【摘要】：本文包含野外場(chǎng)地試驗(yàn)與室內(nèi)盆栽試驗(yàn)兩部分,野外場(chǎng)地試驗(yàn)主要研究赤子愛(ài)勝蚓與不同鈍化劑聯(lián)合堆肥對(duì)豬糞堆肥過(guò)程中重金屬銅(Cu)和鋅(Zn)形態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)化及其生物可利用性的影響,室內(nèi)盆栽試驗(yàn)主要研究堆肥產(chǎn)物的安全利用。在本研究中,試驗(yàn)組選取鈣鎂磷肥、膨潤(rùn)土、生物炭、酵素、EM菌、粉煤灰和沸石作為鈍化劑與蚯蚓聯(lián)合堆肥,對(duì)照組只使用蚯蚓進(jìn)行堆肥,以研究鈍化劑對(duì)蚯蚓豬糞堆肥組中重金屬Cu、Zn的影響。取得如下結(jié)果:(1)不同鈍化劑對(duì)蚯蚓堆肥中重金屬Cu、Zn含量及其生物可利用性的影響研究結(jié)果表明:從重金屬形態(tài)分析,部分鈍化劑與蚯蚓聯(lián)合堆肥對(duì)重金屬Cu、Zn具有一定的鈍化效果。通過(guò)加入生物炭、酵素、EM菌、粉煤灰和沸石作為鈍化劑,使畜禽糞便中重金屬Cu形態(tài)發(fā)生明顯變化,可利用態(tài)Cu(可交換態(tài)和可還原態(tài))轉(zhuǎn)變成非可利用態(tài)Cu(可氧化態(tài)和殘?jiān)鼞B(tài)),且與對(duì)照組比較呈現(xiàn)顯著差異(p0.05)。膨潤(rùn)土、生物炭和酵素組中可利用態(tài)Zn(可交換態(tài)和可還原態(tài))轉(zhuǎn)變成非可利用態(tài)Zn,且酵素和生物炭組可利用態(tài)Zn的分配率顯著減少(p0.05);從鈍化效果分析,生物炭對(duì)生物可利用態(tài)Cu鈍化效果最佳,試驗(yàn)前后可利用態(tài)Cu的分配率減少42.34%,可利用態(tài)Zn分配率減少2.70%;另外酵素對(duì)可利用態(tài)Zn鈍化效果最佳,試驗(yàn)前后可利用態(tài)Zn分配率減少3.77%,可利用態(tài)Cu分配率減少33.25%。且均與對(duì)照組相比呈現(xiàn)顯著差異(p0.05)。(2)蚯蚓與不同鈍化劑聯(lián)合堆肥處理后重金屬Cu、Zn的形態(tài)變化規(guī)律:對(duì)重金屬Cu而言,堆肥處理后Cu呈現(xiàn)可氧化態(tài)Cu殘?jiān)鼞B(tài)Cu可還原態(tài)Cu可交換態(tài)Cu,可氧化態(tài)Cu含量占主導(dǎo)地位,其分配率占50%以上;而Zn呈現(xiàn)與Cu不同的規(guī)律,主要表現(xiàn)為可交換態(tài)Zn可還原態(tài)Zn可氧化態(tài)Zn殘?jiān)鼞B(tài)Zn,堆肥處理后還原態(tài)Zn和可交換態(tài)Zn仍占主導(dǎo),兩者分配率之和超過(guò)80%。在堆肥產(chǎn)物中Cu主要以不可利用態(tài)Cu的形態(tài)存在,而Zn主要以可利用態(tài)形式存在,因此更應(yīng)重視堆肥產(chǎn)物中Zn所帶來(lái)的環(huán)境污染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。(3)盆栽試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,以生物炭作為鈍化劑的堆肥產(chǎn)物顯著提高小白菜的生物量,堆肥產(chǎn)物添加量為土壤總量1/3(1/3M)的處理組效果最佳。從白菜中重金屬Cu、Zn含量來(lái)看,小白菜根中重金屬Cu、Zn含量均高于莖葉中Cu、Zn含量。就盆栽土壤中重金屬Cu、Zn含量而言,盆栽試驗(yàn)后土壤中重金屬含量均有所下降,其中1/3M組效果最佳,其Cu和Zn含量分別減少27.31%和20.93%。應(yīng)用地累積指數(shù)法對(duì)土壤重金屬進(jìn)行污染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估,結(jié)果表明長(zhǎng)期使用有機(jī)肥添加量為土壤總量1/3的施肥方式造成的重金屬Cu、Zn污染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)小于其它施肥方式,但該施肥方式仍有可能造成Cu的輕度污染風(fēng)險(xiǎn),Zn的重度污染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。研究結(jié)果可為豬糞堆肥過(guò)程中重金屬銅鋅鈍化提供一些理論依據(jù)和技術(shù)支持,對(duì)豬糞堆肥產(chǎn)物安全施用具有一定的指導(dǎo)意義。
[Abstract]:This paper includes two parts: field test and indoor pot experiment. Field experiments were conducted to study the effects of composting with different passivating agents on the transformation and bioavailability of heavy metals Cu (Cu) and Zn (Zn) in pig manure composting. The safe utilization of compost products was studied in pot experiment. In this study, calcium magnesia phosphate fertilizer, bentonite, biochar, enzyme, EM bacteria, fly ash and zeolite were selected as passivating agent and earthworm compost, while the control group only used earthworm to compost. The effect of passivating agent on heavy metal Cu,Zn in earthworm pig manure compost was studied. The results are as follows: (1) the effects of different passivating agents on the Cu,Zn content and bioavailability of heavy metals in earthworm compost were studied. The results showed that: from the speciation analysis of heavy metals, some passivating agents combined with earthworm compost on heavy metal Cu, Zn has a certain passivation effect. By adding biochar, enzyme, EM bacteria, fly ash and zeolite as passivating agents, the speciation of heavy metal Cu in animal manure was changed obviously. The