本文關(guān)鍵詞：同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別

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同學(xué)你好，感謝你對新東方課程的支持
　從句有主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句、定語從句和狀語從句6類。由于主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句及同位語從句在句子的功用相當(dāng)于名詞，故而這4種從句又通稱名詞性從句。狀語從句還可以分為條件狀語從句、原因狀語從句、方位狀語從句和時間狀語從句。
　　1.主語從句（Subject Clause）：用作主語的從句叫主語從句。引導(dǎo)主語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有從屬連詞、疑問代詞、疑問副詞、縮合連接代詞、縮合連接副詞等。
　　2.表語從句（Predicative Clause）：用作表語的從句叫表語從句。引導(dǎo)表語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大都一樣。
　　3.賓語從句（Object Clause）：在句子中起賓語作用的從句叫做賓語從句.賓語從句分為三類:動詞的賓語從句,介詞的賓語從句和形容詞的賓語從句.
　　第一部分
　　一：時態(tài)
　　1·主句用一般現(xiàn)在時，從句可用任意時態(tài)。
　　2·主句用過去時，從句用過去某個時態(tài)。
　　3·主句用過去時，從句是真理時，只用一般現(xiàn)在時。
　　二：賓語從句的連接詞
　�、購膶龠B詞
　　連接賓語從句的從屬連詞主要有that，if，whether. that引導(dǎo)表示陳述句的賓語從句,而if和whether引導(dǎo)表示“是否”的賓語從句.
　　例句：
　　He told that he would go to the college the next year
　　他告訴我他下一年上大學(xué).
　　I don’t know if there will be a bus any more.
　　我不知道是否還會有公交車.
　　Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.
　　沒人知道他是否會通過考試.
　　②連接代詞
　　連接代詞主要有who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever等.
　　連接代詞一般指疑問,但what, whatever除了指疑問外,也可以指陳述.
　　例句：
　　Do you know who has won Red Alert game?
　　你知道誰贏了這一局紅警游戲嗎?
　　I don’t know whom you should depend on.
　　我不知道你該依靠誰.
　　The book will show you what the best CEOs know.
　　這本書會告訴你最好的執(zhí)行總裁該了解些什么.
　　Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone?
　　你決定好是買諾基亞還是摩托羅拉的電話了嗎?
　�、圻B接副詞
　　連接副詞主要有when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等.
　　例句：
　　He didn’t tell me when we should meet again.
　　他沒有告訴我什么時候我們能再見面.
　　Could you please tell me how you read the new panel?
　　你能展示給我怎么用這個新的操作盤嗎?
　　None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.
　　沒有人知道這些的新的零件能在哪里買到.
　　三：動詞的賓語從句
　　大多數(shù)動詞都可以帶賓語從句
　　We all expect that they will win , for members of their team are stronger.
　　我們都預(yù)料他們會贏,因為他們的隊員更強壯.
　　He told us that they would help us though the whole work.
　　他告訴我們在整個工作中,他都會幫忙的.
　　★部分“動詞+副詞”結(jié)構(gòu)也可以帶賓語從句
　　例句：
　　I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out.
　　我發(fā)現(xiàn)這場音樂會的所有票都賣光了.
　　Can you work out how much we will spend during the trip?
　　你能計算出這次旅行我們將花費多少錢嗎?
　　★動詞短語也可以帶賓語從句
　　常見的這些詞有:
　　make sure確保 make up one’s mind下決心 keep in mind牢記
　　例句：
　　Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in.
　　在上交試卷前確保沒有任何錯誤.
　　四：可運用形式賓語it代替的賓語從句
　　①動詞find,feel,consider,make,believe等后面有賓語補足語的時候,則需要用it做形式賓語而將that賓語從句后置.
　　例句：
　　I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day .
　　我認(rèn)為每天多喝開水是有必要的.
　　I feel it a pity that I haven’t been to the get-together.
