本文選題：南極磷蝦 + 拖網(wǎng)性能��； 參考：《上海海洋大學》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：南極磷蝦(Euphausia superba)分類上屬于甲殼類浮游動物,廣泛分布于環(huán)南極大陸架水域,是地球上已知的生物量最大的單種生物,且其體內具有人類全部所需的氨基酸,因具極大的潛在開發(fā)利用價值而備受世界各國的關注。單船中層拖網(wǎng)是捕撈磷蝦的主要作業(yè)方式,我國捕撈漁船使用的磷蝦拖網(wǎng)也從2009年的大網(wǎng)目磷蝦拖網(wǎng)改進為小網(wǎng)目磷蝦拖網(wǎng)。和大網(wǎng)目拖網(wǎng)相比,小網(wǎng)目拖網(wǎng)規(guī)格相對較小,作業(yè)時不會出現(xiàn)如大網(wǎng)目拖網(wǎng)那樣的相互纏繞,操作較為方便簡單,起、放網(wǎng)也較節(jié)省時間。作者曾于2015年和2016年隨我國南極磷蝦捕撈漁船赴南極執(zhí)行農(nóng)業(yè)部南極海洋生物開發(fā)專項相關調查工作,認為我國南極磷蝦捕撈漁船目前使用小網(wǎng)目磷蝦拖網(wǎng)在海上捕撈作業(yè)過程中還存在一些問題,需要展開研究:(1)如何確定網(wǎng)位水層與拖速和曳綱長度的變化,找出其規(guī)律。(2)南極磷蝦具有晝夜垂直移動習性,使得網(wǎng)位的控制有一定的難度,需要通過控制浮沉比配備的同時,還需要知道如何配置重錘的重量才能使得能達到某一水層且網(wǎng)具性能會發(fā)生怎樣的變化?循環(huán)水槽試驗中無法對于重錘影響水層的研究,本章主要是研究重錘對網(wǎng)具性能的影響。(3)網(wǎng)板的擴張性能與網(wǎng)具的配置關系,網(wǎng)具阻力在整個拖曳系統(tǒng)占據(jù)怎樣的地位?對于海上使用的網(wǎng)板按照田內準則制作模型網(wǎng)板,通過拖曳水槽研究網(wǎng)板的阻力與曳綱和速度的變化以及網(wǎng)板在拖網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)中阻力分配情況。(4)南極磷蝦拖網(wǎng)內襯網(wǎng)網(wǎng)衣較多,且內襯網(wǎng)網(wǎng)目較小,雖然捕撈產(chǎn)量效果較為理想,但阻力較大可能會使得能耗會增大。因此,內襯網(wǎng)的線面積對網(wǎng)具性能的影響也是值得研究的問題。(5)完成模型試驗后對比海上實際測量的網(wǎng)具阻力和網(wǎng)口高度的變化與拖速和曳綱長度的關系,研究海上實測和模型試驗的南極磷蝦拖網(wǎng)性能。上述(1)的問題和下述(1)的試驗結果是基于作者于2015年2月-7月在青島遠洋捕撈有限公司“明開輪”在南極執(zhí)行項目時海上拖網(wǎng)試驗收集的數(shù)據(jù),通過研究分析得出網(wǎng)位變動與拖速和曳綱間的關系,試驗網(wǎng)記為1號拖網(wǎng)。上述(2)、(3)、(4)、(5)四項研究的問題和下述(2)、(3)、(4)、(5)的試驗結果均是基于作者于2016年1月至5月在中國水產(chǎn)有限公司“龍騰輪”的執(zhí)行南極磷蝦項目時,對漁船所使用的拖網(wǎng)完成實際海上測試后發(fā)現(xiàn)的一些主要問題,并通過模型試驗研究得出的主要結果,試驗網(wǎng)可記為2號拖網(wǎng)。本文通過海上實際生產(chǎn)時的拖網(wǎng)捕撈數(shù)據(jù),結合東京海洋大學循環(huán)水槽和日本水產(chǎn)工學研究所拖曳水槽模型試驗,得到的主要結果如下:(1)南極磷蝦拖網(wǎng)(Net 1)的網(wǎng)位變化主要由曳綱長度決定,曳綱每增加20 m,網(wǎng)位深度平均下降約1.9 m,曳綱長度對磷蝦拖網(wǎng)網(wǎng)位的影響極顯著(p0.01)。拖速由低速(1.0 Kn)增至高速(3.0 Kn)時,網(wǎng)位平均上升速率約2.9m/Kn,網(wǎng)口高度平均降低19.8%。拖速對網(wǎng)位和網(wǎng)口高度的影響顯著(p0.05)。網(wǎng)位調節(jié)至穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)需要一定時間,一般平均需要3 min。(2)拖網(wǎng)袖端水平擴張與下綱長度之比(L/S)的改變導致網(wǎng)具阻力的變化幅度較小,而改變拖速時網(wǎng)具阻力的變化幅度較大。水平擴張比(L/S)和拖速對網(wǎng)具阻力、網(wǎng)口高度均存在顯著影響(p0.05)。在不同水平擴張下,拖速從1.5 Kn增加到3.5 Kn時,網(wǎng)具阻力平均增大41.19%,且隨著拖速的增大,網(wǎng)具阻力的增大幅度減小;隨著水平擴張的增大,盡管網(wǎng)具阻力的增大幅度也隨之增大,但增大幅度不大,平均不到1%(0.925%)。在拖速分別為1.5 Kn、2.0 Kn和2.5 Kn時,網(wǎng)口最優(yōu)形狀均為L/S=0.55時;拖速為3.0 Kn和3.5 Kn時,網(wǎng)口最優(yōu)形狀均為L/S=0.40時,表明在較高速度拖曳時,對網(wǎng)口的水平擴張要求不需要太大。(3)改變重錘重量對網(wǎng)口高度、網(wǎng)具阻力和能耗系數(shù)的變化存在顯著性影響(p0.05)。改變重錘重量主要是為了調節(jié)南極磷蝦拖網(wǎng)的捕撈作業(yè)水層。實際生產(chǎn)時,船長一般根據(jù)磷蝦棲息水層晝夜垂直移動的特點,白天和晚上均要調整重錘的重量。結果表明,配置300kg重錘時,網(wǎng)口高度提高了約3.08%(對比未加重錘),重錘重量從300 kg增加到600 kg,網(wǎng)口高度變化幅度較小,但是隨著重錘重量的增加,拖網(wǎng)能耗系數(shù)降低,裝配300 kg和600 kg重錘時的能耗系數(shù)變化曲線相差很小。故可認為,在保證網(wǎng)具能達到預設的水層時可以不需要配置過重的重錘以便起網(wǎng)時方便操作。(4)內襯網(wǎng)線面積的變化對網(wǎng)具阻力和網(wǎng)口高度具有極顯著影響(p0.01)。隨著拖速的增大,內襯網(wǎng)線面積的變化對網(wǎng)具阻力的變化幅度會增大,對應的能耗系數(shù)也呈現(xiàn)相同的規(guī)律。在低拖速(V≤2.0 Kn)和較低的水平擴張時,在保證磷蝦不會通過網(wǎng)目擠壓或逃逸的前提下,可考慮將內襯網(wǎng)的線面積比優(yōu)化為16.93%,即由網(wǎng)身第四段開始附加內襯網(wǎng)會更有利于捕撈效率的提高和降低能耗。(5)拖曳水槽試驗的拖網(wǎng)阻力隨拖速的變化在拖速低于2.5 Kn和海上實測拖網(wǎng)阻力基本相等,在拖速高于2.5 Kn時拖曳水槽試驗的拖網(wǎng)阻力明顯大于海上實測的拖網(wǎng)阻力,拖曳水槽試驗的拖網(wǎng)阻力比海上實測的拖網(wǎng)阻力平均大8.76%,而通過循環(huán)水槽試驗得出的網(wǎng)具阻力平均比拖曳水槽試驗的拖網(wǎng)阻力大21.74%,比海上實測的拖網(wǎng)阻力平均大31.61%。雖然試驗網(wǎng)板在低拖速(V≤2.0 Kn)時水平擴張很小,但在拖速超過2.0 Kn時網(wǎng)口擴張還是可以滿足磷蝦拖網(wǎng)作業(yè)特性的。當然為了能夠保證在低拖速時網(wǎng)具也能達到較好的網(wǎng)形效果,對于低拖速,較大擴張的網(wǎng)板開發(fā)也是非常有意義的。因此,在接下來的拖網(wǎng)優(yōu)化試驗中,應該考慮將網(wǎng)具模型再變大,將主尺度縮小,擴大網(wǎng)板模型有利于對網(wǎng)板真是情況進行較好的了解和試驗,降低模型失真帶來的誤差。通過在三種試驗條件下的拖網(wǎng)阻力與拖速的關系擬合優(yōu)化公式為:R=135.06V~(1.4706)(R~2=0.9099)。
