保山甜柿園主要礦質(zhì)營養(yǎng)與產(chǎn)量品質(zhì)的關(guān)系及適宜值分析
發(fā)布時間：2019-06-26 07:48
【摘要】：本試驗以云南省保山市隆陽區(qū)19個‘次郎’甜柿園為材料,通過對各果園土、肥、水管理狀況、生長性狀、產(chǎn)量品質(zhì)、生長動態(tài)的調(diào)查和土壤、葉片、果實礦質(zhì)元素的測定,分析了不同管理水平下果園的生長性狀、產(chǎn)量品質(zhì)的差異;運用多種統(tǒng)計分析方法綜合分析探討了土壤、葉片、果實礦質(zhì)元素與果實品質(zhì)的關(guān)系;并對比研究了葉片、果實主要礦質(zhì)元素含量年動態(tài)變化規(guī)律和優(yōu)質(zhì)高產(chǎn)果園所需的主要礦質(zhì)元素適宜范圍,研究結(jié)果顯示:1.通過對19個成齡‘次郎’甜柿園土、肥管理狀況和生長性狀、果園產(chǎn)量、果實品質(zhì)的調(diào)查,應(yīng)用賦分評價和系統(tǒng)聚類將果園按管理水平高低分為好、中、差3大類。多重比較顯示,不同管理水平下果園的生長性狀、產(chǎn)量品質(zhì)存在顯著差異。結(jié)果數(shù)、平均單果重、單株產(chǎn)量在3個管理水平間均存在極顯著差異(P0.01)。硬度在1(好)、3(差)水平間差異極顯著;水平1(好)的可溶性固形物含量和維生素C含量極顯著高于2(中)、3(差)水平;1(好)、2(中)水平下類胡蘿卜素含量極顯著高于3(差)水平。多數(shù)葉片性狀和枝條性狀在不同管理水平下也存在顯著差異。2.甜柿物候期及動態(tài)觀測結(jié)果表明:整個果實生長發(fā)育期內(nèi),各地果實生長速率均表現(xiàn)為‘快-慢-快’的趨勢,2次生長高峰期分別出現(xiàn)在盛花后6-9周和14~(-1)7周左右。葉片和果實中的氮、磷、鉀、鐵、鋅、銅元素動態(tài)變化規(guī)律在不同地點和品種間較為相似;鈣、鎂、錳在云南和浙江兩地間存在明顯差異。萌芽展葉至開花前,葉片內(nèi)氮、磷、鉀元素的含量均較低且正處于快速下降過程。由于磷流動性較差,應(yīng)在施基肥時配合施用磷肥;氮、鉀肥應(yīng)在萌芽前后施用,以氮肥為主,促進營養(yǎng)生長。盛花后6-9周和14~(-1)7周兩次果實膨大期時,果實內(nèi)氮、磷、鉀持續(xù)下降,其中鉀的下降幅度最大,應(yīng)在膨大期之前追肥,以施用鉀肥為主,提高果實品質(zhì)。葉片礦質(zhì)元素在盛花后9~(-1)0周基本處于穩(wěn)定期,初步確定甜柿葉片采樣的適宜時期為盛花后9~(-1)0周。3.通過對影響果實品質(zhì)的土壤和葉片養(yǎng)分因子的篩選和優(yōu)化方案求解,將各果園土壤和葉片養(yǎng)分的實測值與理論值進行對比發(fā)現(xiàn),所有果園土壤有機質(zhì)含量均低于理論值,47.37%的果園土壤有效磷、有效鐵含量較低;84.21%的果園葉片氮含量偏高,分別有15.79%、26.32%和84.21%的果園葉片磷、葉片鉀、葉片錳含量偏低,部分土壤養(yǎng)分與葉片養(yǎng)分在對比過程中結(jié)果不一致。根據(jù)土壤和葉片養(yǎng)分線性規(guī)劃方程組所求得的果實理論最佳品質(zhì)分別為:單果重331.42 g、328.63 g,硬度18.463 kg·cm-2、17.118 kg·cm-2,可溶性固形物18.664%、18.056%,維生素C165.22 mg·100g~(-1)、141.012 mg·100g~(-1),類胡蘿卜素66.70 mg·kg~(-1)、71.36 mg·kg~(-1)。所調(diào)查‘次郎’甜柿園土壤養(yǎng)分含量較為充足,葉片養(yǎng)分含量偏低。隆陽區(qū)‘次郎’甜柿園要增施有機肥,適當減少氮肥施用,增施磷、鉀肥,同時注重大量肥料與各種微量肥料配合施用;調(diào)節(jié)土壤養(yǎng)分比例,平衡樹體營養(yǎng)。4.果實內(nèi)礦質(zhì)元素含量高低順序為:果實鉀氮磷鈣鎂鐵錳鋅銅。簡單相關(guān)分析表明:果實氮、磷、鉀三者之間相關(guān)性最好,均達到極顯著水平(p0.01);果實礦質(zhì)元素間的相關(guān)性要比葉片礦質(zhì)元素間的相關(guān)性好。而通徑分析要比簡單相關(guān)分析更好的反映礦質(zhì)元素與果實品質(zhì)之間的關(guān)系。通徑分析發(fā)現(xiàn),單果重受果實氮(-0.42)、鈣(-0.38)、銅(0.332)的直接作用較大;果實鈣(0.3630)、果實銅(-0.3150)、果實鋅(0.2660)對果實硬度直接作用較大;可溶性固形物受果實鈣(-0.6670)、氮(-0.3670)直接作用明顯;果實磷(-0.495)、鈣(0.428)、鉀(0.394)對果實維生素C的直接作用和間接作用均較大,對類胡蘿卜素直接作用大小排序為:鉀(-0.7770)氮(0.4520)磷(0.4210)錳(0.3920)鈣(-0.3840)。5.對各果園產(chǎn)量和果實品質(zhì)指標的主成分分析和綜合評價得出,果園的產(chǎn)量和單果重在整個綜合評價體系中作用最大,普通果園氮、磷、鉀的變異系數(shù)較大。優(yōu)質(zhì)高產(chǎn)果園(畝產(chǎn)量為3000 kg左右)所需的氮、磷、鉀的適宜范圍為:氮20.80—27.84 kg/畝、磷6.94—8.06 kg/畝、鉀16.83—26.19 kg/畝。生產(chǎn)單位產(chǎn)量(1000 kg)果實所吸收的氮、磷、鉀范圍為:氮6.93—9.28 kg、磷2.31—2.69 kg、鉀5.61—8.73 kg,氮、磷、鉀的比例大致為10:3:8。隆陽區(qū)‘次郎’甜柿施肥盲目性較大,部分果園施肥不均衡。通過研究,掌握了生長期甜柿葉、果內(nèi)養(yǎng)分變化規(guī)律,確定了甜柿關(guān)鍵需肥時期和采樣時期,為甜柿施肥和營養(yǎng)診斷提供了理論支持。得出隆陽區(qū)‘次郎’甜柿施肥盲目性較大,部分果園施肥不均衡,探討優(yōu)質(zhì)高產(chǎn)甜柿果園所需氮、磷、鉀的適宜范圍,為甜柿園施肥提供了理論依據(jù)。
[Abstract]:The test was carried out on the basis of the survey of soil, fertilizer, water management status, growth character, yield quality, growth dynamics and the determination of soil, leaf and fruit mineral elements through the investigation of soil, fertilizer, water management status, growth character, yield quality, growth dynamics of all orchards in the Longyang District, Baoshan, Yunnan Province, The relationship between the growth and yield of the orchards under different management levels was analyzed, and the relationship between the mineral elements of the soil, the leaves and the fruit and the quality of the fruit was analyzed by using a variety of statistical analysis methods. The content of main mineral elements in fruit and the suitable range of main mineral elements required for high-quality and high-yielding orchards are as follows:1. The management level of the orchard is divided into good, medium and poor three categories by means of the survey of the soil, fertilizer management status and growth character, orchard yield and fruit quality of the 19-year-old Siro's' sweet