【摘要】：激勵(lì)是思想政治教育的重要手段之一,其核心是提高人的積極性,激發(fā)人的潛能。對(duì)個(gè)人來(lái)講,激勵(lì)可以對(duì)人的目標(biāo)性行為產(chǎn)生源源不絕的推動(dòng)力,使人在發(fā)展過(guò)程中不斷地超越自我,創(chuàng)造奇跡；對(duì)現(xiàn)代組織來(lái)講,激勵(lì)可以激發(fā)組織成員的工作熱情和創(chuàng)造精神,激勵(lì)水平的高低決定了組織整體管理水平的高低,也決定了組織效能的發(fā)揮程度。然而,激勵(lì)之于不同的人、不同職業(yè)領(lǐng)域的人群乃至同一職業(yè)領(lǐng)域的不同人群,是大不相同的,我們可以認(rèn)同一些普遍意義上的激勵(lì)理念,但這絕不意味著可以設(shè)計(jì)出一套放之四海皆可適用的激勵(lì)機(jī)制。因此,在激勵(lì)這一領(lǐng)域中,我們需要針對(duì)不同的激勵(lì)對(duì)象,根據(jù)其特點(diǎn)“對(duì)癥下藥”,做出更加具體深入的研究。 行政激勵(lì)是思想政治教育體系的重要組成部分,是針對(duì)那些擁有公共權(quán)力、承擔(dān)公共責(zé)任的政府行政人員而進(jìn)行的激勵(lì)研究,其實(shí)質(zhì)就是激發(fā)行政人員的積極性、主動(dòng)性和創(chuàng)造性。在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)中,一個(gè)國(guó)家的繁榮昌盛是與一個(gè)高效、廉潔、公平、公正的政府緊密維系的,政府在國(guó)家發(fā)展中所承載的政治責(zé)任、社會(huì)責(zé)任、經(jīng)濟(jì)責(zé)任是推動(dòng)行政激勵(lì)研究的動(dòng)力。然而,面對(duì)政府龐大而復(fù)雜的行政體系,如果僅將激勵(lì)視為行政活動(dòng)中的一個(gè)具體環(huán)節(jié)或一個(gè)具體措施,那么,激勵(lì)發(fā)揮出的作用對(duì)整個(gè)行政體系來(lái)說(shuō)是微乎其微的；而只有將激勵(lì)視為貫穿于所有行政活動(dòng)的一種理念及其指導(dǎo)下的一系列制度安排和組織管理行為,才能發(fā)揮出行政激勵(lì)的應(yīng)有功效。因此,本研究秉持全面、系統(tǒng)的原則,將行政激勵(lì)視為一個(gè)復(fù)雜的體系,從行政價(jià)值、行政制度、行政組織三個(gè)維度將行政價(jià)值理念、行政制度設(shè)計(jì)與執(zhí)行、行政組織中的個(gè)體、群體及領(lǐng)導(dǎo)等作為激勵(lì)體系中不可或缺的要素,來(lái)探尋有效行政激勵(lì)的實(shí)現(xiàn)路徑。 本研究的主要?jiǎng)?chuàng)新點(diǎn)在于：將行政激勵(lì)作為一個(gè)完整的體系,從行政價(jià)值、行政制度、行政組織三個(gè)維度來(lái)解析不同的激勵(lì)模式,注重價(jià)值與制度融合,注重行政主體的雙重角色功能(既可以當(dāng)作激勵(lì)客體,也可以充當(dāng)激勵(lì)主體),注重行政主客體間互動(dòng)所產(chǎn)生的激勵(lì)效應(yīng)。同時(shí),對(duì)行政激勵(lì)實(shí)踐范式的分析和研究使行政激勵(lì)研究不再拘泥于理論層面,增強(qiáng)實(shí)踐意義。 本文主要分八個(gè)章節(jié),內(nèi)容是根據(jù)邏輯思路來(lái)安排的。 第一章是導(dǎo)論,主要從研究緣起、文獻(xiàn)綜述、研究思路、框架及方法和核心概念厘定幾個(gè)方面展開(kāi)。激勵(lì)是思想政治教育的應(yīng)有之義,兩者的契合在于調(diào)動(dòng)人的積極性,引導(dǎo)人正確的發(fā)展方向。思想政治教育賦予行政激勵(lì)的政治意蘊(yùn)、管理意蘊(yùn)、和社會(huì)意蘊(yùn),凸顯了行政激勵(lì)研究對(duì)整個(gè)行政體系發(fā)展的地位和作用,同時(shí),當(dāng)代中外政府改革的不斷深化,使行政激勵(lì)成為提升政府效能的必要之舉。本章通過(guò)文獻(xiàn)綜述,從國(guó)內(nèi)外行政激勵(lì)理論中梳理行政激勵(lì)的脈絡(luò),從中獲取建立行政激勵(lì)體系的學(xué)理支撐；在研究思路和研究框架方面,提出行政激勵(lì)體系構(gòu)建的三個(gè)維度；最后,對(duì)本文所涉及的核心概念,即激勵(lì)與行政激勵(lì)、價(jià)值與行政價(jià)值、行政與公共行政分別進(jìn)行了厘定。 第二章是關(guān)于行政激勵(lì)的理論探討。首先,從歷史的角度分析我國(guó)傳統(tǒng)行政激勵(lì)思想和國(guó)外行政激勵(lì)思想的演變。從分析儒家、法家及道家學(xué)說(shuō)中的行政激勵(lì)思想入手,總結(jié)了傳統(tǒng)行政激勵(lì)中行政倫理道德激勵(lì)的得與失,“人治”政治環(huán)境中制度激勵(lì)的成與敗,以及草民在傳統(tǒng)行政激勵(lì)中的功用。其次,本章將西方的行政激勵(lì)思想按照公共行政理論的發(fā)展歷程劃分為科學(xué)管理時(shí)期、行為科學(xué)時(shí)期、系統(tǒng)理論時(shí)期和新公共管理時(shí)期,旨在闡釋各個(gè)階段對(duì)人的不同認(rèn)識(shí)以及在此基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展起來(lái)的具有不同側(cè)重點(diǎn)的行政激勵(lì)思想。