水氮耦合對春玉米苗期生長、氮肥利用和根系空間分布的影響
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2019-03-22 17:01
【摘要】：東北地區(qū)是我國重要的玉米生產(chǎn)基地,種植面積和產(chǎn)量在2015年分別占據(jù)全國的31.6%和34.5%。由于東北春玉米生產(chǎn)中自然降雨是土壤水分的主要來源,因此降水不足導(dǎo)致的干旱是影響春玉米生產(chǎn)的首要生態(tài)逆境因子,并且在世界許多地區(qū)干旱也嚴(yán)重限制產(chǎn)量。合理施氮和適量灌水對春玉米干旱脅迫下生長和產(chǎn)量有顯著的促進(jìn)效果,但水氮對春玉米生長和根系分布的影響及其耦合效應(yīng)還少有研究,為此本研究通過盆栽試驗(yàn),設(shè)置四個(gè)水分梯度模擬大田條件下重度干旱,輕度干旱,水分適中和過量水分(相對土壤含水量30%,50%,70%和90%分別記為W0、W1、W2和W3),和三個(gè)施氮量(0、0.12、0.24g N/kg干土分別記為N0、N1和N2),研究不同水分和氮素組合條件春玉米苗期生長、氮素利用與根系的三維空間分布的變化。明確水分和氮素對春玉米苗期生長、氮素利用和根系空間分布的影響及其耦合效應(yīng),得到以下結(jié)果:(1)水分和氮素顯著影響玉米生長和氮素吸收,缺氮干旱處理玉米長勢最差,株高、莖粗、綠葉數(shù)、SPAD分別為60.4cm、19.7mm、5.5和28.8;隨著土壤水分和施氮量的增加,各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)呈上升趨勢;植株干重、氮素吸收量隨水分和施氮量提高逐漸增長,施氮處理顯著大于不施氮處理,其中W2條件下干重的施氮增幅最為顯著,N1和N2處理增幅分別達(dá)131.4%和116.6%;氮肥利用效率上,均以N1處理均大于N2處理;不同施氮量條件下,各水分處理之間氮肥的表觀利用率和農(nóng)學(xué)利用率趨勢一致,均為W2W3W1W0。(2)相同水分條件下,N0處理根長和根干重均在土壤下層分布較多,其中W0和W1處理下半層根長占總根長最多,達(dá)60%和60.9%,是W3N1處理下半層根長所占比例的兩倍之多;W0條件下,N0處理玉米的總根長和總表面積最大,分別為1220.5m和0.75m2,而后隨施氮量增加逐漸下降,根系總干重和總體積W0和W1處理均表現(xiàn)為N1處理?xiàng)l件下最高,而W2和W3條件下N0處理的各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)則明顯低于N1和N2處理。說明干旱和缺氮條件促進(jìn)了玉米根系伸長增粗,從而增加根系的總長度和總表面積。(3)同一水分條件下N0處理的玉米根長密度,表面積密度和干重密度在土壤縱向上分布在表層的數(shù)量和比例較N1、N2處理明顯偏少,而縱向上中、下層的數(shù)量和分布比例則明顯較高,且橫向上分布相對更為均衡。尤其是W0和W1條件下,缺氮處理根長在土壤深層的增加更為明顯,而水分和氮素充足處理的根長在表層的分布明顯更多。由此可見干旱條件下適量施氮或在施氮量一定的條件下適量提高土壤水分可促進(jìn)玉米的生長發(fā)育,有利于玉米對養(yǎng)分的吸收和利用。本試驗(yàn)中推薦W2N1組合為最佳,在實(shí)際生產(chǎn)中,應(yīng)考慮到水氮的耦合效應(yīng),兼顧考慮水分和施氮量的配合施用,從而進(jìn)一步提高產(chǎn)量。
[Abstract]:Northeast China is an important corn production base in China. The planting area and yield accounted for 31.6% and 34.5% of the country's corn production in 2015, respectively. Because natural rainfall is the main source of soil moisture in spring maize production in Northeast China, drought caused by insufficient precipitation is the primary ecological adversity factor affecting spring maize production, and drought in many parts of the world also seriously limits the yield. Rational nitrogen application and proper irrigation had significant effects on the growth and yield of spring maize under drought stress, but the effects of water and nitrogen on the growth and root distribution of spring maize and their coupling effects were rarely studied. Therefore, the pot experiment was carried out in this study, and the effects of water and nitrogen on the growth and root distribution of spring maize were studied by pot experiment. Set four water gradients to simulate severe drought, mild drought, moderate water content and excess moisture (30%, 50%, 70% and 90% of soil moisture, respectively, as W0, W1, W2 and W3) under field conditions. And three nitrogen rates (0, 0.12,0.24g N/kg dry soil were recorded as N _ 0, N _ 1 and N _ 2 respectively) to study the three-dimensional spatial distribution of nitrogen use and root system in spring maize under different water and nitrogen combination conditions at seedling stage. The effects and coupling effects of water and nitrogen on the growth, nitrogen use and root spatial distribution of spring maize at seedling stage were studied. The results were as follows: (1) Water and nitrogen significantly affected maize growth and nitrogen uptake. Nitrogen deficiency and drought treatment had the worst growth, plant height, stem diameter, green leaf number, SPAD were 60.4 cm, 19.7 mm, 5.5 and 28.8, respectively. With the increase of soil moisture and nitrogen application, the indexes showed an upward trend. The plant dry weight and nitrogen uptake increased gradually with the increase of water and nitrogen application, and the N application rate was significantly higher than that of the non-N treatment. Under the condition of W _ 2, the increase of N application was the most significant, and that of N _ 1 and N _ 2 treatment was 131.4% and 116.6%, respectively. The nitrogen use efficiency of N _ 1 