發(fā)布時間：2018-05-13 20:50

  本文選題：文化事業(yè) + 財政投入機制��； 參考：《東北財經大學》2013年博士論文

【摘要】：一個社會的發(fā)展需要精神的支撐,文化便是它的內核。根據(jù)發(fā)達國家的經驗,當人均GDP達到3000美元的時候,居民消費結構開始變化,精神文化需求呈現(xiàn)大幅增加。我國人均GDP早已超過3000美元,目前已經超過5000美元大關,種種跡象顯示,我國居民的文化消費動力已經開始顯現(xiàn),發(fā)展文化事業(yè)是適應消費需求變化的歷史選擇。本文研究的文化事業(yè),是指通過政府的財政資金興辦的文化活動的全部,非營利性的、從事文化研究創(chuàng)作、文化產品生產和文化公共服務的文化活動。居民的文化需求中,一部分被確認為基本的公共性的文化需求,這些文化需求的滿足通常由文化事業(yè)來完成。因此,從這個意義上說,文化事業(yè)具有民生意義。在公共財政框架下,在基本公共服務均等化的原則下,公共文化服務成為當下我國文化事業(yè)向社會提供的主要服務內容,即保證全體社會成員享受到基本的精神文化產品和服務,保障全體社會成員最基本的文化權益,由政府文化事業(yè)提供的免費或優(yōu)惠的文化產品和服務。 文化事業(yè)是典型的中國特色術語。建國伊始,中國的制度設計秉持的是蘇聯(lián)模式,理論指針是階級斗爭思想,文化被當做意識形態(tài)斗爭工具,完全由國家辦、國家管。在這樣的制度背景下,有了文化事業(yè),并且也只有文化事業(yè),根本不存在營利性的、遵循市場規(guī)律的文化產業(yè)。改革開放以后,文化市場逐漸成長壯大,中國才有了文化產業(yè)。中國的文化產業(yè)總體來源于兩股源流,一是新生于文化市場的文化產業(yè),二是脫胎于文化事業(yè)的文化產業(yè)。當下的我國,文化事業(yè)在將大部分文化職能讓位于文化產業(yè),財政不再需要大包大攬,這個過程目前還遠沒有結束。同時,政府重新進行職能定位,明確其新的職能范圍為公益性文化事業(yè),財政保證這些公益性文化事業(yè)的資金投入。從這個意義上說,研究我國文化事業(yè)財政投入成為一個極為有意義的課題。 從國際視角考察,一國的文化軟實力越來越成為征服世界的重要途徑。“軟實力”的概念是美國哈佛大學教授約瑟夫·奈在上個世紀90年代初提出的,指一國文化被普遍認同的程度。他指出,一個國家有“硬實力”和“軟實力”,前者包括諸如基本資源(如土地面積、人口、自然資源等)、軍事力量、經濟力量和科技力量等；后者則體現(xiàn)為國家的“吸引力”和“效仿力”,可以超越時空,產生巨大的影響力。他認為,美國在幾十年中利用軟實力成功地獲得了很大的國際影響力,但后來越來越多地使用硬實力,影響力反倒日趨式微。奈的觀點一經問世便迅速成為理論界和民間共同認可的戰(zhàn)略決策依據(jù)。從這個意義上說,文化事業(yè)具有一定的國家戰(zhàn)略意義,因為,文化事業(yè)對打造一國的文化軟實力有著非常必要的基礎性作用。 文化事業(yè)對國民經濟具有貢獻,主要從其間接效益中體現(xiàn)出來。間接效益來自于依托文化事業(yè)的相關產業(yè),如文化旅游業(yè)、網絡文化業(yè)、動漫產業(yè)、音像產業(yè)、影視產業(yè)、其他版權產業(yè)、藝術品市場等。上述產業(yè)在培育國民經濟新的增長點、帶動現(xiàn)代服務業(yè)發(fā)展等方面發(fā)揮著舉足輕重的作用,從而促進國民經濟的良性增長,加快經濟增長方式的轉變。 文化事業(yè)的興辦有賴于公共資金,在當下的我國主要來源于政府的財政投入。為使我國的文化事業(yè)適應上述社會需要,研究文化事業(yè)的財政投入成為有意義的課題。 本文全文布局具有一定的邏輯遞進關系： 首先,對文化事業(yè)及其財政投入進行基本的理論分析與界定,奠定本文的研究基礎。包括兩部分：一是政府介入文化事業(yè)的理論依據(jù)；二是我國文化事業(yè)及其財政投入的基本分析。 其次,進行現(xiàn)實分析,分析角度有兩個：一是我國文化事業(yè)財政投入的現(xiàn)實狀況,二是其他若干典型國家的文化事業(yè)財政投入經驗與做法。本部分以實證分析為下文的構想與建議奠定基礎。 最后,展開構想,提出建議。本文的構想包括三個方面,為實現(xiàn)此構想,本文又提出了眾多具體建議。 全文的基本內容安排如下： 第1章,導論。介紹本文選題的背景和研究意義,回顧國內外關于政府介入文化事業(yè)方面的相關理論及觀點,說明文章的研究思路以及研究框架、研究方法、創(chuàng)新與不足等。 第2章,政府介入文化事業(yè)的理論依據(jù)。本章首先對文化事業(yè)的相關概念進行了界定,具體包括：文化、文化產品、文化事業(yè)、文化市場、文化產業(yè)；繼而分析文化事業(yè)的公共產品屬性,分析文化事業(yè)的市場失靈問題,以及文化事業(yè)的政府失靈問題,從而闡釋文化事業(yè)發(fā)展中的政府責任定位與政府責任邊界。 第3章,我國文化事業(yè)及其財政投入的基本分析。本章首先闡述了對我國的文化事業(yè)的重新認識,主要從兩個方面來展開分析：一是采用廣義文化視角歸納總結我國文化事業(yè)的體系構成；二是闡釋選擇文化事業(yè)廣義視角的合理性。其次,本章針對當下我國文化事業(yè)的特殊性,闡釋了文化事業(yè)提供的公共文化服務的相關理論界說。最后,將本章的分析落腳于對財政投入的一些關鍵性問題的辨析,包括多種投入方式的介紹和基本投入項目的內容梳理。 第4章,我國文化事業(yè)財政投入的現(xiàn)實考察。本章是本文的一個重墨之處,從全景角度和分類角度對我國文化事業(yè)財政投入的現(xiàn)狀進行描述與分析。首先,進行總體分析,從制度、政策、投入總量分析等方面綜合論述考察對象的成就與不足。然后,本章將文化事業(yè)分別以文化文物事業(yè)和新聞出版廣電事業(yè)兩大具體考察對象,每一對象以單獨一節(jié),進行財政投入的具體深入的剖析,努力探尋深層次的經驗與缺失。 第5章,文化事業(yè)財政投入的國際經驗與借鑒。本章首先以歐美和亞洲多個較為先進的國家為樣本國家,考察這些國家在文化事業(yè)與政府投入方面的做法,進行深入分析,對其中的經驗進行歸納總結。在此基礎上,本章試圖將國際經驗與我國的實踐實現(xiàn)有益的對接,提出對我國的啟示。 第6章,促進我國文化事業(yè)發(fā)展的財政投入：構想與建議。本章是本文的又一個重墨之處,在前述理論與實踐的基礎上,提出促進我國文化事業(yè)進一步良性發(fā)展的財政投入的建設性意見,主要從總體構想與具體建議兩個方面來闡述�？