usable state Cu (exchangeable state and reducible state) was transformed into non-usable state Cu (oxidizable state and residue state), and there was a significant difference compared with the control group (p0.05). In bentonite, biochar and enzyme groups, the usable Zn (exchangeable and reductible) was transformed into non-usable Zn, and the partition rate of available Zn in enzyme and biochar groups was significantly reduced (p0.05). From the analysis of passivation effect, biochar has the best passivation effect on bioavailable Cu. The available Cu distribution rate is reduced by 42.34% and the usable state Zn distribution rate is reduced by 2.70% before and after the experiment. In addition, the enzyme had the best passivation effect on available state Zn. The available state Zn partition rate decreased 3.77% and the usable state Cu distribution rate decreased 33.25% before and after the experiment. Compared with the control group, there were significant differences (p0. 05). (2) in the morphological changes of heavy metal Cu,Zn in the composting of earthworm and different passivating agent: for heavy metal Cu, there was no significant difference between the two groups (p0. 05). (2). After composting, Cu showed oxidizable Cu residuals Cu reducible Cu exchangeable Cu, oxidizable Cu content and its partition rate was more than 50%. However, Zn is different from Cu in that exchangeable Zn, reducible Zn, oxidable Zn residuals and exchangeable Zn still dominate after composting, and the sum of the two distribution rates is more than 80%. In compost products, Cu mainly exists in the form of unusable Cu, while Zn in the form of usable state. Therefore, the risk of environmental pollution caused by Zn in compost products should be paid more attention to. (3) the results of pot experiments show that, The biomass of pakchoi was significantly increased by the composting product of biochar as passivating agent, and the best effect was in the treatment group with soil total amount 1 / 3 (1 / 3M). According to the Cu,Zn content of heavy metal in Chinese cabbage, the content of Cu,Zn in the root of pakchoi was higher than that in the stem and leaf. As far as the Cu,Zn content in pot soil was concerned, the content of heavy metal in pot soil decreased after pot experiment, among which 1 / 3 M group had the best effect, its Cu and Zn contents decreased 27.31% and 20.93%, respectively. The pollution risk of heavy metals in soil was assessed by using the method of ground accumulation index. The results showed that the risk of Cu,Zn pollution caused by the long-term application of organic fertilizer was less than that of other fertilization methods when the amount of organic fertilizer was 1 / 3 of the total amount of soil. However, the application of fertilizer may cause the risk of Cu pollution and Zn pollution. The results can provide some theoretical basis and technical support for the passivation of heavy metal copper and zinc in the process of pig manure composting, and have certain guiding significance for the safe application of pig manure compost products.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：浙江大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S141.4

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