　　我沒去聚會,感覺非常遺憾.
　　I have made it a rule that I keep diaries.
　　我每天寫日記成了習(xí)慣.
　　We all find it important that we (should) make a quick decision about this mater.
　　我們都認(rèn)為對這件事馬上做出決定很重要.
　�、谟行﹦釉~帶賓語從句時尋要在賓語與從句前加it
　　這類動詞主要有:hate, take , owe, have, see to.
　　例句：
　　I hate it when they with their mouths full of food.
　　我討厭他們滿嘴食物時說話.
　　He will have it that our plan is really practical.
　　他會認(rèn)為我們的計劃確實可行.
　　We take it that you will agree with us.
　　我們認(rèn)為你會同意我們的.
　　When you start the engine, you must see to it that car is in neutral.
　　開啟發(fā)動機時, 一定要使汽車的離合器處于空擋位置.
　　③若賓語從句是wh-類,則不可用it代替
　　例句：
　　We all consider what you said to be unbelievable.
　　我們都認(rèn)為你所說的是不可信的.
　　We discovered what we had learned to be valuable.
　　我們發(fā)現(xiàn)我們所學(xué)到的東西都是有用的.
　　五：介詞的賓語從句
　　用wh-類的介詞賓語從句
　　例句：
　　We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.
　　我們正在討論是否讓學(xué)生加入我們的俱樂部.
　　The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space.
　　這本新書是關(guān)于神州6號載人航天飛船是如何升如太空的.
　　★用that,if引導(dǎo)的介詞賓語從句有時候except,but,besides三個介詞后可見到that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句
　　例句：
　　I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company.
　　對于我的新鄰居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班,其他一無所知.
　　六：形容詞的賓語從句
　　常用來引導(dǎo)賓語從句的形容詞有: sure,certain,glad,please,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprised
　　例句：
　　I am sure I will pass the exam.
　　我確信我會通過考試.
　　I am sorry that I have troubled you so long.
　　很抱歉我這么長時間在打擾你.
　　He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill.
　　他很高興在他生病的時候李明能去看望他.
　　七：if,whether在賓語從句中的區(qū)別
　�、賗f和whether在作“是否”解時,引導(dǎo)賓語從句常放在動詞know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之后,介詞后一般不用if
　�、谏贁�(shù)動詞,如:leave,put,discuss,doubt后的賓語從句常用whether.
　　③whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以.
　�、茉诓欢ㄊ角爸荒苡脀hether.
　　如： I can’t decide whether to stay. 我不能決定是否留下。
　　⑤避免歧異時,我們常用whether而不用if.
　　八：哪些賓語從句不可以省略引導(dǎo)詞that
　　1.當(dāng)that作learn,suggest,explain,agree,wonder,prove,mean,state,feel,hold等動詞的賓語時;
　　2.當(dāng)賓語從句較長時;
　　3.當(dāng)主語狀語置于主句尾,賓語從句之前時;
　　4.當(dāng)主語謂語動詞(包括非謂語動詞)與賓語從句之間有插入語時;
　　5.當(dāng)一個動詞帶有兩個或兩個以上賓語從句時,此時第一個that可以省略,第二個that不可以省略;
　　6.當(dāng)賓語從句中的主語是this,that或this,that做主語的定語時;
　　7.當(dāng)賓語從句是雙賓語中的直接賓語時;
　　8.當(dāng)賓語從句的主語是非謂語動詞或主語從句時;
　　9.當(dāng)主語中的謂語動詞是固定詞組時;
　　10.當(dāng)賓語從句有it做其先行詞時;
　　11.在直接引語中,轉(zhuǎn)述分句把賓語從句隔開時.
　　九：賓語從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移
　　主句的謂語動詞是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,espect,fancy,guess等,并且主句的主語是第一人稱而且為一般現(xiàn)在時,從句的否定詞一般要轉(zhuǎn)移到主句上來,其反義疑問句一般與賓語從句一致.
