氮肥運(yùn)籌對(duì)玉米生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育及氮代謝的影響
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2019-05-22 20:20
【摘要】：氮是植物必需的營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素,是影響玉米單產(chǎn)重要的養(yǎng)分限制因子,但近年來(lái)過(guò)量施氮的現(xiàn)象普遍存在,不僅使經(jīng)濟(jì)效益減低,還會(huì)造成農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境污染。因此合理的氮肥運(yùn)籌是玉米高產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)的重要保證。本研究以遼西北大面積種植的玉米品種鄭單958為試驗(yàn)材料,通過(guò)9種不同的氮肥運(yùn)籌模式對(duì)玉米生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育、生理代謝和產(chǎn)量的影響,揭示該地區(qū)玉米高產(chǎn)性能特征,確立玉米高效節(jié)本的施氮模式,為當(dāng)?shù)赜衩自耘嗵峁├碚摶A(chǔ)和技術(shù)參考。結(jié)果總結(jié)如下:1.施氮量和施氮方式的不同均會(huì)對(duì)玉米根系帶來(lái)影響,適量的氮肥能夠促進(jìn)玉米根長(zhǎng)、根系表面積、根體積、根干重和根系活力的增加,但過(guò)量施氮不利于根系生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育;分期施氮和施用控釋氮肥的根系相關(guān)指標(biāo)均在玉米生育后期均處于較高水平,說(shuō)明分期施氮和施用控釋氮肥能夠促進(jìn)根系在生育后期的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育。2.氮肥分施有利于玉米干物質(zhì)的積累,促進(jìn)光合產(chǎn)物向葉和莖中分配;控釋氮肥則有利于莖和鞘中的有機(jī)物向籽粒轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn);在玉米生育后期T6處理(N 241.5 kg·hm~(-2),20%N基肥和口肥,60%N拔節(jié)中期追施,20%N大喇叭口追施)和T9處理(緩釋N 241.5kg·hm~(-2) 15cm深施)的玉米各部分的氮素積累量和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量均處于較高水平。3.分施氮肥和施用控釋氮肥有利于玉米的氮素吸收、積累和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),分施氮肥對(duì)葉片和莖中的氮素向籽粒轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的促進(jìn)作用更為明顯;分施氮肥和施用控釋氮肥能顯著提高玉米生育后期硝酸還原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶的活性;不同氮肥運(yùn)籌方式對(duì)玉米葉片光合代謝和抗氧化系統(tǒng)酶活性存在差異,分期施氮和施用控釋氮肥的光合相關(guān)指標(biāo)和抗氧化系統(tǒng)酶活性在抽雄開(kāi)花期和灌漿期均處于較高水平。4.施氮能夠使玉米穗粒數(shù)和百粒重增加,分期施氮和施用控釋氮肥的促進(jìn)作用更明顯;本試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明:T6處理(N241.5kg·hm~(-2) 20%N基肥和口肥,60%N拔節(jié)中期追施,20%N大喇叭口追施)的產(chǎn)量最高,達(dá)到了12913.47kg·hm·2,比對(duì)照T2高38.41%,T9處理(緩釋N241.5kg·hm~(-2),15cm深施)次之,比對(duì)照高32.96%;相關(guān)分析表明,這兩個(gè)處理產(chǎn)量高于對(duì)照的原因是因?yàn)楦瞪L(zhǎng)發(fā)育較好,光合能力較強(qiáng),氮代謝酶活性較強(qiáng),抗氧化能力強(qiáng);T6處理的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益最高。
[Abstract]:Nitrogen is a necessary nutrient element for plants and an important nutrient limiting factor affecting corn yield. However, the phenomenon of excessive nitrogen application is widespread in recent years, which not only reduces the economic benefits, but also causes agricultural environmental pollution. Therefore, reasonable nitrogen fertilizer application is an important guarantee for high and stable yield of corn. In this study, Zhengdan 958, a large area corn variety planted in northwest Liaoning, was used as the experimental material to reveal the characteristics of high yield performance of corn in this area through the effects of nine different nitrogen fertilizer operation models on the growth, physiological metabolism and yield of corn. The nitrogen application model of high efficiency and cost saving of corn was established, which provided theoretical basis and technical reference for local corn cultivation. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The difference of nitrogen application rate and nitrogen application method will have an effect on the root system of corn. Proper amount of nitrogen fertilizer can promote the increase of root length, root surface area, root volume, root dry weight and root activity, but excessive application of nitrogen is not conducive to root growth and development. The root related indexes of phased nitrogen application and controlled release nitrogen fertilizer were at a high level at the late growth stage of corn, which indicated that phased application of nitrogen and application of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer could promote the growth and development of roots at the late growth stage. 2. The application of nitrogen fertilizer was beneficial to the accumulation of dry matter and the distribution of photosynthetic products to leaves and stems, while the controlled release nitrogen fertilizer was beneficial to the transport of organic matter from stem and sheath to grain. In the late growth stage of corn, T6 treatment (N 241.5 kg 路hm ~ (- 2), 20% N base fertilizer and mouth fertilizer, 60% N topdressing, The nitrogen accumulation and transport of each part of corn treated with 20% N horn mouth topdressing and T9 treatment (slow release N 241.5kg 路hm ~ (- 2) 15cm) were at a high level. The application of nitrogen fertilizer and controlled release nitrogen fertilizer was beneficial to the absorption, accumulation and transport of nitrogen in corn, and the effect of nitrogen application on nitrogen transport from leaf and stem to grain was more obvious. The combined application of nitrogen fertilizer and controlled release nitrogen fertilizer could significantly increase the activities of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthase in the late growth stage of corn (Zea Mays L.). There were differences in photosynthetic metabolism and antioxidant system enzyme activities among different nitrogen fertilizer application methods. The photosynthetic related indexes and antioxidant system enzyme activity of phased nitrogen application and controlled release nitrogen fertilizer were at a high level at flowering stage and filling stage. Nitrogen application could increase the number of grains per ear and 100-grain weight, and the promotion effect of nitrogen application and controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer was more obvious. The results showed that the yield of T6 treatment (N241.5kg 路hm ~ (- 2) 20% N base fertilizer and mouth fertilizer, 60% N topdressing, 20% N trumpet topdressing) was the highest, reaching 12913.47kg 路hm 路2, 38.41% higher than that of the control T2. T9 treatment (sustained release N241.5kg 路hm ~ (- 2), 15cm deep application) was the second, which was 32. 