【摘要】：我國(guó)氮肥使用量龐大,常年的使用導(dǎo)致土壤板結(jié),農(nóng)作物吸收效率低,化肥流失嚴(yán)重,進(jìn)而造成水體富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化和地下水的污染,嚴(yán)重破壞生態(tài)環(huán)境。豆科牧草作為綠肥,對(duì)提高土壤肥力具有重要作用,尤其在提高土壤氮素營(yíng)養(yǎng)方面。前人的研究多集中在大豆作物、大田綠肥等對(duì)土壤理化性質(zhì)的影響方面,而應(yīng)用于山地的決明屬牧草對(duì)土壤肥力的改良作用和施肥情況下對(duì)土壤可溶性氮素含量和酶活性的影響研究較少。本文通過開展施肥對(duì)豆科牧草(圓葉決明和羽葉決明)的農(nóng)藝性狀、土壤可溶性氮素及土壤酶活性的影響研究,旨在為南方山地紅壤區(qū)圓葉決明和羽葉決明的優(yōu)質(zhì)栽培、培肥地力及減少氮肥的使用量提供科學(xué)依據(jù)和實(shí)踐指導(dǎo)。主要結(jié)果如下:(1)適量施氮、磷和鉀肥均能不同程度的提高圓葉決明和羽葉決明株高、根長(zhǎng)、結(jié)莢數(shù)、結(jié)瘤數(shù)、鮮重、根含氮量、莖含氮量、葉含氮量、莢含氮量和土壤TN,但高肥處理(N5、P5和K5)則具有抑制效應(yīng)。施肥對(duì)兩種牧草土壤pH影響不顯著(P0.05)。(2)施氮肥條件下,種植圓葉決明土壤TSN、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N和SON含量均在花期和結(jié)莢期較高,分枝期和枯萎期較低;種植羽葉決明土壤4種氮素含量在花期較高,在分枝期則較低。各氮肥處理之間,齊苗期和分枝期,種植圓葉決明土壤4種氮素含量均在隨施氮量的增加而增加,花期、結(jié)莢期和枯萎期隨施氮量的增加均呈先增加后下降的趨勢(shì)。與N1處理相比,花期和結(jié)莢期,N2～N5處理土壤NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N含量顯著增加(P0.05),枯萎期增加不顯著(P0.05)。齊苗期和分枝期,羽葉決明土壤4種氮素含量均隨施氮量的增加而增加�；ㄆ�、結(jié)莢期和枯萎期,土壤TSN和NO_3~--N含量隨施氮量的增加而降低,而土壤NH_4~+-N含量隨施氮量的增加呈先升高后下降的趨勢(shì)。與N1處理相比,花期和結(jié)莢期,N2～N5處理土壤NH_4~+-N含量顯著性提高(P0.05),枯萎期增加不顯著(P0.05)。(3)施氮肥條件下,圓葉決明土壤4種酶活性均在花期和結(jié)莢期較高,其他時(shí)期活性因酶的種類不同而不同;羽葉決明土壤4種酶活性因酶的種類不同在各時(shí)期變現(xiàn)不同。各氮肥處理之間,各時(shí)期圓葉決明土壤4種酶活性均表現(xiàn)出隨施氮量的增加呈先增加后降低的趨勢(shì)。與N1處理相比,各時(shí)期施氮肥顯著增加蛋白酶活性(P0.05),對(duì)脲酶活性影響不顯著(P0.05);齊苗期和初花期,施氮肥顯著提高兩種牧草土壤天冬酰胺酶活性(P0.05),其他時(shí)期則無(wú)顯著影響(P0.05);結(jié)莢期,施氮肥顯著提高兩種牧草土壤谷氨酰胺酶活性(P0.05),其他時(shí)期影響不顯著(P0.05)。(4)施磷肥條件下,圓葉決明和羽葉決明土壤TSN、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N和SON含量均在花期和結(jié)莢期較高。各磷肥處理之間,齊苗期,圓葉決明和羽葉決明土壤TSN、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N和SON含量均隨施磷量的增加而增加,且與P1處理相比,P5處理能顯著增加4種氮素含量(P0.05);花期、結(jié)莢期和枯萎期,隨施磷量的增加圓葉決明土壤TSN含量顯著增加(P0.05),而羽葉決明出現(xiàn)高肥(P5處理)抑制(花期)或增加不顯著(結(jié)莢期)情況。花期、結(jié)莢期和枯萎期,兩種牧草土壤NH_4~+-N含量隨施磷量的增加呈先升高后下降的趨勢(shì),結(jié)莢期和枯萎期,施磷肥則能顯著增加其含量(P0.05),花期增加不顯著(P0.05);兩種牧草施磷可顯著提高土壤NO_3~--N和SON含量,但合適的施磷量還有待于研究。(5)施磷肥條件下,花期和結(jié)莢期,兩種牧草土壤4種酶活性均較高,其他時(shí)期其活性因土壤酶種類不同而不同。各磷肥處理之間,各時(shí)期兩種牧草土壤脲酶活性均無(wú)顯著性差異(P0.05);兩種牧草土壤蛋白酶活性隨施磷量的增加呈先增后減的趨勢(shì)。與P1處理相比,花期、結(jié)莢期和枯萎期,施磷肥顯著增加兩種牧草土壤蛋白酶活性(P0.05),其他時(shí)期則增加不顯著(P0.05);施磷肥對(duì)圓葉決明土壤天冬酰胺酶活性無(wú)顯著影響。與P1處理相比,施磷肥可顯著增加苗期、花期和結(jié)莢期羽葉決明土壤天冬酰胺酶活性(P0.05);施磷肥顯著增加苗期、分枝期和花期圓葉決明土壤谷氨酰胺酶活性(P0.05),施磷肥顯著提高苗期羽葉決明土壤谷氨酰胺酶活性(P0.05)。(6)施鉀肥條件下,兩種牧草土壤TSN和SON含量均在初花期達(dá)到峰值,土壤NH_4~+-N含量在苗期和花期較高,分枝期相對(duì)較低,土壤NO_3~--N含量各時(shí)期上下浮動(dòng)不大。各鉀肥處理之間,與K1處理相比,苗期和分枝期,K2～K5處理均未顯著增加兩種牧草土壤TSN、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N和SON含量(P0.05),之后各時(shí)期,施鉀肥則能顯著性增加4種形態(tài)的土壤氮含量(P0.05)。(7)施鉀肥條件下,兩種牧草土壤4種酶活性均在花期較高,其他時(shí)期因土壤酶種類的不同而不同。各鉀肥處理之間,各時(shí)期兩種牧草土壤脲酶活性均無(wú)顯著性差異(P0.05);與K1處理相比,分枝期、花期和結(jié)莢期施鉀肥可顯著提高兩種牧草土壤蛋白酶活性(P0.05);各時(shí)期,圓葉決明土壤天冬酰胺酶活性無(wú)顯著性差異(P0.05)。花期和出莢期,與K1處理相比,施鉀肥顯著增加羽葉決明土壤天冬酰胺酶活性(P0.05);齊苗期,與K1處理相比,施鉀肥顯著增加圓葉決明土壤谷氨酰胺酶活性(P0.05)。分枝期和盛花期,與K1處理相比,施鉀肥顯著增加羽葉決明谷氨酰胺酶活性(P0.05)。