　　例句：
　　I don’t think he will come to my party.而不能說成I think he won’t come to my party.
　　我認(rèn)為他不會來我的舞會.
　　I don’t believe that man is killed by Jim,is he?
　　我認(rèn)為那個人不是Jim所殺的,是不是?
　　★如果賓語從句中有某個含有否定意義的形容詞或副詞,其反義疑問句要用肯定形式.
　　例句：
　　We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully,does he?
　　我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他從來不仔細(xì)聽老師講課,是不是?
　　十：賓語從句的時態(tài)和語序
　　當(dāng)主句為現(xiàn)在時或?qū)頃r的時候,賓語從句的時態(tài)一般不受主句的時態(tài)所影響.
　　當(dāng)主句為過去時的時候
　�、購木溆靡话氵^去時或過去進行時表示與主句謂語動詞動作同時發(fā)生
　　例句：
　　I only knew he was studying in a western country,but I didn’t know what country he was in.
　　我只知道他當(dāng)時在西方的一個國家讀書,可不知道是哪個國家.
　　He asked me if I was reading the story “The Old Man and the Sea ”when he was in.
　　他問我他進來的時候我是否正在讀<老人與海>.
　　②從句過去完成時表示該動作發(fā)生在主句謂語動作之前
　　例句：
　　He told me that he had told Mary about the meeting already.
　　他告訴我他已經(jīng)把有關(guān)會議的事情告訴的了Mary.
　�、蹚木渲^語用過去將來時表示該動作發(fā)生在主句謂語動作之后
　　例句：
　　The reporter asked if the government would take necessary measures to put down the to-do.
　　記者問政府是否會采取必要的措施鎮(zhèn)壓騷亂.
　　★如果從句是一個客觀真理,那么從句的時候不根據(jù)主句的時態(tài)而變化
　　例句：
　　The teacher said that the moon goes around the earth yesterday.
　　老師昨天說月亮繞著地球轉(zhuǎn).
　　★當(dāng)賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞是who,which,what,when,where,how,why等表疑問時,不能按正常語序安排,經(jīng)常將這類引導(dǎo)詞置于句首
　　例句：
　　Who do you think the public might choose as their favorite singer this year?
　　你認(rèn)為今年公眾會選誰為他們最喜歡的歌手.
　　第二部分
　　一. 定義：　
　　賓語從句就是一個句子作動詞或介詞的賓語。
　　二. 學(xué)習(xí)賓語從句要抓住三要素：連接詞、語序和時態(tài)。
　　連接詞一般都是that(指事務(wù)或人),which（指事）,who（指人）
　　1．從句為陳述句，常選擇連接詞that或?qū)hat省略，直接與主句相連。
　　2．從句為一般疑問句，常選擇連接詞if或whether。在whether…or not結(jié)構(gòu)中不能用if替換。
　　3．從句為特殊疑問句，常選擇what,when,where,which,who,how等的疑問代、副詞作連接詞。
　　★當(dāng)who為主語時，句式為：who+謂語+其他
　　判斷時態(tài)情況：
　　1.主句是一般現(xiàn)在時，從句為各種時態(tài)情況
　　2.主句是一般過去時，從句為各種相應(yīng)過去時態(tài)注意：從句描繪客觀事實，用一般現(xiàn)在時
　　例題：
　　〈1. The teacher told the children that the sun＿＿＿＿ round.
　　A. was B. is C. were D. are
　　〈2. I believe that our team＿＿＿＿ the basketball match.
　　A. win B. won C. will win D. wins
　　〈3. I don’t know＿＿＿＿ to visit the old man.
　　A. whether B. if C. that D. who
　　〈4.The soldiers soon reached( )was once an old temple( )the villagers used as a school.