傮w構想的著力點在于三大方面：一是確立公共財政框架下文化事業(yè)的“廣義視角”原則,將財政投入的規(guī)劃原則拓展至涵蓋文化演藝、文化遺產、廣播影視和新聞出版的廣義視角；二是提出構建與完善文化事業(yè)發(fā)展的財政投入機制；三是提出建立與健全文化事業(yè)發(fā)展的財政資金保障機制。在總體構想的基礎上,本文提出相應的具體建議,以支撐上述的總體構想。 本文可能存在如下一些創(chuàng)新之處： 第一,在基礎理論分析中,充實了大量對文化產品的公共性特征的分析與市場失靈情況的分析。 第二,在選擇研究對象時,原創(chuàng)性地選取了有分有合的“廣義文化”視角,對財政作用于我國文化事業(yè)領域的基本情況做了全方位的梳理、分析與解讀,個人認為這是對今后文化事業(yè)的財政投入研究非常有裨益的一次總結和梳理。 第三,在研究分析財政投入的過程中,將文化事業(yè)體制和文化事業(yè)的財政制度與政策納入研究視野,從制度與政策層面闡釋財政對文化的投入的緣由和演變過程,使得論述部分內容飽滿。 本文的主要不足之處在于：新聞出版廣電事業(yè)的財政投入相關數(shù)據(jù)非常有限,限制了分析的深度。在對我國政府文化支出作定量分析時,未能深入地運用計量經濟學中更多的方法進行建模和檢驗。
[Abstract]:The development of a society needs spiritual support and culture is its core. According to the experience of the developed countries, when the per capita GDP reaches 3000 US dollars, the consumption structure of the residents has changed and the spiritual and cultural needs have increased greatly. The per capita GDP in China has already exceeded $3000, and it has already exceeded 5000 US dollars. All the signs show that The cultural consumption power of the Chinese residents has begun to appear, and the development of cultural undertakings is a historical choice to adapt to the change in consumption demand. The cultural undertakings studied in this paper refer to the cultural activities that have been set up through the government's financial funds, non-profit, cultural research, production of cultural products and cultural public services. In the cultural needs of the residents, some of the cultural needs are recognized as basic public cultural needs. These cultural needs are usually fulfilled by cultural undertakings. Therefore, in this sense, cultural undertakings have the significance of the people's livelihood. Under the public financial framework, under the principle of the equalization of basic public services, the public cultural service has become the present. The main services provided by the cultural undertakings to the society are to ensure that all the members of the society enjoy the basic spiritual and cultural products and services, guarantee the basic cultural rights and interests of all the members of the society, and provide free or preferential cultural products and services provided by the government's cultural undertakings.
The cultural cause is a typical Chinese characteristic term. At the beginning of the founding of the people's Republic, the system design of China held the Soviet model, the theoretical pointer was class struggle thought, and culture was regarded as an ideological struggle tool. It was completely run by the state and the state. Under such a system, there were cultural undertakings, and there were only cultural undertakings, and there was no camp at all. After the reform and opening up, the cultural market has grown up, and China has a cultural industry. The cultural industry in China comes from two sources, the other is the