other very well, the friendship and intimacy will not beaffected even if any of them speaks out the different voices during communication. Inthe presence of questions, it is found that women tend to use questions of all kindsmore frequently than men do, which help females to get a better understanding of theother party as well as to initiate a new topic or keep interaction going on smoothly.Moreover, euphemistic questions have been analyzed in detail, which also contributeto showing women’s concern for saving other’s face in conversation. The feature ofresponsiveness presents that females are inclined to provide positive feedback onwhat others have said which can make others feel valued and respected. The authoralso notices the frequency of interjections appeared in women’s replying words suchas “Ah”,“Oh”,“Eh” and so on facilitates in expressing their strong feelings. However,the employment of strong expletives embodies the trend of women’s languagebecoming gradually masculine and much more approachable to male’s. In terms oftentativeness, it consists of three sub-sections concerning hedges, intonation and tagquestion, which further explains the phenomenon that women prefer to expressthemselves in an implicit way. It can be inferred from the thesis that verbal hedgesoccur more frequently in females’ language, which is consistent with the findings observed by Lakoff. The second part verifies females’ language differ from male’sgreatly in terms of intonation. It has been proved that women feel like using risingintonation so as to exemplify their heartfelt kindness to the other party. The study oftag questions are more frequently adopted by women to make certain of what they aresaying as well as leave the conversation open for further discussion.As to pragmatic analysis, since females usually take active part in the talks andoffer response sufficiently, authentically and correlatively, they tend to abide byCooperative Principle. On the contrary, males fail to offer proper answers to thequestion of the other party in many cases, so they are more likely to flout the CP.Speaking of Politeness Principle, on the one hand, female characters are used to makea request or suggestion by raising a question in euphemistic way, on the other hand,they often prefer to give and receive compliments during interpersonalcommunication. Moreover, females are expert in expressing agreement and sympathyto show their courtesy. However, males generally do not possess the abovecharacteristics. Thus we can say women tend to observe the Politeness Principlewhereas men violate it. In addition, through the investigation the author also finds thatwomen attach a great deal of importance to save other’s face in daily conversation.That is to say, they try to avoid touching sensitive topic in which embarrassment mayoccur.Although the objective of this thesis aims to study on women’s language, it isstill necessary to see the issue from broader viewpoint which refers to genderlanguage in that the features of women’s language could only be distinctive andprominent with the comparison to men’s language. That is why a lot of researcheshave been carried out to investigate the language differences between the two genders.The novelty of this thesis lies in through the combination of the traditional theoreticalframework with lines of modern TV drama, the language expression features of malesand females have been compared and analyzed from perspectives of sociolinguisticsand pragmatics, so that the results will be more real and further reflect the variety ofideology forms of today’s social life in the United States. At the same time, it is foundthat equality and the presence of questions proposed by Wood has some connections with Cooperative Principle; while responsiveness and tentativeness reflect the essenceof Politeness Principle and Face Theory. Therefore, it can be seen that the relationshipamong different subjects of linguistics is inextricably linked and complementary toeach other. The author is sincerely in hopes of making people better understandwestern thought and culture as well as familiarize with the principles and strategies incross-cultural communication according to the present research. Moreover, this thesisis expected to be beneficial to promote future study on expression features of femalelanguage and relevant field.

《欲望都市》中女性語言表達(dá)特色研究

摘要4-7Abstract7-10Chapter One Introduction13-17    1.1 About Sex and the City13-14    1.2 Origin of the Study14-15    1.3 Significance of the study15    1.4 Objectives of the Study15-16    1.5 Organization of the study16-17Chapter Two Literature Review17-30    2.1 Previous Study on Female Language Features17-20        2.1.1. Studies Abroad17-19        2.1.2 Studies at Home19-20    2.2 Language, Gender and Society20-24        2.2.1 Language and Gender20-22        2.2.2 Language and Society22-23        2.2.3 Gender and Society23-24    2.3 Relevant Pragmatic Theories24-30        2.3.1 The Cooperative Principle (CP)24-27        2.3.2 The Politeness Principle (PP)27-28        2.3.3 Face Theory28-30Chapter Three Study on Female Language Expression Features from Sociolinguistic Perspective30-48    3.1 Equality30-33    3.2 Questions33-36    3.3 Responsiveness36-40    3.4 Tentativeness40-48        3.4.1 Verbal hedges40-43        3.4.2 Intonation43-46        3.4.3 Tag Questions46-48Chapter 4 Study on Female Language Expression Features from Pragmatic Perspective48-71    4.1 Female Language in Observing or Violating the CP48-58        4.1.1 Observing or Violating the maxim of Quantity49-52        4.1.2 Observing or Violating the Maxim of Relation52-55        4.1.3 Observing or Violating the Maxim of Quality and Manner55-58    4.2 Female Language in Observing or Violating the PP58-68        4.2.1 Observing or Violating Tact Maxim and Generosity Maxim59-61        4.2.2 Observing or Violating Approbation Maxim and Modesty Maxim61-63        4.2.3 Observing or Violating Agreement Maxim63-66        4.2.4 Observing or Violating Sympathy Maxim66-68    4.3 Observing or Violating the Face Theory68-71Chapter Five Conclusion71-75    5.1 Findings of the Study71-73    5.2 Limitations of the Study73-74    5.3 Recommendations for Further Study74-75Bibliography75-78Acknowledgements78

  本文關(guān)鍵詞：《欲望都市》中女性語言表達(dá)特色研究，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。