　　A.which;where B.what;which C.where;which D.what;where
　　答4：選B，動詞reach后接賓語從句，從句缺少賓語，where不可，which引導(dǎo)賓語從句時表疑問含義“哪一個…”而此句中并非疑問含義，不知道哪一座廟宇，而是用what從句表陳述含義，意“過去的一座舊廟宇”；temple后為對其修飾的定語從句，用關(guān)系代詞which代替，并在從句中作動詞used的賓語，use sth. as…“把…用作…
　　賓語從句，在復(fù)合句中作賓語，位于及物動詞后；
　　Tell him which class you are in ．
　　Do you know what he likes？
　　(1)主、從句時態(tài)一致：
　　主句謂語過去時，從句相應(yīng)過去時；
　　He answered that he was listening to me.
　　主句謂語現(xiàn)在時，從句時態(tài)任所需；
　　He says (that) he will leave a message on my desk.
　　They know (that) he is working hard.
　　具體過去永不變，真理格言現(xiàn)在時；
　　He told me that he was born in 1980.
　　Father told me that practice makes perfect .
　　（2）否定前移，及完成反意問句；
　　在think / believe / suppose / guess / imagine / expect等動詞后跟賓語從句否定式時，應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)移到主句上去，完成反意疑問句時，應(yīng)與從句主、謂保持一致。（注: 否定前移的條件是，主句主語是第一人稱）
　　I don't think you are right ,are you ?
　　I don't believe they have finished their work yet,have they ?
　�。�3）在表示建議 suggest , advise
　　要求demand 、desire、require、request、propose；
　　決定 decide; 命令 order、command; 堅決主張 insist;
　　等動詞后跟賓語從句，用（should）+v．（虛擬語氣）
　　eg． I suggested that you（should）study hard．
　　He ordered that we should go out at once．
　�。�4）如果賓語從句后有賓語補足語，用it作形式賓語，把賓語從句后置
　　eg．You may think it strange that he would live there．
　　（5）賓語從句that�？墒÷裕谝韵虑闆r下不能省略
　　A．當(dāng)主句謂語動詞帶有兩個或兩個以上賓語從句時，可以省略第一個that，其他不能省略。
　　eg．I believe（that）you have done your best and that things will get bet?鄄ter．
　　B．當(dāng)it作形式賓語時
　　eg．She made it clear that she had nothing to do with him．
　　C．當(dāng)賓語從句前置時
　　eg．That our team will win，I believe．
　　三.分類
　　A 作動詞的賓語:
　　I 主語　heard 謂語動詞　the news.名詞作賓語
　　I主語　heard 謂語動詞　that he would come here later on.一個句子作賓語---賓語從句
　　B 作介詞的賓語:
　　He主語　said 謂語動詞　nothing 代詞作動詞的賓語 about 介詞 the plan. 名詞作介詞的賓語
　　四.帶有賓語從句的復(fù)合句的構(gòu)成:
　　　帶有賓語從句的復(fù)合句就是用連接詞把一個主句和一個賓語從句連接在一起。連接詞有：that(可省略)，what, who, when, where, why, which, if, whether, how.
　　
　　五.注意：　
　　A 賓語從句必須用陳述語序。
　　False: He is wondering when can he finish this difficult job.
　　Right: He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job.
　　B 有時候可以用it 作形式賓語，而把真正的賓語從句放在后面。
　　Bad: I thought that he could finish this　job in just two hours impossible.
　　Good: I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours.　
　　Bad: He left whether we should continue this project to my judgment.
　　Good: He left it to my judgment whether we should continue this project.
　　C 帶有賓語從句的復(fù)合句的否定形式一般是否定主句。
　　Bad: I think he doesn’t like the English teacher.
　　Good: I don’t think he likes the English teacher.
　　D　False: He wanted to know why he is crying in the corner.
　　Right: He wanted to know why he was crying in the corner.