再次,本章探討了馬克思主義行政激勵(lì)思想,認(rèn)為需要、利益及人民民主是構(gòu)成馬克思主義行政激勵(lì)理論的基礎(chǔ),并從唯物辯證法的視角來(lái)分析馬克思主義行政激勵(lì)觀的特點(diǎn)。同時(shí),本章對(duì)新中國(guó)以來(lái)歷屆中共領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人對(duì)行政激勵(lì)的探索進(jìn)行梳理,毛澤東、鄧小平、江澤民、胡錦濤的行政激勵(lì)思想在新中國(guó)的各個(gè)發(fā)展階段雖然各有側(cè)重,但本文主要從行政價(jià)值理念、制度建設(shè)和組織建設(shè)三個(gè)方面做了歸納。 第三章是行政激勵(lì)體系的構(gòu)建。論文首先論述了激勵(lì)是人類社會(huì)特有的現(xiàn)象,它與人在社會(huì)活動(dòng)中所呈現(xiàn)出的種種人性特征息息相關(guān),這不僅決定了激勵(lì)的方式方法要隨著人的需要、人的特征的變化而有所側(cè)重,也突出了激勵(lì)所體現(xiàn)出的現(xiàn)實(shí)功能是人的全面發(fā)展的動(dòng)力之源。然后,論文重點(diǎn)論述了由行政價(jià)值、行政制度、行政組織三個(gè)維度構(gòu)建起的行政激勵(lì)體系,從構(gòu)建行政激勵(lì)體系的依據(jù)出發(fā),提出構(gòu)建行政激勵(lì)體系的原則,分析行政激勵(lì)體系的運(yùn)行方式及特點(diǎn)。 第四章主要論述行政價(jià)值的激勵(lì)作用。價(jià)值的客觀存在與人對(duì)價(jià)值的主觀判斷和追求一直以來(lái)就對(duì)人的行為及發(fā)展產(chǎn)生重要的推動(dòng)意義。任何事物的價(jià)值都不是一成不變的,這也解釋了行政價(jià)值在一個(gè)國(guó)家的不同發(fā)展階段,有著不同的內(nèi)涵與意義。本文以中國(guó)改革開(kāi)放的歷程為參照,分別論述了以效率、公平、廉潔、服務(wù)為重心的行政價(jià)值對(duì)行政行為的激勵(lì)作用,力圖說(shuō)明行政價(jià)值的重心遷移對(duì)行政激勵(lì)的目標(biāo)、內(nèi)容和方式有著不同的側(cè)重。 第五章是關(guān)于行政制度的激勵(lì)作用。制度是人的自身行為的規(guī)范,服從于人的需求和理性,因而,行政制度在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)就加載了人們的價(jià)值期許,無(wú)形中對(duì)行政活動(dòng)起著規(guī)范與激勵(lì)作用。行政制度的設(shè)計(jì)預(yù)期與現(xiàn)實(shí)差距說(shuō)明了行政激勵(lì)在這一環(huán)節(jié)中的必要性。另外,本章將行政制度的激勵(lì)功能分解為規(guī)范功能、評(píng)價(jià)功能、調(diào)節(jié)功能和整合功能,這些功能對(duì)行政實(shí)踐活動(dòng)起著不可或缺的激勵(lì)作用。第三,結(jié)合實(shí)踐中的行政制度,分析了行政晉升制度、行政獎(jiǎng)懲制度和績(jī)效考核制度對(duì)行政激勵(lì)的具體功效。 第六章主要論述行政組織的激勵(lì)作用,在這里,行政組織中的行政個(gè)體、行政群體和行政領(lǐng)導(dǎo)被作為主要激勵(lì)對(duì)象,按照各自的特征分別進(jìn)行不同的激勵(lì)設(shè)計(jì)。同時(shí),對(duì)行政組織中隱含的激勵(lì)因素,如行政人格、行政文化及民主參與來(lái)探討對(duì)行政組織的激勵(lì)功效。第三,結(jié)合實(shí)踐中的組織創(chuàng)新與管理創(chuàng)新,分析了學(xué)習(xí)型政府組織、回應(yīng)型政府組織和企業(yè)型政府組織對(duì)行政激勵(lì)的側(cè)重與影響。 第七章著重論述了行政激勵(lì)體系的運(yùn)行環(huán)境。行政激勵(lì)體系的運(yùn)行環(huán)境從縱向和橫向兩方面來(lái)分解,縱向?qū)用鎻膰?guó)家——政府——行政自上而下的統(tǒng)攝關(guān)系入手論述了三者在價(jià)值結(jié)構(gòu)上的同一化,突出社會(huì)主義核心價(jià)值體系對(duì)行政激勵(lì)的導(dǎo)向作用；并在分析國(guó)家政策與行政制度的邏輯關(guān)系方面,明確了政策對(duì)制度的掌控和激勵(lì)作用。橫向?qū)用孀⒅匦姓骺腕w之間的互動(dòng),從虛擬的網(wǎng)絡(luò)社會(huì)到現(xiàn)實(shí)的公民社會(huì)來(lái)分別說(shuō)明作為行政客體的社會(huì)對(duì)行政主體的激勵(lì)作用。 第八章將理論和實(shí)際相結(jié)合,從對(duì)富民政府的闡釋來(lái)說(shuō)明行政激勵(lì)的價(jià)值歸宿；從領(lǐng)導(dǎo)問(wèn)責(zé)來(lái)明確行政激勵(lì)在組織上的強(qiáng)化與完善；從民主評(píng)議來(lái)評(píng)述行政激勵(lì)中民主參與與監(jiān)督的重要性。這些實(shí)踐范式是對(duì)行政激勵(lì)體系的進(jìn)一步論證和補(bǔ)充。
