恩施州耕地土壤酸化現(xiàn)狀及石灰等土壤調(diào)理劑降酸效果初探
發(fā)布時間：2019-06-24 21:40
【摘要】：自上世紀(jì)80年代至今,我國農(nóng)田耕地土壤90%都呈現(xiàn)出了不同程度的酸化現(xiàn)象。25年來中國幾乎所有土壤類型的pH值下降了0.13~0.80個單位,平均下降了0.5個單位,酸化現(xiàn)象十分普遍。湖北省恩施州地處武陵山區(qū)腹地,受環(huán)境、氣候等自然因素和作物種植、施肥習(xí)慣等多種人為因素影響,耕地土壤酸化日益加重。因土壤酸化誘發(fā)的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)下降的問題也逐漸顯現(xiàn)和擴展,成為恩施州農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)穩(wěn)步發(fā)展的新隱患。為了對恩施州及類似地區(qū)耕地土壤酸化問題進行較全面的了解,并為制定土壤酸化控制及治理對策提供依據(jù),本研究以全國第二次土壤普查(1980—1983年)和耕地質(zhì)量評價(2010—2013年)期間采集的大量土壤樣品為基礎(chǔ),對恩施州耕地土壤pH值變化進行分析,明析恩施州土壤酸化現(xiàn)狀及特征,采用培養(yǎng)試驗和盆栽試驗相結(jié)合的方法,探討不同調(diào)理劑對于酸性土壤降酸效果及作物生長的影響,并通過田間試驗進一步驗證施用石灰效果和明確石灰適宜用量。主要研究結(jié)果如下:1、近30年來,恩施州土壤呈酸化趨勢,土壤pH空間分布呈現(xiàn)東高西低格局。不同區(qū)域、不同耕地利用類型土壤pH值均發(fā)生不同程度的下降。第二次土壤普查期間,耕地土壤pH平均為6.5,經(jīng)過30年耕地土壤pH降低至5.6,整體下降了0.90個單位,旱地土壤酸化程度大于水田。2、恩施州耕地土壤pH下降較快的因素是人為因素的強烈影響。主要是:肥料結(jié)構(gòu)及配比的改變(化肥投入氮磷鉀比例嚴(yán)重失調(diào),有機肥用量急速下滑)、高產(chǎn)作物收獲帶走大量鹽基養(yǎng)分(習(xí)慣施肥又未能使其得到有效的補充)、長期停施石灰(導(dǎo)致土壤酸性無法中和)等人為因素。3、不同類型的調(diào)理劑對酸性土壤的降酸效果不盡相同。通過一年試驗的研究,其中以生石灰效果最好,到培養(yǎng)第90 d,相比于對照處理提高了0.66個pH單位,土壤交換性鋁含量減少了2.01 cmol/kg。秸稈處理盡管沒有有效降低土壤酸度但仍可明顯促進作物生長,因此也可用作酸性土壤的改良物質(zhì),在實際生產(chǎn)中應(yīng)因地制宜應(yīng)用各種調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)來促進作物生長。4、評價堿性物料改良酸性土壤的適宜評價指標(biāo)是潛在酸(土壤交換性酸總量、土壤交換性H+和土壤交換性鋁)。隨著培養(yǎng)時間的延長和土壤緩沖性能的作用,低石灰用量(≤0.9 g/kg)對于提高土壤pH已沒有明顯效果,但其對降低土壤潛在酸效果顯著,且大麥幼苗試驗結(jié)果也表明生石灰的施入能顯著增加大麥幼苗生物量。這說明土壤pH作為反映土壤酸度指標(biāo)雖然有著測試簡單、快速的優(yōu)點,但僅僅只用pH來評估酸性土壤改良效果并不全面。5、驗證了Ca(OH)_2滴定法計算石灰需要量的可行性。在研究條件下(pH3.9),施用生石灰改良后的土壤顯著促進了大麥幼苗生長,且生石灰用量與土壤改良效果密切相關(guān),以每千克土施用生石灰1.8 g(相當(dāng)于4 t/hm~2生石灰用量)改良土壤酸性效果最佳,這與采用Ca(OH)_2滴定法計算出的石灰需要量1.76 g/kg相吻合。6、田間驗證試驗結(jié)果與培養(yǎng)試驗一致。施用石灰能顯著增加玉米產(chǎn)量,在pH 4.31(鶴峰縣)和pH 5.03(利川市)的土壤條件下,以玉米產(chǎn)量為標(biāo)準(zhǔn),石灰適宜用量分別為3000 kg/hm~2和2250 kg/hm~2,增產(chǎn)率分別為57.1%和9.1%。在pH5.03的田間條件下,施用石灰2250 kg/hm~2,種植一季作物后可使耕層土壤pH提高0.68個單位。
[Abstract]:In the past 80 's,90% of the farmland soil in China has different degree of acidification. In the past 25 years, the pH value of almost all the soil types in China has dropped by 0.13-0.80 units, and the average number of the soil has fallen by 0.5 units, and the acidification phenomenon is very common. Enshi Prefecture, Hubei Province, is located in the hinterland of Wulingshan area, and is affected by natural factors such as environment, climate and other factors, such as crop planting and fertilization, and the soil acidification of cultivated land is getting more and more serious. The problems of crop yield and quality decline induced by soil acidification are also developed and expanded, and become a new hidden danger to the steady development of the agricultural production in Enshi. in ord to provide a thorough understanding of that problem of soil acidification in the cultivated land in Enshi and the like, and to provide the basis for the development of the soil acidification control and the treatment countermeasure, Based on a large number of soil samples collected during the second soil general survey in China (1980-1983) and the evaluation of the quality of cultivated land (2010-2013), the changes of the soil pH value of the cultivated land in Enshi State were analyzed, and the present situation and characteristics of soil acidification in Enshi State were analyzed. The effects of different conditioning agents on the acid soil deacidification effect and the growth of the crops were discussed with the combination of the culture test and the pot experiment, and the effect of the application of lime and the appropriate amount of lime were further verified by field experiments. The results of the main research are as follows:1. In the last 30 years, the soil of Enshi State has a tendency to acidify, and the distribution of the soil pH is in the low pattern of the east and the west. In different areas, the soil pH of different types of cultivated land was decreased to a certain extent. During the second soil general survey, the average soil pH of the cultivated land was 6.5. After 30 years, the soil pH of the cultivated land was reduced to 5.6, the whole decline was 0.90 units, and the degree of soil acidification in the dry land was higher than that of the paddy field. mainly, the change of