persimmon garden soil, the fertilizer management condition and the growth character, the orchard yield and the fruit quality. The results showed that there were significant differences in the growth and yield of the orchards under different management levels. The results showed that the average single fruit weight and single plant yield were significantly different among the three management levels (P0.01). the hardness is very significant between 1 (good) and 3 (poor) levels; the soluble solid content and the vitamin C content of the level 1 (good) are significantly higher than that of the 2 (middle) and 3 (poor) levels;1 (good), The carotenoid content of the 2 (medium) level was significantly higher than that of the 3 (poor) level. Most of the leaf characters and the branch characters have a significant difference in different management levels. The results of the phenological and dynamic observations of the sweet persimmon showed that the growth rate of the fruit in the whole fruit was fast-slow and fast, and the growth peak of the second time was about 6-9 weeks and 14 ~ (-1)7 weeks respectively. The changes of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, iron, zinc and copper in the leaves and fruits were similar among different sites and varieties, and there was a significant difference between the two places in Yunnan and Zhejiang. The contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the leaves were lower and are in the process of rapid decline before the bud showed to blossom. As the phosphorus fluidity is poor, the phosphate fertilizer shall be applied in combination with the application of the base fertilizer; the nitrogen and the potassium fertilizer shall be applied before and after the germination, and the nitrogen fertilizer is the main fertilizer, and the vegetative growth is promoted. After 6-9 weeks and 14 ~ (-1) two-time fruit enlargement period, the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the fruit decreased continuously, and the decrease of potassium was the largest, and the top dressing should be applied before the expansion period, so as to apply the potassium fertilizer as the main material to improve the quality of the fruit. The mineral elements of the leaves were basically in the stationary phase after 9 ~ (-1) weeks after the flower, and the appropriate period for the sampling of the sweet persimmon leaves was 9 ~ (-1)0 weeks after the flower. By means of the method of screening and optimization of soil and leaf nutrient factors that affect the fruit quality, the measured values of soil and leaf nutrients in each orchard are compared with the theoretical values, and the organic matter content of all the orchards is lower than the theoretical value, and 47.37% of the orchard soil is effective for phosphorus, The effective iron content was low; 84.21% of the orchard leaf nitrogen content was high, 15.79%, 26.32% and 84.21% of the orchard leaf phosphorus, the leaf potassium and the leaf manganese content were low, and the partial soil nutrient and the leaf nutrient were not consistent in the comparison process. The best quality of the fruit theory obtained from the linear programming equations of soil and leaf was as follows: single fruit weight of 331.42 g, 328.63 g, hardness 18.463 kg 路 cm-2, 17.118 kg 路 cm-2, soluble solid content 18.664%, 18.056%, vitamin C 165.22 mg 路 100g ~ (-1), 141.012 mg 路 100g ~ (-1), carotenoid 66.70 mg 路 kg ~ (-1), 71.36 mg 路 kg ~ (-1). The contents of soil nutrients in the Kaki's' sweet persimmon orchard are abundant, and the nutrient content of the leaves is low. In Longyang District, the Majijiro 'sweet persimmon garden is to be applied with organic fertilizer, so as to reduce the application of nitrogen fertilizer, increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and also