[Abstract]:Motivation is one of the important means of Ideological and political education, and its core is to improve people's enthusiasm and stimulate people's potential.For individuals, motivation can produce endless impetus for people's targeted behavior, make people constantly transcend themselves and create miracles in the process of development; for modern organizations, motivation can stimulate members of the organization. Work enthusiasm and creativity, the level of incentive determines the level of the overall management level of the organization, but also determines the level of organizational effectiveness. However, incentives for different people, people in different occupational fields and even different groups in the same occupational field, is very different, we can agree with some of the general sense of the excitement. Incentive concept, but this does not mean that we can design a universal incentive mechanism. Therefore, in the field of incentives, we need to make more specific and in-depth research according to the characteristics of different incentive targets.
Administrative incentive is an important part of the ideological and political education system. It is an incentive research aimed at those government administrators who have public power and bear public responsibility. Its essence is to stimulate the enthusiasm, initiative and creativity of the administrators. Fair and just government is closely linked. The political responsibility, social responsibility and economic responsibility that the government bears in the development of the country are the motive force to promote the study of administrative incentive. The function of administrative incentive is negligible to the whole administrative system, and only when the incentive is regarded as a kind of idea running through all administrative activities and a series of institutional arrangements and organizational management behaviors under the guidance of it, can the due effect of administrative incentive be brought into play. A complex system, from the three dimensions of administrative value, administrative system and administrative organization, takes the concept of administrative value, the design and implementation of administrative system, the individuals, groups and leaders in administrative organizations as the indispensable elements of the incentive system to explore the path to effective administrative incentives.