the structure and the ratio of the fertilizer (the proportion of the nitrogen and phosphorus and the potassium in the chemical fertilizer is severely maladjusted, the amount of the organic fertilizer is rapidly declining), and the high-yield crop is harvested and taken away with a large amount of salt-based nutrients (the fertilizer is used for fertilization and can not be effectively supplemented), 3. Different types of conditioning agents have different acid-reducing effects on the acid soil. The results of the one-year test showed that the effect of quicklime was the best, and that of 0.66 pH units compared with the control treatment, and the content of exchangeable Al in the soil decreased by 2.01 cmol/ kg. In that proces of the straw, although the soil acidity is not effectively reduced, the growth of the crop can be obviously promoted, and therefore, the straw treatment can also be used as an improved substance of the acid soil, and various regulating substances can be applied to the actual production to promote the growth of the crops. The appropriate evaluation index for evaluating the modified acidic soil of basic materials is the potential acid (total amount of soil-exchange acid, soil-exchange H + and soil-exchange aluminum). With the extension of the culture time and the effect of the soil buffering performance, the low-lime dosage (at the amount of 0.9g/ kg) has no obvious effect on increasing the pH of the soil, but the effect of the low-lime is obvious to the reduction of the potential acid of the soil, And the test result of the barley seedling also indicates that the application of the quicklime can obviously increase the biomass of the barley seedling. This indicates that the soil pH as a reflection of the soil acidity, although it has the advantages of simple and rapid test, but only using the pH to assess the effect of the acid soil improvement is not comprehensive.5. The feasibility of using the Ca (OH) _ 2 titration method to calculate the lime requirement is verified. Under the condition of the study (pH3.0), the soil with the modified quicklime significantly promoted the growth of the barley seedlings, and the amount of the quicklime is closely related to the soil improvement effect, and the soil acidity effect is optimized by applying the quicklime 1.8g (corresponding to the amount of 4 t/ hm ~ 2 quicklime) per kilogram of soil. This is the same as that of the lime required by the Ca (OH) _ 2 titration method.6. The results of field validation test are consistent with the culture test. The yield of the corn can be obviously increased by the application of lime. Under the soil conditions of pH 4.31 (Hefeng County) and pH 5.03 (Lichuan), the appropriate amount of lime is 3000 kg/ hm2 and 2250 kg/ hm2, respectively, and the yield is 57.1% and 9.1%, respectively. Under the field condition of pH 5.03, the soil pH of the plowing soil was increased by 0.68 units after the addition of the lime of 2250 kg/ hm2.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S156.2
本文編號：2505389
[Abstract]:In the past 80 's,90% of the farmland soil in China has different degree of acidification. In the past 25 years, the pH value of almost all the soil types in China has dropped by 0.13-0.80 units, and the average number of the soil has fallen by 0.5 units, and the acidification phenomenon is very common. Enshi Prefecture, Hubei Province, is located in the hinterland of Wulingshan area, and is affected by natural factors such as environment, climate and other factors, such as crop planting and fertilization, and the soil acidification of cultivated land is getting more and more serious. The problems of crop yield and quality decline induced by soil acidification are also developed and expanded, and become a new hidden danger to the steady development of the agricultural production in Enshi. in ord to provide a thorough understanding of that problem of soil acidification in the cultivated land in Enshi and the like, and to provide the basis for the development of the soil acidification control and the treatment countermeasure, Based on a large number of soil samples collected during the second soil general survey in China (1980-1983) and the evaluation of the quality