pay attention to the application of a large amount of fertilizer in combination with various micro-fertilizers; and adjust the soil nutrient proportion and balance the nutrition of the tree body. The contents of the mineral elements in the fruit were as follows: K, P, Ca, Fe, Zn, Cu in the fruit. The simple correlation analysis showed that the correlation between the fruit nitrogen, the phosphorus and the potassium was the best, reaching a very significant level (p0.01); the correlation between the mineral elements of the fruit was better than that of the mineral elements of the leaves. Path analysis is better than simple correlation analysis to reflect the relationship between mineral elements and fruit quality. Path analysis showed that the direct effect of fruit nitrogen (-0.42), calcium (-0.38) and copper (0.332) on the fruit firmness was higher than that of fruit (-0.42), calcium (-0.38) and copper (0.332). The fruit hardness was directly affected by fruit calcium (0.3630), fruit copper (-0.3150) and fruit zinc (0.2660), and the soluble solid was affected by fruit calcium (-0.6670). The direct effect of N (-0.3670) was significant; the direct and indirect effects of the fruit phosphorus (-0.495), calcium (0.428) and potassium (0.394) on the fruit vitamin C were large, and the direct action of the carotenoid was: K (-0.7770) N (0.4520) P (0.42210) Mn (0.3920) Ca (-0.3840). The main component analysis and comprehensive evaluation of the yield and fruit quality index of each orchard, the yield and the single fruit of the orchard are the most important in the whole comprehensive evaluation system, and the coefficient of variation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the common orchard is large. The suitable range of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium required for high-quality and high-yield orchard (about 3000kg per mu) is: 20.80-27.84 kg/ mu of nitrogen, 6.94-8.06 kg/ mu of phosphorus, 16.83-26.19 kg/ mu of potassium. The nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the fruit of production unit yield (1000kg) were: nitrogen 6.93-9.28 kg, phosphorus 2.31-2.69 kg, potassium 5.61-8.73 kg, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium ratio of about 10:3:8. The fertilization of the sweet persimmon in Longyang District is more blind, and the fertilization of some orchards is not balanced. Through the study, the change of the nutrient of the persimmon leaf and the fruit in the growing period is grasped, the key fertilizer period and the sampling period of the sweet persimmon are determined, and the theoretical support is provided for the fertilization and nutrition diagnosis of the sweet persimmon. It is concluded that the fertilization of the sweet persimmon in the Longyang district is more blind, and the fertilization of some orchards is not balanced, and the suitable range of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium required by the high-quality and high-yield sweet persimmon orchard is discussed, and the theoretical basis for the application of the sweet persimmon orchard is provided.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國林業(yè)科學(xué)研究院
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S665.2
本文編號：2506037
[Abstract]:The test was carried out on the basis of the survey of soil, fertilizer, water management status, growth character, yield quality, growth dynamics and the determination of soil, leaf and fruit mineral elements through the investigation of soil, fertilizer, water management status, growth character, yield quality, growth dynamics of all orchards in the Longyang District, Baoshan, Yunnan Province, The relationship between the growth and yield of the orchards under different management levels was analyzed, and the relationship between the mineral elements of the