【摘要】：中國(guó)歷史文化悠久,遺產(chǎn)豐厚。作為華夏民族發(fā)源地之一的山西地區(qū),其地上文物分布廣泛,種類(lèi)繁多。又由于地處北方游牧文化與中原農(nóng)耕文化的交流地帶,該地區(qū)建筑顯現(xiàn)出獨(dú)特的地域文化特質(zhì)。中國(guó)古建筑以木材為主要建筑材料,千百年來(lái),建筑的發(fā)展圍繞著木材的加工工藝展開(kāi)。但作為眾多木構(gòu)建筑中少數(shù)存在的磚石建筑,因其建筑材料本身具有的耐久性強(qiáng)等原因被廣泛的應(yīng)用于紀(jì)念性或標(biāo)志性的建筑類(lèi)型中。時(shí)至今日,留存于世的磚石建筑成為歷史最集中的載體。受漫長(zhǎng)建造歷史的熏陶,我國(guó)古代磚石建筑在遵循其固有建造特性的同時(shí),努力模仿著木構(gòu)建筑的造型語(yǔ)言,在建筑史上留下了不朽的傳奇色彩。仿作歷來(lái)是建筑創(chuàng)作中的一種奇特的現(xiàn)象。磚石建筑在我國(guó)的發(fā)展歷史上曾經(jīng)被大量創(chuàng)造。這些建筑實(shí)例包括從地面上的佛塔到地下的陵墓�，F(xiàn)今,這種建筑仿作仍以驚人的數(shù)量存在著并生動(dòng)的展現(xiàn)在研究者眼前。以下,筆者通過(guò)實(shí)地走訪、測(cè)量和調(diào)研多處仿木代表建筑并加以總結(jié)史料和文獻(xiàn)的記載,詳細(xì)的論述了仿木建筑的類(lèi)型特征、歷史文化和技術(shù)形式。山西地區(qū)仿木建筑主要包括磚塔、無(wú)梁殿、窯洞、陵墓等。其運(yùn)用仿木因素的手法各不相同,展現(xiàn)出的風(fēng)格也各具特色。筆者認(rèn)為其中技藝最為精湛、外形最具魅力的當(dāng)屬仿木磚塔。作為一大仿木建筑類(lèi)型,磚塔在我國(guó)歷史悠久。而縱觀山西歷代各地區(qū)的仿木磚塔,又?jǐn)?shù)山西北部的遼代磚塔最有代表性。與其他仿木磚塔所不同的是,遼塔并不照搬木構(gòu)建筑的造型特征,在某種程度上,遼塔對(duì)磚石材料的結(jié)構(gòu)性能作出新的探索與嘗試。在結(jié)構(gòu)和造型上適當(dāng)?shù)目紤]磚石材料本質(zhì)的屬性,創(chuàng)造出諸如華塔等新類(lèi)型,開(kāi)辟了磚塔基座的新風(fēng)格。這無(wú)疑是磚石建筑在我國(guó)古代的一次偉大進(jìn)步,從而賦予遼塔舉世矚目的成就。另外一類(lèi)山西地區(qū)重要的仿木磚石建筑筆者統(tǒng)稱為無(wú)梁結(jié)構(gòu)磚石建筑,大體包括在結(jié)構(gòu)上利用迭澀技術(shù)或者拱券來(lái)代替木質(zhì)梁架承重體系、并采用仿木磚石構(gòu)件和仿木裝飾的一類(lèi)建筑。其類(lèi)型主要包括宗教建筑中的無(wú)梁殿和居住類(lèi)建筑的窯洞。無(wú)梁殿,顧名思義,是指純粹利用磚石承重而筑成的大殿,在明清時(shí)期達(dá)到最鼎盛。這類(lèi)建筑總體方面通常由一座或數(shù)座筒拱縱、并聯(lián)或是交叉組合而成。因無(wú)梁殿中供奉無(wú)量壽佛,所以也被稱之為無(wú)量殿。古建筑的價(jià)值在于它們傳遞出往昔歲月中社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、藝術(shù)等諸多珍貴內(nèi)容以及歷史學(xué)方面無(wú)窮的研究?jī)r(jià)值。尤其是在拱券、拱筒和疊澀等技術(shù)方面的造詣和磚雕和藻井等藝術(shù)方面的成就在磚石仿木建筑當(dāng)中體現(xiàn)的淋漓盡致。
[Abstract]:China has a long history and rich heritage. Shanxi, as one of the birthplaces of Chinese nationality, has a wide range of above-ground cultural relics. Because it is located in the exchange zone between nomadic culture and farming culture of the Central Plains, the architecture of this area shows unique regional cultural characteristics. Wood is the main building material in ancient Chinese architecture. For thousands of years, the development of architecture revolved around the wood processing technology. However, as a few masonry buildings in many wood structures, because of the durability of the building materials, it has been widely used in commemorative or iconic architectural types. To this day, the masonry architecture retained in the world has become the most concentrated carrier of history. Influenced by the long history of construction, the ancient masonry buildings in our country, while following their inherent construction characteristics, try to imitate the modeling language of wooden structures, leaving immortal legendary colors in the history of architecture. Imitation has always been a strange phenomenon in architectural creation. Masonry buildings have been created in the history of our country. Examples of these buildings range from pagodas on the ground to tombs underground. Today, this kind of architectural imitation still exists in an astonishing number and is vividly displayed in front of the researchers. Following, the author through the field visit, survey and research many imitation wooden representative building and summarize the historical data and the document record, elaborated the type characteristic, the history culture and the technical form of the imitation wood building in detail. Shanxi area imitation wood building mainly includes brick tower, no beam hall, cave, mausoleum and so on. Its use of wood-imitating factors of different techniques, showing the style also has its own characteristics. The author believes that the most exquisite craft, the most attractive shape when the imitation wooden brick tower. As a large type of wooden architecture, brick towers have a long history in China. Throughout the past dynasties in Shanxi Province, the wooden brick tower, but also the northern part of Shanxi Liao Dynasty brick tower is the most representative. Different from other wood-imitating brick towers, the Liao Tower does not copy the modeling characteristics of wood-structure buildings. To some extent, the Liao Tower makes a new exploration and attempt on the structural properties of masonry materials. The nature of masonry material is considered properly in structure and shape to create new types such as tower, which opens up a new style of brick tower base. This is undoubtedly a great progress of masonry architecture in ancient China, thus giving the Liao pagoda a remarkable achievement. Another kind of important wood-imitating masonry buildings in Shanxi area the author collectively called beamless masonry structures, generally including the use of overlapping techniques or arch coupons in the structure to replace the wooden beam-frame load-bearing system. And the use of wood-like masonry members and wood-like decoration of a class of buildings. The main types of religious buildings include the hall without beams and residential buildings cave. The hall without beam, as its name implies, refers to the hall built purely from brick and stone, reaching its peak in the Ming and Qing dynasties. The overall aspect of this type of building is usually composed of one or more tubular arches in longitudinal, parallel or cross combinations. Because there is no beam in the worship of infinite Buddha, so also known as the infinite hall. The value of ancient architecture is that it conveys many precious contents such as society, economy, culture, art and so on in the past years, as well as the infinite research value of history. Especially in the arch coupons, arch tube and stacked acerbity and other technical attainments and brick carving and algae wells and other artistic achievements in masonry imitating wood architecture reflected incisively and vividly.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：太原理工大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：TU398

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