The main innovations of this study are as follows: taking administrative incentive as a complete system, analyzing different incentive modes from three dimensions of administrative value, administrative system and administrative organization, paying attention to the integration of value and system, paying attention to the dual role function of administrative subject (which can be regarded as both incentive object and incentive subject), and paying attention to action At the same time, the analysis and study of the practice paradigm of administrative incentive make the study of administrative incentive no longer stick to the theoretical level and enhance the practical significance.
This article is divided into eight chapters, which are arranged according to logical thinking.
The first chapter is the introduction, mainly from the research origin, literature review, research ideas, frameworks and methods and core concepts of several aspects. Incentive is the proper meaning of Ideological and political education, the combination of the two lies in mobilizing people's enthusiasm, guiding people to the correct direction of development. Meaning and social implication highlight the status and role of administrative incentive research in the development of the entire administrative system. Meanwhile, the deepening of contemporary Chinese and foreign government reform has made administrative incentive a necessary measure to enhance the effectiveness of the government. Establish the academic support of the administrative incentive system; in the research ideas and research framework, put forward three dimensions of the construction of the administrative incentive system; finally, the core concepts involved in this paper, namely, incentive and administrative incentive, value and administrative value, administration and public administration are defined separately.
The second chapter is about the theoretical discussion of administrative incentive. First, it analyzes the evolution of the traditional administrative incentive thought in China and the foreign administrative incentive thought from the historical angle. Secondly, according to the development of public administration theory, this chapter divides the western administrative incentive thought into scientific management period, behavior science period, system theory period and new public management period, aiming to explain the different understanding of people in different stages. Thirdly, this chapter discusses the Marxist thought of administrative incentive and holds that needs, interests and people's democracy are the basis of the Marxist theory of administrative incentive, and analyzes the characteristics of the Marxist view of administrative incentive from the perspective of materialist dialectics. At the same time, this chapter combs the exploration of administrative incentive by successive CPC leaders since New China. Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao's ideas of administrative incentive have their own emphases in different stages of development in New China, but this paper mainly summarizes them from three aspects: administrative value concept, system construction and organization construction.
The third chapter is the construction of the administrative incentive system. The paper first discusses that incentive is a unique phenomenon of human society, and it is closely related to the various human characteristics in social activities. This not only determines that the ways and means of incentive should be emphasized with the needs of people and the changes of human characteristics, but also highlights the incentive embodied. The realistic function is the power source of human's all-round development. Then, the paper focuses on the administrative incentive system constructed from the three dimensions of administrative value, administrative system and administrative organization.
The fourth chapter mainly discusses the incentive function of administrative value.The objective existence of value and people's subjective judgment and pursuit of value have always played an important role in promoting human behavior and development. Referring to the course of China's reform and opening up, this paper discusses the incentive effect of administrative value on administrative behavior, which focuses on efficiency, fairness, honesty and service, and tries to explain that the shift of the focus of administrative value has different emphasis on the objectives, contents and methods of administrative incentive.
The fifth chapter is about the incentive function of the administrative system.The system is the norm of people's own behavior and obeys people's needs and rationality.Therefore, the administrative system loads people's value expectation in the design and plays a normative and incentive role in the administrative activities invisibly. In addition, this chapter divides the incentive function of administrative system into normative function, evaluation function, adjustment function and integration function, which play an indispensable incentive role in administrative practice. Thirdly, combining with the administrative system in practice, this paper analyzes the administrative promotion system, administrative reward and punishment system and performance test. The specific effect of nuclear system on administrative incentives.
Chapter Six mainly discusses the incentive function of administrative organizations. Here, administrative individuals, administrative groups and administrative leaders in administrative organizations are regarded as the main incentive objects, and different incentive designs are made according to their respective characteristics. Meanwhile, the implicit incentive factors in administrative organizations, such as administrative personality, administrative culture and democratic participation, are discussed. Thirdly, combined with organizational and management innovation in practice, this paper analyzes the emphasis and influence of learning-type government organizations, responsive government organizations and enterprise-type government organizations on administrative incentives.
The seventh chapter focuses on the operating environment of the administrative incentive system.The operating environment of the administrative incentive system is decomposed from the vertical and horizontal aspects,and the unification of the three aspects in the value structure is discussed from the perspective of the state-government-administration from the top to the bottom. The guiding role of incentives; and in the analysis of the logical relationship between national policies and administrative systems, the control and incentive role of policies on the system is clearly defined. Effect.
Chapter 8 combines theory with practice to explain the value of administrative incentives from the perspective of the rich people's government; clarifies the strengthening and perfection of administrative incentives from the perspective of leadership accountability; and comments on the importance of democratic participation and supervision in administrative incentives from the perspective of democratic deliberation. Argumentation and supplement.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：武漢理工大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：D64

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