soil, the leaves and the fruit and the quality of the fruit was analyzed by using a variety of statistical analysis methods. The content of main mineral elements in fruit and the suitable range of main mineral elements required for high-quality and high-yielding orchards are as follows:1. The management level of the orchard is divided into good, medium and poor three categories by means of the survey of the soil, fertilizer management status and growth character, orchard yield and fruit quality of the 19-year-old Siro's' sweet persimmon garden soil, the fertilizer management condition and the growth character, the orchard yield and the fruit quality. The results showed that there were significant differences in the growth and yield of the orchards under different management levels. The results showed that the average single fruit weight and single plant yield were significantly different among the three management levels (P0.01). the hardness is very significant between 1 (good) and 3 (poor) levels; the soluble solid content and the vitamin C content of the level 1 (good) are significantly higher than that of the 2 (middle) and 3 (poor) levels;1 (good), The carotenoid content of the 2 (medium) level was significantly higher than that of the 3 (poor) level. Most of the leaf characters and the branch characters have a significant difference in different management levels. The results of the phenological and dynamic observations of the sweet persimmon showed that the growth rate of the fruit in the whole fruit was fast-slow and fast, and the growth peak of the second time was about 6-9 weeks and 14 ~ (-1)7 weeks respectively. The changes of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, iron, zinc and copper in the leaves and fruits were similar among different sites and varieties, and there was a significant difference between the two places in Yunnan and Zhejiang. The contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the leaves were lower and are in the process of rapid decline before the bud showed to blossom. As the phosphorus fluidity is poor, the phosphate fertilizer shall be applied in combination with the application of the base fertilizer; the nitrogen and the potassium fertilizer shall be applied before and after the germination, and the nitrogen fertilizer is the main fertilizer, and the vegetative growth is promoted. After 6-9 weeks and 14 ~ (-1) two-time fruit enlargement period, the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the fruit decreased continuously, and the decrease of potassium was the largest, and the top dressing should be applied before the expansion period, so as to apply the potassium fertilizer as the main material to improve the quality of the fruit. The mineral elements of the leaves were basically in the stationary phase after 9 ~ (-1) weeks after the flower, and the appropriate period for the sampling of the sweet persimmon leaves was 9 ~ (-1)0 weeks after the flower. By means of the method of screening and optimization of soil and leaf nutrient factors that affect the fruit quality, the measured values of soil and leaf nutrients in each orchard are compared with the theoretical values, and the organic matter content of all the orchards is lower than the theoretical value, and 47.37% of the orchard soil is effective for phosphorus, The effective iron content was low; 84.21% of the orchard leaf nitrogen content was high, 15.79%, 26.32% and 84.21% of the orchard leaf phosphorus, the leaf potassium and the leaf manganese content were low, and the partial soil nutrient and the leaf nutrient were not consistent in the comparison process. The best quality of the fruit theory obtained from the linear programming equations of soil and leaf was as follows: single fruit weight of 331.42 g, 328.63 g, hardness 18.463 kg 