　　4.同位語從句（Appositive Clause）： 與先行詞同位或等同的從句叫作同位語從句。其關(guān)聯(lián)詞多為that。
　　5.定語從句（Attributive Clause）：用作定語的從句叫定語從句。定語從句一般皆放在被它所修飾的名（代）詞之后，這種名（代）詞就叫作先行詞（Antecedent）。引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中可用作主語、賓語、定語等；關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中用作狀語。
　�、僖龑�(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有who, whom, whose, that, when, where, why 和 which. 在非限制定語從句中, 只可用which, who, whose, where , when., 如果指代前面整個句子, 多用which.
　　例句：
　　The dog that/which was lost has been found.　（失蹤的狗已經(jīng)找到了。）
　　Those who are in favor of the proposal are expected to discuss it in detail after the meeting.　（有人認(rèn)為那些對這個提案有興趣的人最好是在會后再具體討論它。）
　　There are many organizations whose purpose is to help the homeless.　（存在著許多旨在幫助無家可歸者的組織。）
　　The days when we had to rely on wool, cotton or silk for our clothes have now passed.　（那種必須依賴羊毛，棉花或者蠶絲做衣服的日子已經(jīng)過去了。）
　　Air moves from places where the pressure was high to places where the pressure is low.�。ǹ諝鈴膲簭姼叩牡胤搅飨驂簭姷偷牡胤健＃�
　　This is the reason why he refused to help us.�。ㄟ@就是他拒絕幫助我們的原因。）
　　He was born in 1976, when an earthquake struck the country.�。ㄋ錾�1976年，這一年這個城鎮(zhèn)發(fā)生了地震。）
　　They turned a blind eye to the suffering of the people, which enraged all of us.　（他們對受苦人們的漠視激怒了我們。）
　�、� 當(dāng)引導(dǎo)定語從句的先行詞前有all, any, no, little, much, very first 等詞, 或先行詞前為形容詞最高級所修飾時,或先行詞為all, anything, nothing, something, everything 時,從句的引導(dǎo)詞只能用that.
　　The only thing that matters to the children is how soon they can have their holiday.　（孩子們唯一關(guān)心的是他們什么時候放假。）
　　These are the very points that puzzle me.　（真正困擾我的是這些觀點。）
　　Is there anything that bothers you?�。ㄓ惺裁词聼┲銌幔浚�
　　This is the best film that was ever produced by the company.�。ㄟ@部是那個公司有史以來拍攝得最好的電影。）
　�、踑s 可做引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)定語從句, 多和such, the same 連用. As 引導(dǎo)的定語從句也可修飾整個句子, 既可放在先行詞后,也可放在句子開頭.
　　例句：
　　Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.（你描述的那一類人現(xiàn)在很少了。）
　　The boy was run over by a motor-car, as often happened in pre-liberation Shanghai.（那個男孩被一輛摩托軋過去了，這種事在解放前的上海是不少見的。）
　　As is often the case, the girl forgot to bring her dictionary.（正如往常一樣，這個女孩又忘了帶上字典。）
　　We are opposed to such ideas as are not based upon objective facts.（我們是反對這種毫無事實根據(jù)的想法的。）
　　④介詞+which/whom/whose從句
　　The driver is the man from whose room she had stolen the gold watch.（她就是從那個司機的房間偷了金表的。）
　　Language is a tool by means of which people communicate ideas with each other.（語言就是人們用來和其他人交流的一種工具。）
　　Jane spent all evening talking about her latest book, of which none of us had ever heard.（Jane一晚上都在談?wù)撝沧罱鼘W(xué)課本，那些內(nèi)容我們聞所未聞。）
　　例題：
　　Water dissolves a part of nearly everything _______ it comes in contact.