treatment was higher than that of N _ 2 treatment. Under different nitrogen application rates, the apparent nitrogen utilization rate and agronomic utilization rate of each water treatment were the same, all of which were W _ 2W _ 3W _ 1W _ 0. (2) under the same water condition, the root length and root dry weight of N _ 0 treatment were more distributed in the lower layer of soil. The root length of lower half layer in W0 and W1 treatments accounted for 60% and 60.9% of the total root length, which was twice the proportion of lower half layer root length in W3N1 treatment, and the root length of lower half layer in W0 and W1 treatments was higher than that in W0 and W1 treatments. Under the condition of W0, the total root length and total surface area of maize treated with N0 were 1220.5m and 0.75m2, respectively, and then decreased gradually with the increase of nitrogen application, and the total root dry weight and total volume W0 and W1 showed the highest value under N1 treatment. Under the conditions of W _ 2 and W _ 3, the indexes of N _ 0 treatment were significantly lower than those of N _ 1 and N _ 2 treatments. The results showed that drought and nitrogen deficiency promoted the root elongation and coarsening of maize roots, thus increasing the total root length and total surface area. (3) under the same water condition, the root length density of maize treated with N _ 0 was increased. The number and proportion of surface area density and dry weight density distributed in the surface layer in longitudinal direction were higher than that in N _ 1, and the N _ 2 treatment was obviously less than that in N _ 2 treatment, while in longitudinal, the quantity and distribution ratio of lower layer were obviously higher than that of N _ 1, and the horizontal distribution was more balanced than that of N _ 1. Especially under the conditions of W0 and W1, the root length of nitrogen deficiency treatment increased more obviously in the deep layer of soil, while the root length of water and nitrogen sufficient treatment increased more obviously in the surface layer. It can be seen that the growth and development of maize can be promoted by applying appropriate amount of nitrogen or increasing soil moisture under the condition of a certain amount of nitrogen application, which is beneficial to the absorption and utilization of nutrients in maize. In this experiment, the best combination of W2N1 is recommended. In practical production, the coupling effect of water and nitrogen should be taken into account, and the combination of water and nitrogen application should be taken into account, so as to further improve the yield.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S513
本文編號：2445765
[Abstract]:Northeast China is an important corn production base in China. The planting area and yield accounted for 31.6% and 34.5% of the country's corn production in 2015, respectively. Because natural rainfall is the main source of soil moisture in spring maize production in Northeast China, drought caused by insufficient precipitation is the primary ecological adversity factor affecting spring maize production, and drought in many parts of the world also seriously limits the yield. Rational nitrogen application and proper irrigation had significant effects on the growth and yield of spring maize under drought stress, but the effects of water and nitrogen on the growth and root distribution of spring maize and their coupling effects were rarely studied. Therefore, the pot experiment was carried out in this study, and the effects of water and nitrogen on the growth and root distribution of spring maize were studied by pot experiment. Set four water gradients to simulate severe drought, mild drought, moderate water content and excess moisture (30%, 50%, 70% and 90% of soil moisture, respectively, as W0, W1, W2 and W3) under field conditions. And three nitrogen rates (0, 0.12,0.24g N/kg dry