路 cm-2, 17.118 kg 路 cm-2, soluble solid content 18.664%, 18.056%, vitamin C 165.22 mg 路 100g ~ (-1), 141.012 mg 路 100g ~ (-1), carotenoid 66.70 mg 路 kg ~ (-1), 71.36 mg 路 kg ~ (-1). The contents of soil nutrients in the Kaki's' sweet persimmon orchard are abundant, and the nutrient content of the leaves is low. In Longyang District, the Majijiro 'sweet persimmon garden is to be applied with organic fertilizer, so as to reduce the application of nitrogen fertilizer, increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and also pay attention to the application of a large amount of fertilizer in combination with various micro-fertilizers; and adjust the soil nutrient proportion and balance the nutrition of the tree body. The contents of the mineral elements in the fruit were as follows: K, P, Ca, Fe, Zn, Cu in the fruit. The simple correlation analysis showed that the correlation between the fruit nitrogen, the phosphorus and the potassium was the best, reaching a very significant level (p0.01); the correlation between the mineral elements of the fruit was better than that of the mineral elements of the leaves. Path analysis is better than simple correlation analysis to reflect the relationship between mineral elements and fruit quality. Path analysis showed that the direct effect of fruit nitrogen (-0.42), calcium (-0.38) and copper (0.332) on the fruit firmness was higher than that of fruit (-0.42), calcium (-0.38) and copper (0.332). The fruit hardness was directly affected by fruit calcium (0.3630), fruit copper (-0.3150) and fruit zinc (0.2660), and the soluble solid was affected by fruit calcium (-0.6670). The direct effect of N (-0.3670) was significant; the direct and indirect effects of the fruit phosphorus (-0.495), calcium (0.428) and potassium (0.394) on the fruit vitamin C were large, and the direct action of the carotenoid was: K (-0.7770) N (0.4520) P (0.42210) Mn (0.3920) Ca (-0.3840). The main component analysis and comprehensive evaluation of the yield and fruit quality index of each orchard, the yield and the single fruit of the orchard are the most important in the whole comprehensive evaluation system, and the coefficient of variation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the common orchard is large. The suitable range of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium required for high-quality and high-yield orchard (about 3000kg per mu) is: 20.80-27.84 kg/ mu of nitrogen, 6.94-8.06 kg/ mu of phosphorus, 16.83-26.19 kg/ mu of potassium. The nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the fruit of production unit yield (1000kg) were: nitrogen 6.93-9.28 kg, phosphorus 2.31-2.69 kg, potassium 5.61-8.73 kg, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium ratio of about 10:3:8. The fertilization of the sweet persimmon in Longyang District is more blind, and the fertilization of some orchards is not balanced. Through the study, the change of the nutrient of the persimmon leaf and the fruit in the growing period is grasped, the key fertilizer period and the sampling period of the sweet persimmon are determined, and the theoretical support is provided for the fertilization and nutrition diagnosis of the sweet persimmon. It is concluded that the fertilization of the sweet persimmon in the Longyang district is more blind, and the fertilization of some orchards is not balanced, and the suitable range of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium required by the high-quality and high-yield sweet persimmon orchard is discussed, and the theoretical basis for the application of the sweet persimmon orchard is provided.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國林業(yè)科學(xué)研究院
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S665.2
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