【摘要】：水分是影響干旱地區(qū)作物生長(zhǎng)與繁殖的主要的非生物元素。利用作物形態(tài)、生理生化等指標(biāo)來(lái)揭示作物對(duì)干旱的響應(yīng),對(duì)干旱地區(qū)作物育種等研究具有重要的理論意義。采用盆栽種植試驗(yàn),于2014-2016年在蘭州大學(xué)榆中校區(qū)干旱農(nóng)業(yè)試驗(yàn)站進(jìn)行,通過(guò)設(shè)置不同程度的水分處理,測(cè)定小麥的形態(tài)、生理及產(chǎn)量等主要指標(biāo),揭示小麥形態(tài)解剖性狀與典型生理性狀對(duì)產(chǎn)量形成的貢獻(xiàn),以及對(duì)產(chǎn)量形成機(jī)理的探討,主要得出如下結(jié)果:1.干旱脅迫對(duì)兩種根型春小麥水分利用效率和產(chǎn)量形成的影響以大根系小麥和尚頭(HST)和小根系小麥隴春8275(LC8275)為研究材料,采用盆栽試驗(yàn),設(shè)置三個(gè)水分脅迫處理,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),干旱下大根系小麥HST的產(chǎn)量減損率低于小根系LC8275(50%FWC:8.1%11%;35%FWC:44.1%60.4%),而小麥的產(chǎn)量水分利用效率則隨干旱的加劇而提高。同時(shí),異速生長(zhǎng)關(guān)系分析表明,在充分供水情況下,大根系小麥HST的籽粒生物量(R)與營(yíng)養(yǎng)體生物量(V)之間的異速生長(zhǎng)指數(shù)顯著大于1,說(shuō)明HST在生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育過(guò)程中將更多的能量用于籽粒形成,而在干旱下,R-V之間的指數(shù)與1沒(méi)有顯著性差異,呈等速生長(zhǎng)關(guān)系,表明干旱脅迫改變了HST的繁殖分配策略;而LC8275在三個(gè)水分梯度下的R-V之間的指數(shù)與1均沒(méi)有顯著差異,屬于等速生長(zhǎng),干旱脅迫并未改變其繁殖策略,由此得出,HST對(duì)干旱更敏感。2.兩種水分處理對(duì)不同倍體小麥水分利用效率和產(chǎn)量形成的影響以8個(gè)不同倍體的小麥為研究對(duì)象,采用盆栽方法,設(shè)置兩個(gè)水分處理,結(jié)果表明,隨著小麥倍體的增加,小麥產(chǎn)量和水分利用效率均呈增加趨勢(shì)。與充分供水相比,干旱降低了小麥的產(chǎn)量,提高了產(chǎn)量水分利用效率,二四六倍體小麥的產(chǎn)量在中度干旱下分別降低了36%、47.2%、40.1%,產(chǎn)量的水分利用效率(WUEyield)則分別提高了2.1%、4%、4.1%。同時(shí),異速生長(zhǎng)關(guān)系分析表明,在充分供水條件下,六倍體小麥的籽粒產(chǎn)量(R)和營(yíng)養(yǎng)體生物量(V)之間的異速生長(zhǎng)指數(shù)顯著大于1,說(shuō)明六倍體小麥隨著個(gè)體大小的增加,繁殖輸出也增加;而在干旱脅迫下,二倍體小麥R-V的異速生長(zhǎng)指數(shù)顯著大于1,說(shuō)明在干旱下二倍體小麥的產(chǎn)量輸出是隨著個(gè)體大小的增加而增加的。而四倍體小麥在這兩種水分處理下,R-V的異速生長(zhǎng)指數(shù)均與1無(wú)顯著差異,屬于等速生長(zhǎng),由此得出,在不同的水分環(huán)境下,小麥的繁殖分配策略各不相同。3.水分脅迫對(duì)小麥形態(tài)解剖性狀和生理性狀的影響干旱造成小麥產(chǎn)量下降,一方面是干旱改變了生物量分配格局,而另一方面是通過(guò)對(duì)形態(tài)解剖與生理性狀的影響而造成了小麥減產(chǎn)。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),小麥在干旱脅迫下根冠比增加,分蘗數(shù)、株高、穗長(zhǎng)、葉面積、葉生物量以及根生物量出現(xiàn)一定幅度的下降;研究解剖結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),干旱也顯著降低了葉片厚度、表皮厚度、維管束直徑、維管束鞘厚度等;同時(shí)干旱使小麥的脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量顯著增加。根據(jù)前人對(duì)抗旱性的研究,將小麥葉片的脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白等指標(biāo)定義為耐旱性指標(biāo),而將根系生物量、根冠比、株高、葉面積、導(dǎo)管直徑、維管束鞘厚度、維管束直徑、表皮厚度等歸為避旱性指標(biāo)。綜合以上結(jié)果,表明小麥在適應(yīng)干旱脅迫時(shí)采取了耐旱和避旱協(xié)同進(jìn)化的策略。4.干旱脅迫下小麥形態(tài)解剖性狀和生理性狀對(duì)產(chǎn)量形成的差別貢獻(xiàn)小麥對(duì)抗旱的響應(yīng)是從耐旱性和避旱性兩方面體現(xiàn)的,對(duì)小麥干旱下各性狀及產(chǎn)量進(jìn)行主成分分析,結(jié)果表明,干旱下對(duì)小麥產(chǎn)量形成貢獻(xiàn)最大的是形態(tài)性狀指標(biāo),包括有效分蘗數(shù)、各營(yíng)養(yǎng)器官的生物量、有效小穗數(shù)、籽粒數(shù)等;而葉片解剖指標(biāo),如葉片表皮厚度、維管束直徑、導(dǎo)管直徑等和生理性狀指標(biāo)相對(duì)的對(duì)產(chǎn)量形成的貢獻(xiàn)較小;但是隨著小麥倍體的增加,生理性狀和解剖性狀對(duì)產(chǎn)量的影響增大。
[Abstract]:Water is the main non-biological element that affects the growth and reproduction of crops in arid areas. It is of great theoretical significance to study the response of crops to drought, and to study the crop breeding in arid areas. The experiment of pot cultivation was carried out in the arid agricultural test station of Yuzhong campus of Lanzhou University in 2014-2016, and the main indexes such as the morphology, physiology and yield of the wheat were determined by setting different degree of water treatment, and the contribution of the morphological and typical physiological characters of the wheat to the yield formation was revealed. The main results are as follows: 1. The effects of drought stress on water use efficiency and yield of two kinds of root-type spring wheat were studied by pot experiment and three water stress treatments. The yield of wheat HST was lower than that of low root system LC8275 (50% FWC: 8.1% 11%; 35% FWC: 41.1% 60.4%), while the water use efficiency of wheat was increased with the increase of drought. The results showed that, under the condition of full water supply, the growth index between the grain biomass (R) and the vegetative biomass (V) of the large root wheat HST was significantly higher than that of the vegetative biomass (V), indicating that the HST had more energy for grain formation during the growth and development process. In the drought, there was no significant difference between R-V and R-V, which showed that drought stress changed the reproductive allocation strategy of HST, while the index of LC8275 between R-V and R-V in three water gradients was not significantly different, and