cultural industry born in the cultural market, and the two is the cultural industry. This process is far from ending. At the same time, the government is relocating its functions, defining its new functions as public welfare cultural undertakings, and ensuring the financial investment of these public welfare cultural undertakings. In this sense, the study of China's cultural undertakings. Political input has become a very meaningful subject.
From an international perspective, the soft power of a country has become an increasingly important way to conquer the world. The concept of "soft power", proposed by Professor Joseph Nai of the Harvard University in the early 90s of last century, refers to the extent to which a nation's culture is universally recognized. Such as basic resources (such as land area, population, natural resources, etc.), military, economic and scientific and technological forces, and the latter as the "attraction" and "emulate" of the country, which can transcend time and space and have great influence. In his opinion, the United States has successfully achieved great international influence in the use of soft power in the last ten years. However, more and more hard power has been used, and the influence is declining more and more. Nai's viewpoint quickly becomes the basis of strategic decision which is recognized by both the theorists and the folk. In this sense, cultural undertakings have a certain national strategic significance, because cultural undertakings have a great need to build a country's cultural soft power. A basic role to play.
Cultural undertakings have contributed to the national economy, mainly from its indirect benefits. Indirect benefits come from related industries relying on cultural undertakings, such as cultural tourism, network culture, animation industry, audio and video industry, film and television industry, other copyright industries, art market and so on. The development of modern service industry plays a decisive role in promoting the healthy growth of the national economy and speeding up the transformation of the mode of economic growth.
The development of cultural undertakings depends on public funds. In the present China, the main source of our country is the financial input of the government. In order to adapt the cultural cause of our country to the social needs, it is a meaningful subject to study the financial investment of the cultural undertakings.
The full text layout has certain logical progressive relations.
First, the basic theoretical analysis and definition of cultural undertakings and their financial input are carried out to lay the foundation for the study. The two parts are as follows: first, the theoretical basis of government intervention in cultural undertakings; two is the basic analysis of our country's cultural undertakings and their financial input.