[Abstract]:The Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) belongs to the crustacean zooplankton, widely distributed in the waters of the Antarctic continental shelf. It is the largest single species known on the earth, and has all the amino acids needed in the human body. It has attracted much attention from all countries in the world because of its great potential value for exploitation and utilization. It is the main mode of fishing for krill, and the krill trawl used by fishing boats is also improved from the large mesh krill trawl in 2009 to the small mesh krill trawl. Compared with the big mesh trawl, the size of the small mesh trawl is relatively small, and the operation will not appear as a big mesh trawl. In 2015 and 2016, the author went to the Antarctic to carry out a special investigation on the Antarctic marine biological development of the Ministry of agriculture with the fishing boat of the Antarctic krill to the Antarctic in 2015 and 2016. It is considered that there are still some problems in the process of using the small krill fishing boat in the fishing operation of the small mesh krill trawling. (1) How to determine the change of the net position water layer and the change of the drag speed and the length of the traction class. (2) the Antarctic krill has a diurnal vertical movement habit, which makes the control of the network bit difficult. It needs to know how to configure the weight of the heavy hammer to reach a certain water layer and the performance of the net. How does life change? In the cycle test, there is no study on the impact of heavy hammer on the water layer. This chapter mainly studies the impact of the heavy hammer on the performance of the net gear. (3) the relationship between the expansion performance of the net plate and the configuration of the nets, and how the net resistance is occupied by the whole towing system? Through the towing sink to study the resistance of the net plate and the change of the drag and speed and the distribution of the resistance of the net plate in the trawl system. (4) the Antarctic krill trawl netting net clothing is more, and the net mesh net mesh is small. Although the fishing output is more ideal, the greater resistance may increase the energy consumption. Therefore, the line area of the inner lining net is the same. The effects of the performance of the nets are also worthy of study. (5) after completing the model test, the relationship between the resistance of the net and the height of the net and the length of the towing length of the