　　a. where b. that c with which d as soon as
　�、荽�/名+介詞+which 從句
　　He is needing a book, the name of which I don't know.（他需要一本書，但是我不知道書名。）
　　In factories and in our daily life, there are many waste materials, all of which can he turned into useful things under certain condition.（在工廠里，在我們的日常生活中都有很多垃圾，其實這些垃圾在某種情況下是可以轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橛杏玫臇|西的。）
　　To make an objective test the teacher writes a series of questions, each of which has only one correct answer.（為了能夠客觀地測試，老師寫了一串答案唯一的問題。）
　�、尥徽Z從句和定語從句
　　The news that he has been admitted by Harvard University is very pleasing.（他被哈佛大學(xué)錄取的消息非常令人興奮。）
　　The news that you told me was really exciting.（你告訴我的好個消息真的是很激動人心。）
　　⑦ 難句:
　　NO.1He is one of the men who were chosen to represent the group.（他是被選為代表該團隊的人中一員。）
　　NO.2He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.（他是那些男孩中唯一一個愿意再接受任務(wù)的人。）
　　NO.3I shall never forget the day when we first met.
　　NO.4I remember the morning when he first came to school.
　　NO.4I shall never forget the days which I spent in the countryside.
　　NO.5The room where he lived is kept in good repair.
　　NO.6Alva found a place in the cellar where he uses as his first laboratory.
　　NO.7The way in which/that you answered the questions was admirable
　　狀語從句（Adverbial Clause）：用作狀語的從句叫作狀語從句。其關(guān)聯(lián)詞是一些從屬連詞。
　　修飾主句中的動詞, 形容詞和副詞, 通常有從屬連詞引導(dǎo), 按其意義和作用可分為時間, 地點, 條件, 原因, 讓步, 目的, 結(jié)果, 方式, 比較.等
　　分類
　　1. 時間狀語從句:
　　1) 常見連詞有after,as,before,once,since,till,（not）until，when,whenever（no matter when）,while， as long as…
　　例句：
　　As you look at yourself in a mirror, you’ll seen an identical image of yourself.
　　It is a long time before it is possible to test the medicine on human patients.
　　It was not until…that
　　Not until…did he…
　　Not until I received the letter, did I know he had gone to America.
　　It was not until….
　　When I got to the airport, I suddenly remembered that I had left the ticket behind.
　　I was about to leave, when something occurred which attracted my attention.
　　Whenever we have difficulty, he’ll come to help us.
　　2) no sooner…than, hardly(scarcely, barely)…when: 剛做…就….
　　No sooner had I opened the door than the telephone rang.
　　She had scarcely news when she fainted.
　　3) 還有 immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the minute, the instant, the second, every time etc
　　I’ll tell you about it the moment you come.
　　I got in touch with him immediately I received his letter.
　　2. 地點狀語從句: 一般用where or wherever 引導(dǎo)
　　I will stand where I can see the parade clearly.
　　Wherever they went, they were warmly welcome.
　　3. 條件狀語從句:真實條件從句:if, unless, so long as, provided that, supposing that, on condition that, in the event that, in case that etc
　　I will not go to her party if she doesn’t invite me.
　　I will not go to her party unless she invites me.
　　4. 原因狀語從句: 從屬連詞有because, as ,since, for, now, that, in that, seeing that, considering that(鑒于,由于)
　　As the school regulations are written quite clearly, there is nothing more to be explained.
　　Considering that the sweater was hard made, it was not expensive.
　　Seeing that they are inexperienced, they are doing quite a good job.
　　5. 讓步狀語從句:
　　1): even if, though, even though, while(盡管) no matter what/how/which, however, whatever, whichever, however etc.
　　He will not give up smoking even though the doctor advises him to.
　　Whatever the consequence may be, I will be on your side.
　　However hard she tried to explain, nobody trusted her.
　　It has been the same result, whichever way you do it.
　　2) 由as 引起的讓步從句, 語氣較強烈,被強調(diào)的詞須放在句首.
　　Simple as the question may seem, it is not at all common in nature.
　　Cold as it is, the children play outdoors.
　　Much as I respect him, I can’t agree with him.
　　Object as you may, I will go on with my plan.