of cultivated land (2010-2013), the changes of the soil pH value of the cultivated land in Enshi State were analyzed, and the present situation and characteristics of soil acidification in Enshi State were analyzed. The effects of different conditioning agents on the acid soil deacidification effect and the growth of the crops were discussed with the combination of the culture test and the pot experiment, and the effect of the application of lime and the appropriate amount of lime were further verified by field experiments. The results of the main research are as follows:1. In the last 30 years, the soil of Enshi State has a tendency to acidify, and the distribution of the soil pH is in the low pattern of the east and the west. In different areas, the soil pH of different types of cultivated land was decreased to a certain extent. During the second soil general survey, the average soil pH of the cultivated land was 6.5. After 30 years, the soil pH of the cultivated land was reduced to 5.6, the whole decline was 0.90 units, and the degree of soil acidification in the dry land was higher than that of the paddy field. mainly, the change of the structure and the ratio of the fertilizer (the proportion of the nitrogen and phosphorus and the potassium in the chemical fertilizer is severely maladjusted, the amount of the organic fertilizer is rapidly declining), and the high-yield crop is harvested and taken away with a large amount of salt-based nutrients (the fertilizer is used for fertilization and can not be effectively supplemented), 3. Different types of conditioning agents have different acid-reducing effects on the acid soil. The results of the one-year test showed that the effect of quicklime was the best, and that of 0.66 pH units compared with the control treatment, and the content of exchangeable Al in the soil decreased by 2.01 cmol/ kg. In that proces of the straw, although the soil acidity is not effectively reduced, the growth of the crop can be obviously promoted, and therefore, the straw treatment can also be used as an improved substance of the acid soil, and various regulating substances can be applied to the actual production to promote the growth of the crops. The appropriate evaluation index for evaluating the modified acidic soil of basic materials is the potential acid (total amount of soil-exchange acid, soil-exchange H + and soil-exchange aluminum). With the extension of the culture time and the effect of the soil buffering performance, the low-lime dosage (at the amount of 0.9g/ kg) has no obvious effect on increasing the pH of the soil, but the effect of the low-lime is obvious to the reduction of the potential acid of the soil, And the test result of the barley seedling also indicates that the application of the quicklime can obviously increase the biomass of the barley seedling. This indicates that the soil pH as a reflection of the soil acidity, although it has the advantages of simple and rapid test, but only using the pH to assess the effect of the acid soil improvement is not comprehensive.5. The feasibility of using the Ca (OH) _ 2 titration method to calculate the lime requirement is verified. Under the condition of the study (pH3.0), the soil with the modified quicklime significantly promoted the growth of the barley seedlings, and the amount of the quicklime is closely related to the soil improvement effect, and the soil acidity effect is optimized by applying the quicklime 1.8g (corresponding to the amount of 4 t/ hm ~ 2 quicklime) per kilogram of soil. This is the same as that of the lime required by the Ca (OH) _ 2 titration method.6. The results of field validation test are consistent with the culture test. The yield of the corn can be obviously increased by the application of lime. Under the soil conditions of pH 4.31 (Hefeng County) and pH 5.03 (Lichuan), the appropriate amount of lime is 3000 kg/ hm2 and 2250 kg/ hm2, respectively, and the yield is 57.1% and 9.1%, respectively. Under the field condition of pH 5.03, the soil pH of the plowing soil was increased by 0.68 units after the addition of the lime of 2250 kg/ hm2.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S156.2
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