mesh are compared, and the performance of the Antarctic krill trawl is studied. The problems mentioned above (1) and the results of the following (1) are based on the author's 2015 The data collected by the sea trawl test during the Qingdao ocean fishing Co., Ltd. in the -7 month of February, was collected by the trawl test in the Antarctic execution project. Through research and analysis, the relationship between the change of the net position and the drag speed and the drag class was obtained. The test network was recorded as No. 1 trawl. The above (2), (3), (4), (5) four research problems and the following (3), (4), (5) test results were all On the basis of the author's implementation of the Antarctic krill project from January 2016 to May, the main results of the trawl trawl used by the fishing vessel were found after the actual marine test was completed, and the main results obtained through the model test study could be recorded as 2 trawl. The main results are as follows: (1) the main results are as follows: (1) the network position of the Antarctic krill trawl (Net 1) is mainly determined by the length of the tracer, the traction is increased by 20 m, the depth of the net position decreases about 1.9 m, and the length of the tracer to the trawl net of the krill The effect is very significant (P0.01). When the tow speed is increased from low speed (1 Kn) to high speed (3 Kn), the average rise rate of the net position is about 2.9m/Kn, and the average decrease of the 19.8%. tow speed on the network position and the height of the net is significant (P0.05). The net position adjustment to the stable state needs a certain time, and the average need for the average 3 min. (2) trawl sleeve end horizontal expansion and the lower class The change of the length ratio (L/S) leads to a small change in the resistance of the net, and the change of the resistance of the net is larger. The horizontal expansion ratio (L/S) and the tow speed have significant effect on the net gear resistance and the net height (P0.05). When the drag speed increases from 1.5 Kn to 3.5 Kn, the drag of the net increases by 41.19%, and the drag speed increases by 41.19%. With the increase of the drag speed, the increase of the resistance is reduced, and with the increase of the horizontal expansion, the increase of the resistance of the net is increased, but the increase is not 1% (0.925%). The optimum shape of the net is L/S=0.55 when the tachow is 1.5 Kn, 2 Kn and 2.5 Kn, and the net mouth is optimal when the tow speed is 3 Kn and 3.5 Kn. When the shape is L/S=0.40, it is shown that the horizontal expansion of the mesh mouth is not needed too much at the high speed drag. (3) the change of the weight of the heavy hammer on the height of the net, the change of the resistance and the energy consumption coefficient (P0.05). The weight of the heavy hammer is mainly to adjust the fishing water layer of the Antarctic krill trawl. The captain generally adjusts the weight of the heavy hammer in the daytime