[Abstract]:The amount of nitrogen fertilizer used in China is large, the use of the perennial use leads to the hardening of the soil, the crop absorption efficiency is low, the fertilizer loss is serious, and further the eutrophication of the water body and the pollution of the underground water are caused, and the ecological environment is seriously damaged. As a green fertilizer, leguminous grass has an important role in improving soil fertility, especially in improving soil nitrogen nutrition. The previous studies have focused on the effect of soybean crop and field green manure on the physical and chemical properties of the soil, and the effect on the soil soluble nitrogen content and the enzyme activity under the condition of the improvement of the soil fertility and the effect of the fertilization on the soil fertility is less. In this paper, the effects of fertilization on the agronomic characters, soil soluble nitrogen and soil enzyme activity of legume (leaf and leaf) of Leguminosae are studied. So as to provide scientific basis and practical guidance for improving the soil fertility and reducing the use amount of the nitrogen fertilizer. The main results are as follows: (1) A proper amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer can improve the height, root length, number of nodulation, number of nodules, fresh weight, nitrogen content of root, nitrogen content of stem, nitrogen content of leaves, nitrogen content of nitrogen and soil TN, but high-fertilizer treatment (N5, P5 and K5) have an inhibitory effect. The effect of fertilization on the pH of two kinds of herbage soils was not significant (P0.05). (2) Under the condition of nitrogen application, the contents of TSN, NH _ 4 ~ +-N, NO _ 3 ~-N and SON in the soil were higher, the branching period and the wilt period were lower in the flowering stage and the early stage. The nitrogen content of the four different nitrogen fertilizer treatments was increased with the increase of the application of nitrogen, and the increase of the nitrogen content in the flowering stage, the flowering period and the withered period was the first increase after the increase of the amount of nitrogen. Compared with N1 treatment, the content of NH _ 4 ~ +-N and NO _ 3 ~-N in the soil treated with N2 ~ N5 increased significantly (P0.05). At the seedling stage and the branching stage, the nitrogen content of the soil in the leaves of the leaf of the leaves increased with the increase of the amount of nitrogen. The content of soil TSN and NO _ 3 ~-N decreased with the increase of N, while the content of NH _ 4 ~ +-N in the soil decreased with the increase of N. The content of NH _ 4 ~ +-N in the soil treated with N2 ~ N5 was significantly higher than that of N1 treatment (P0.05). (3) Under the condition of nitrogen application, the four kinds of enzyme activities of the Dassia obtusa were higher in the flowering stage and the junction period, and the activity of the active enzymes in the other period was different from that of the enzyme, and the four kinds of enzyme activities of the Pinellia tenuifolia were different in different periods due to the different kinds of the enzymes. The four kinds of enzyme activities in the soil between the treatments of each nitrogen fertilizer and each period showed that the increase of the nitrogen content in the soil showed a tendency to decrease with the increase of the application of nitrogen. Compared with the treatment of N1, the application of nitrogen fertilizer increased the activity of the protease (P0.05), and the effect on the activity of the enzyme was not significant (P0.05). The application of nitrogen fertilizer in the seedling stage and the early stage significantly increased the activity of the two kinds of herbage soils (P0.05), and the other period had