96% higher than that of the control. The correlation analysis showed that the yield of the two treatments was higher than that of the control because of good root growth and development, strong photosynthetic capacity, strong nitrogen metabolic enzyme activity and strong antioxidant capacity, and T6 treatment had the highest economic benefit.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：沈陽(yáng)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S513
，
本文編號(hào)：2483227
[Abstract]:Nitrogen is a necessary nutrient element for plants and an important nutrient limiting factor affecting corn yield. However, the phenomenon of excessive nitrogen application is widespread in recent years, which not only reduces the economic benefits, but also causes agricultural environmental pollution. Therefore, reasonable nitrogen fertilizer application is an important guarantee for high and stable yield of corn. In this study, Zhengdan 958, a large area corn variety planted in northwest Liaoning, was used as the experimental material to reveal the characteristics of high yield performance of corn in this area through the effects of nine different nitrogen fertilizer operation models on the growth, physiological metabolism and yield of corn. The nitrogen application model of high efficiency and cost saving of corn was established, which provided theoretical basis and technical reference for local corn cultivation. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The difference of nitrogen application rate and nitrogen application method will have an effect on the root system of corn. Proper amount of nitrogen fertilizer can promote the increase of root length, root surface area, root volume, root dry weight and root activity, but excessive application of nitrogen is not conducive to root growth and development. The root related indexes of phased nitrogen application and controlled release nitrogen fertilizer were at a high level at the late growth stage of corn, which indicated that phased application of nitrogen and application of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer could promote the growth and development of roots at the late growth stage. 2. The application of nitrogen fertilizer was beneficial to the accumulation of dry matter and the distribution of photosynthetic products to leaves and stems, while the controlled release nitrogen fertilizer was beneficial to the transport of organic matter from stem and sheath to grain. In the late growth stage of corn, T6 treatment (N 241.5 kg 路hm ~ (- 2), 20% N base fertilizer and mouth fertilizer, 60% N topdressing, The nitrogen accumulation and transport of each part of corn treated with 20% N horn mouth topdressing and T9 treatment (slow release N 241.5kg 路hm ~ (- 2) 15cm) were at a high level. The application of nitrogen fertilizer and controlled release nitrogen fertilizer was beneficial to the absorption, accumulation and transport of nitrogen in corn, and the effect of nitrogen application on nitrogen transport from leaf and stem to grain was more obvious. The combined application of nitrogen fertilizer and controlled release nitrogen fertilizer could significantly increase the activities of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthase in the late growth stage of corn (Zea Mays L.). There were differences in photosynthetic metabolism and antioxidant system enzyme activities among different nitrogen fertilizer application methods. The photosynthetic related indexes and antioxidant system enzyme activity of phased nitrogen application and controlled release nitrogen fertilizer were at a high level at flowering stage and filling stage. Nitrogen application could increase the number of grains per ear and 100-grain weight, and the promotion effect of nitrogen application and controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer was more obvious. The results showed that the yield of T6 treatment (N241.5kg 路hm ~ (- 2) 20% N base fertilizer and mouth fertilizer, 60% N topdressing, 20% N trumpet topdressing) was the highest, reaching 12913.47kg 路hm 路2, 38.41% higher than that of the control T2. T9 treatment (sustained release N241.5kg 路hm ~ (- 2), 15cm deep application) was the second, which was 32. 96% higher than that of the control. The correlation analysis showed that the yield of the two treatments was higher than that of the control because of good root growth and development, strong photosynthetic capacity, strong nitrogen metabolic enzyme activity and strong antioxidant capacity, and T6 treatment had the highest economic benefit.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：沈陽(yáng)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S513
，
本文編號(hào)：2483227
本文鏈接：http://sikaile.net/shoufeilunwen/zaizhiyanjiusheng/2483227.html
最近更新
教材專著