　　3) whether…or,不管…或…
　　whether you be a student or a teacher, you are required to obey the regulations of the school.
　　6. 結(jié)果狀語從句: so that, so…that, such…that
　　He is so humorous that we’ll never forget him.
　　She is such a nice girl that everybody likes to make friends with her.
　　7. 目的狀語從句: so that, in order that, for fear that, lest, in case
　　I checked all the results time and again for fear that there should be any mistakes.
　　Telephone us in advance in order that we might make the necessary arragements.
　　8.方式狀語從句
　　方式狀語從句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引導(dǎo)。
　　1） as, (just) as…so…引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句通常位于主句后，但在(just) as…so…結(jié)構(gòu)中位于句首，這時as從句帶有比喻的含義，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用于正式文體，例如：
　　Always do to the others as you would be done by.
　　你希望人家怎樣待你，你就要怎樣待人。
　　As water is to fish, so air is to man.
　　我們離不開空氣，猶如魚兒離不開水。
　　Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.
　　正如打掃房屋一樣，我們也要掃除我們頭腦中落后的東西。
　　2） as if, as though
　　兩者的意義和用法相同，引出的狀語從句謂語多用虛擬語氣，表示與事實相反，有時也用陳述語氣，表示所說情況是事實或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性較大。漢譯常作"仿佛……似的"，"好像……似的"，例如：
　　They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.
　　他們完全忽略了這些事實，就仿佛它不存在似的。（與事實相反，謂語用虛擬語氣。）
　　He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting.
　　他那樣子就像被雷擊了似的。（與事實相反，謂語用虛擬語氣。）
　　It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.
　　看來天氣很快就會好起來。（實現(xiàn)的可能性較大，謂語用陳述語氣。）
　　說明：as if / as though也可以引導(dǎo)一個分詞短語、不定式短語或無動詞短語，例如：
　　He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.
　　他目不轉(zhuǎn)睛地看著我，就像第一次看見我似的。
　　He cleared his throat as if to say something.
　　他清了清嗓子，像要說什么似的。
　　The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.
　　波濤沖擊著巖石，好像很憤怒。
　　9. 比較狀語從句:
　　1) as…as, not so/as…as
　　the film was not so exciting as we expected.這部電影沒有我們期待的一樣精彩
　　The history of nursing is as old as the history of man.
　　She likes them almost as much as Paul does.
　　2) 比較級+than, so much/a lot more than
　　She looks much younger than she is.
　　The universe is a lot more complicated than you think.
　　3) no more…than, not more…than, less…than
　　Jack is not more frightened than Mike is. 不像馬克那么害怕
　　Tom is no more rich than Black
　　3) the more…the more
　　The farther north you go, the severer the winter is.
　　The more I see of him, the less I like him.
　　同位語從句,這種用法比較"固定",把關(guān)鍵的幾個詞背下來.
　　下面這個材料供參考.
　　===========================
　　一、在復(fù)合句中用作同位語的從句叫同位語從句。它一般跟在某些名詞后面，用以說明該名詞表示的具體內(nèi)容。如：
　　I heard the news that our team had won．我聽到了我們隊獲勝的消息。
　　I had no idea that you were here．我不知道你在這里。
　　二、可以跟同位語從句的名詞通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility等。如：
　　I’ve come from Mr wang with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon． 我從王先生那里來，他讓我告訴你他今天下午不能來看你了。
　　三、英語中引導(dǎo)同位語從句的詞通有連詞 that，whether，連接副詞 how,when,where等。（注：if,which 不能引導(dǎo)同位語從句。）如：
　　l have no idea When he will be back．我不知道他什么時候回來。
　　He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.