no significant effect (P0.05). The application of nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased the activity of the two kinds of herbage soil (P0.05), and the effect of the other period was not significant (P0.05). (4) The contents of TSN, NH _ 4 ~ +-N, NO _ 3 ~-N and SON in the soil TSN, NH _ 4 ~ +-N and NO _ 3 ~--N and SON were higher in the condition of phosphate application. The content of TSN, NH _ 4 ~ +-N, NO _ 3 ~-N and SON in the soil TSN, NH _ 4 ~ +-N, NO _ 3 ~-N and SON increased with the increase of P. P. The content of TSN in the soil was significantly increased with the increase of the amount of phosphorus (P0.05). The content of NH _ 4 ~ +-N in the two kinds of herbage soils increased with the increase of the amount of P. P. P. The content of NO _ 3 ~-N and SON in soil can be obviously improved by the application of two kinds of forage, but the appropriate amount of phosphorus application is still to be studied. (5) The activity of four kinds of the four kinds of herbage soil was higher under the condition of phosphate fertilizer application, and the activity of the two kinds of herbage soil was different due to the different kinds of the soil enzymes. There was no significant difference in the activity of the two kinds of herbage soil in each period (P0.05), and the activity of the two kinds of herbage soil protease increased with the increase of the phosphorus content. Compared with the P1 treatment, the application of phosphate fertilizer significantly increased the activity of the two kinds of herbage soil (P0.05), and the other time was not significant (P0.05). P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. (P.05). P. P. P. P. P. significantly increased the activity of aminopeptidase (P.05) in the soil at the seedling stage. (6) The contents of TSN and SON in the soil of the two kinds of herbage reached the peak in the early stage, and the content of NH _ 4 ~ +-N in the soil was higher in the seedling stage and the flowering stage, the branch period was relatively low, and the content of NO _ 3 ~-N in the soil was not much lower. There were no significant increase in the content of TSN, NH _ 4 ~ +-N, NO _ 3 ~-N and SON (P <0.05) in the soil TSN, NH _ 4 ~ +-N, NO _ 3 ~-N and SON (P0.05). (7) The four kinds of enzyme activities of the two kinds of herbage soil were higher in the flowering stage under the condition of the application of the potassium fertilizer, and the other time was different due to the different kinds of the soil enzymes. There was no significant difference in the activity of the two kinds of herbage soil (P0.05). There was no significant difference in the activity of the aminopeptidase (P0.05). Compared with the method of K1 treatment, the application of the potassium fertilizer significantly increased the activity of the aminopeptidase (P.05), compared with the K1 treatment, the application of the potassium fertilizer significantly increased the activity of the aminopeptidase (P0.05). In the branching phase and the blooming period, the application of the potassium fertilizer significantly increased the activity of the pinacuminamine (P0.05) compared with the K1 treatment.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：福建農(nóng)林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S54

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