Secondly, the actual analysis is carried out, and there are two analysis angles: first, the actual situation of the financial investment in China's cultural undertakings, and the two is the experience and practice of the financial investment in some other typical countries. This part lays the foundation for the following ideas and suggestions.
Finally, the concept and suggestions are put forward. The idea of this article includes three aspects. In order to achieve this idea, this paper also puts forward many specific suggestions.
The basic content of the full text is as follows:
The first chapter, introduction, introduces the background and significance of this topic, reviews the relevant theories and views on the government's involvement in cultural undertakings at home and abroad, and explains the research ideas and research framework, research methods, innovation and deficiency, etc.
The second chapter is the theoretical basis for the government to intervene in cultural undertakings. This chapter first defines the related concepts of cultural undertakings, including culture, cultural products, cultural undertakings, cultural markets, cultural industries, and then analysis of the public product attributes of cultural undertakings, analysis of the market failure of cultural undertakings, and the loss of government in cultural undertakings. The spirit problem explains the position of government responsibility and the boundary of government responsibility in the development of cultural undertakings.
The third chapter, the basic analysis of our country's cultural undertakings and their financial input. This chapter first expounds the re understanding of our cultural undertakings, mainly from two aspects: first, to summarize and summarize the system composition of our cultural undertakings by using a broad cultural perspective; and two to explain the rationality of the broad perspective of the selection of cultural undertakings. Secondly, This chapter explains the theoretical definition of public cultural services provided by cultural undertakings in view of the particularity of the present cultural undertakings in our country. Finally, the analysis of this chapter is based on the analysis of some key issues of financial input, including the introduction of various input methods and the content of basic input items.
The fourth chapter is a realistic investigation of the financial investment of Chinese cultural undertakings. This chapter is a key point of this article. From a panoramic view and a classification angle, the present situation of the financial investment in Chinese culture is described and analyzed. First, the overall analysis is carried out and the achievements and shortcomings of the object are discussed from the aspects of system, policy and total input. Then, this chapter will take cultural undertakings with two specific objects of cultural relic and news and radio and television, each of them, with a single section, to make an in-depth analysis of the financial input, and try to explore the deep level of experience and lack.
The fifth chapter, the international experience and reference of the financial investment of cultural undertakings. This chapter first takes the more advanced countries in Europe and the United States and Asia as the sample countries to examine the practice of these countries in cultural undertakings and government inputs, to make an in-depth analysis and summarize the experience of these countries. On this basis, this chapter tries to make the international experience with me. The practice of China has realized a useful docking and put forward the enlightenment to our country.
The sixth chapter, the financial input to promote the development of China's cultural undertakings: ideas and suggestions. This chapter is another important part of this article. On the basis of the foregoing theory and practice, this chapter puts forward the constructive opinions of the financial input to promote the further benign development of our cultural undertakings, mainly from the two aspects of the general concept and specific proposals. The focus of the concept lies in three major aspects: first, to establish the "broad perspective" principle of cultural undertakings under the framework of public finance, and expand the planning principles of financial input to the broad perspective of cultural performance, cultural heritage, radio, film and television and press publishing; and the two is to put forward the financial investment mechanism for the construction and improvement of the development of cultural undertakings; The three is to put forward the financial fund guarantee mechanism to establish and improve the development of cultural undertakings. On the basis of the overall concept, this paper puts forward specific suggestions to support the above overall concept.
There may be some innovations in this article:
First, in the basic theoretical analysis, we have enriched a large number of analysis of the publicity characteristics of cultural products and the analysis of market failure.
Second, when choosing the research object, the original selection of the perspective of "generalized culture" is original. It makes a comprehensive analysis and interpretation of the financial role in the field of cultural undertakings in our country. I think this is a very helpful summary and combing of the financial investment research in the future.
Third, in the process of studying and analyzing financial input, the financial system and policy of cultural undertakings and cultural undertakings are brought into the field of study. The reason and evolution process of financial input to culture are explained from the level of system and policy, which makes the discussion part full.
The main inadequacies of this paper are that the financial input related data of the news and publishing industry is very limited and restricts the depth of the analysis. In the quantitative analysis of the government's cultural expenditure in China, more methods in Econometrics have not been used for modeling and testing.

【學位授予單位】：東北財經大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：F812.45;G12

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