　　他必須回答他是否同意這樣一個問題。
　　四、有時同位語從句可以不緊跟在說明的名詞后面，而被別的詞隔開。 如：
　　Several years later，word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them．
　　幾年以后，有消息傳來說拿破侖要親自視 察他們。
　　The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city．
　　他突然想起可能敵人已經(jīng)逃出城了。
　　五、同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別。
　　1、同位語從句與前面的名詞是同位關(guān)系，即說明它前面名詞的內(nèi)容；而定語從句與前面的名詞是修飾與被修飾關(guān)系，即限定它前面的名詞范圍，或補充一些情況。如：
　　The news that l have passed the exam is true．我通過了考試這一消息是真的。
　�。ㄍ徽Z從句，即從句所表達(dá)的意思就是前面名詞的內(nèi)容。）
　　The news that he told me just now is true．他剛才告訴我的消息是真的。
　�。ǘㄕZ從句，從句對前面名詞起修飾限制作用，即“他告訴我的”那個消息，，而不是別的消息。）
　　2、引導(dǎo)同位語從句的that是連詞，在從句中不充當(dāng)任何成份，而引導(dǎo)定語從句的that是關(guān)系代詞，除起連接作用外，還在從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語或表語等。如：
　　The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people.
　　計算機能夠識別人的聲音的想法使許多人感到驚奇。（that在從句中不充當(dāng)任何成份。）
　　The idea that he gave surprises many people．他提出的觀點令許多人感到吃驚。
　�。╰hat在從句中作gave的賓語。）
　　一個名詞(或其它形式)對另一個名詞或代詞進行修飾，限定或說明，這個名詞(或其它形
　　式)就是同位語。同位語與被它限定的詞的格要一致，并常常緊挨在一起。
　　1) 非獨立的同位語：常出現(xiàn)在被限定詞前
　　Bruce Lee (姓名)
　　李小龍
　　Graf Schmidt (稱號，渾名)
　　施密特伯爵
　　Doktor Wang (職稱，頭銜)
　　王博士
　　Onkel Liu (親戚的稱呼)
　　劉叔叔
　　die Stadt Shanghai (類屬名稱)
　　上海市
　　die Provinz Hebei (類屬名稱)
　　河北省
　　das Jahr 2000 (類屬名稱)
　　2000 年
　　zwei Flasche Wein (度量名稱)
　　兩瓶酒
　　drei Kilo Tomaten (度量名稱)
　　三公斤西紅柿
　　die Universitaet Bremen (專有名詞)
　　不來梅大學(xué)
　　der Film "Der Lachende Man" (專有名詞)
　　電影“笑面人”
　　Rechtanwalt Dr. Kluever (專有名詞)
　　律師科盧佛博士
　　der Flug Bremen - Frankfurt (專有名詞)
　　不來梅到法蘭克福的飛機
　　Caesar der Grosse (名詞化了的形容詞，要放在被限定詞后面)
　　凱撒大帝
　　1) 獨立的同位語：常出現(xiàn)在被限定詞前，中間有逗號分開
　　die beiden Universitaeten, Bremen und Hamburg
　　這兩所大學(xué)，不來梅和漢堡
　　am Montag, dem 6. Dezember
　　十二月六號，星期一
　　die Lehrerin, eine sehr schoene Frau (帶修飾成分的名詞)
　　……女教師，一位非常漂亮的女教師…
　　Ich habe sie, das schoenste Maedchen in der Schule, getroffen. (代詞同位語)
　　我碰到了她，這位全校最漂亮的女孩。
　　注意：
　　1.由wie, als, besonders, naemlich, vor allem引導(dǎo)出的同位語，前面一般有逗號
　　2.做同位語的all-, jed-等可不與被限定詞緊挨在一起。
　　3.書面語中的多個獨立或非獨立同位語。
　　4.同位語與被限定詞的格一致，性或數(shù)，可一致也可不一致。
　　5.帶同位語的名詞做第二格定語時，如頭銜等，示格詞尾應(yīng)在名詞上。
　　6.同位語herr的詞尾在兩種情況下都要示格。



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回答時間：2010-10-27 17:53:54 回答者：郭老師 [知識堂達(dá)人]

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