soil were recorded as N _ 0, N _ 1 and N _ 2 respectively) to study the three-dimensional spatial distribution of nitrogen use and root system in spring maize under different water and nitrogen combination conditions at seedling stage. The effects and coupling effects of water and nitrogen on the growth, nitrogen use and root spatial distribution of spring maize at seedling stage were studied. The results were as follows: (1) Water and nitrogen significantly affected maize growth and nitrogen uptake. Nitrogen deficiency and drought treatment had the worst growth, plant height, stem diameter, green leaf number, SPAD were 60.4 cm, 19.7 mm, 5.5 and 28.8, respectively. With the increase of soil moisture and nitrogen application, the indexes showed an upward trend. The plant dry weight and nitrogen uptake increased gradually with the increase of water and nitrogen application, and the N application rate was significantly higher than that of the non-N treatment. Under the condition of W _ 2, the increase of N application was the most significant, and that of N _ 1 and N _ 2 treatment was 131.4% and 116.6%, respectively. The nitrogen use efficiency of N _ 1 treatment was higher than that of N _ 2 treatment. Under different nitrogen application rates, the apparent nitrogen utilization rate and agronomic utilization rate of each water treatment were the same, all of which were W _ 2W _ 3W _ 1W _ 0. (2) under the same water condition, the root length and root dry weight of N _ 0 treatment were more distributed in the lower layer of soil. The root length of lower half layer in W0 and W1 treatments accounted for 60% and 60.9% of the total root length, which was twice the proportion of lower half layer root length in W3N1 treatment, and the root length of lower half layer in W0 and W1 treatments was higher than that in W0 and W1 treatments. Under the condition of W0, the total root length and total surface area of maize treated with N0 were 1220.5m and 0.75m2, respectively, and then decreased gradually with the increase of nitrogen application, and the total root dry weight and total volume W0 and W1 showed the highest value under N1 treatment. Under the conditions of W _ 2 and W _ 3, the indexes of N _ 0 treatment were significantly lower than those of N _ 1 and N _ 2 treatments. The results showed that drought and nitrogen deficiency promoted the root elongation and coarsening of maize roots, thus increasing the total root length and total surface area. (3) under the same water condition, the root length density of maize treated with N _ 0 was increased. The number and proportion of surface area density and dry weight density distributed in the surface layer in longitudinal direction were higher than that in N _ 1, and the N _ 2 treatment was obviously less than that in N _ 2 treatment, while in longitudinal, the quantity and distribution ratio of lower layer were obviously higher than that of N _ 1, and the horizontal distribution was more balanced than that of N _ 1. Especially under the conditions of W0 and W1, the root length of nitrogen deficiency treatment increased more obviously in the deep layer of soil, while the root length of water and nitrogen sufficient treatment increased more obviously in the surface layer. It can be seen that the growth and development of maize can be promoted by applying appropriate amount of nitrogen or increasing soil moisture under the condition of a certain amount of nitrogen application, which is beneficial to the absorption and utilization of nutrients in maize. In this experiment, the best combination of W2N1 is recommended. In practical production, the coupling effect of water and nitrogen should be taken into account, and the combination of water and nitrogen application should be taken into account, so as to further improve the yield.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S513
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