it was a constant-speed growth. The drought stress did not change its breeding strategy, and the HST was more sensitive to drought. The effects of two kinds of water treatment on the water use efficiency and yield of aneuploid wheat were studied. The yield and water use efficiency of wheat were all increasing. Compared with the full water supply, the drought reduced the yield of wheat, improved the water use efficiency of the yield, and the yield of the two-and-four-six-fold wheat decreased by 36%, 47.2%, 40.1%, respectively, and the water use efficiency (WUE) of the yield increased by 2.1%, 4%, and 4.1%, respectively. The results showed that, under the condition of full water supply, the growth index between grain yield (R) and vegetative biomass (V) of hexaploid wheat was significantly higher than that of 1. In the drought stress, the growth index of the hybrid wheat R-V was significantly higher than that of the diploid wheat, and the output of the diploid wheat was increased with the increase of the individual size. At the same time, the growth index of the R-V was not significantly different from that of the one in the two kinds of water treatment, and belongs to the constant-speed growth, and it is concluded that the reproductive and distribution strategies of the wheat are different in different water environments. The effects of water stress on the morphological and physiological characters of wheat resulted in a decrease in the yield of wheat, on the one hand, the distribution pattern of biomass was changed, on the other hand, the yield of wheat was reduced by the influence of morphological and physiological characters. The results showed that, under the drought stress, the root-to-crown ratio increased, the number of the leaves, the height of the plant, the length of the ear, the leaf area, the leaf biomass and the root biomass of the wheat decreased, and it was found that the drought also significantly reduced the thickness of the blade, the thickness of the skin, the diameter of the vascular bundle, In the same time, the content of proline, soluble sugar and soluble protein of wheat was increased significantly. according to the previous studies on drought resistance, the indexes of proline, soluble sugar, soluble protein and the like of the wheat leaves are defined as drought-resistant indexes, and the root biomass, the root-to-crown ratio, the plant height, the leaf area, the diameter of the catheter, the thickness of the vascular bundle, the diameter of the vascular bundle, The thickness of the skin and the like are classified as the drought-proof index. The result shows that the wheat has the strategy of drought-resistant and drought-resistant and cooperative evolution in adapting to drought stress. The effect of wheat morphological and physiological characters on yield formation under drought stress is the main component analysis of wheat to drought resistance in response to drought resistance and drought resistance, and the results show that, The greatest contribution to the yield of wheat under drought is the index of morphological characters, including the number of effective fractions, the biomass of each vegetative organ, the number of effective small ears, the number of grains, etc., and the anatomical index of the blade, such as the thickness of the blade skin, the diameter of the vascular bundle, The relation between the diameter of the catheter and the index of physiological characters is relatively small, but with the increase of the number of the wheat, the effect of the physiological and anatomical characters on the yield is increased.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：蘭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S512.1

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6 盛浩;旱地小麥根際能產(chǎn)生ACC脫氨酶細(xì)菌多樣性及其接種效應(yīng)的研究[D];西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué);2016年

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9 宋欣;旱地小麥休閑期輪耕對(duì)土壤水分、產(chǎn)量及品質(zhì)的影響[D];山西農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué);2016年

10 梁棟;山西南部旱地小麥產(chǎn)量的差異及氮磷肥的調(diào)控研究[D];山西農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué);2016年

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