and night according to the characteristics of the diurnal and night vertical movement of the krill habitat. The result shows that when the 300kg weight is configured, the height of the net mouth is about 3.08% (contrasted without weight), the weight of the heavy hammer increases from 300 kg to 600 kg, and the height of the net mouth is small, but as the weight of the heavy hammer increases, the trawler is trawling. The energy consumption coefficient is reduced, and the variation curve of the energy consumption coefficient of the assembly of 300 kg and 600 kg weight hammer is very small. Therefore, it can be considered that the heavy weight of the heavy hammer can be not needed to ensure the convenient operation when the net is able to reach the preset water layer. (4) the change of the net line area of the inner lining has a very significant influence on the resistance of the net and the height of the net (P0.01). With the increase of the trailing speed, the change amplitude of the net line area will increase, and the corresponding energy consumption coefficient also presents the same rule. At the low drag speed (V < 2 Kn) and the low level expansion, the line area ratio of the inner liner can be optimized to 16.93% under the premise that the krill will not be squeezed or escaped through the mesh. At the beginning of the fourth segment of the net, the additional inner lining will be more beneficial to the increase of fishing efficiency and reduce the energy consumption. (5) the drag of trawl in the trawl test is basically equal to the drag speed less than 2.5 Kn and the trawl resistance at sea, and the trawling resistance of the trawler test at the towing speed is higher than 2.5 Kn is obviously larger than the towing drag at sea. Net drag, trawl drag resistance of trawl test is 8.76% higher than that measured at sea, and the drag of the net is 21.74% higher than that of the towed tank test, which is higher than that of the towed water trough test. It is 31.61%. larger than the measured trawl resistance at sea, although the horizontal expansion of the test net plate is very small at low drag speed (V < 2 Kn). However, when the tow speed is more than 2 Kn, the expansion of the mesh can still satisfy the krill trawl performance. Of course, in order to ensure that the net can achieve better net effect at low drag speed, the development of the larger expanse is also very meaningful for low tow speed. Therefore, the net gear should be considered in the trawl optimization test. The model becomes larger, the main scale is reduced, and the expansion of the mesh model is beneficial to the better understanding and test of the net plate, and the error caused by the model distortion is reduced. The optimum formula is R=135.06V~ (1.4706) (R~2=0.9099) through the relationship between the drag of trawl and the drag speed under the three test conditions.
【學位授予單位】：上海海洋大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S972.13

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