本文選題：柑橘 + 防蟲網(wǎng)��； 參考：《西南大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：黃龍病是對(duì)全球柑橘產(chǎn)業(yè)造成毀滅性的主要病害。我國最早在廣東潮汕地區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn),之后在四川攀枝花、江西贛州和云南等19個(gè)省市柑橘產(chǎn)區(qū)均發(fā)現(xiàn)該病。目前,仍然沒有能夠完全抗黃龍病的柑橘砧木和品種,該病主要是以帶病木虱取食柑橘嫩葉后感染植株。因此,如何高效防治木虱是防控黃龍病的有效途徑,生產(chǎn)上主要采取在新梢抽發(fā)期噴布農(nóng)藥殺死木虱,噴藥次數(shù)為12~20次/年,對(duì)柑橘果實(shí)安全生產(chǎn)有很大的隱患。近年來,江西省贛州、四川省攀枝花柑橘產(chǎn)區(qū)已經(jīng)小規(guī)模地利用防蟲網(wǎng)來隔離木虱,這種栽培模式可大幅度減少噴藥次數(shù)和節(jié)省勞動(dòng)力,生產(chǎn)上推廣速度很快。但有關(guān)柑橘防蟲網(wǎng)栽培的研究還少見報(bào)道。本研究以重慶北碚、江西贛南和四川攀枝花三個(gè)不同生態(tài)區(qū)防蟲網(wǎng)覆蓋下的臍橙為試驗(yàn)材料,研究防蟲網(wǎng)栽培下環(huán)境因子、樹體物候期、光合速率、果實(shí)產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的變化,主要結(jié)果如下:1、防蟲網(wǎng)栽培對(duì)環(huán)境因子的影響(1)對(duì)柑橘樹冠溫度的影響:年平均溫和晴天日平均溫均較對(duì)照低,且晴天較雨天的溫差更大。如重慶40目、50目和60目年平均溫分別比對(duì)照降低0.11℃、0.08℃、0.06℃,晴天日平均溫分別降低0.31℃、0.23℃和0.23℃,雨天日平均溫40目比對(duì)照降低0.07℃,而50目和60目分別比對(duì)照高0.22℃和0.17℃,晴天的日平均溫差分別比對(duì)照低1.52℃、1.29℃和1.58℃,雨天的日平均溫差分別比對(duì)照低0.21℃、0.05℃和0.08℃;同樣江西贛南和四川攀枝花40目年平均溫分別比對(duì)照低0.58℃和0.01℃。經(jīng)方差分析表明,各處理與對(duì)照之間的年平均溫,晴、雨天日平均溫度和溫差均無顯著差異。(2)對(duì)柑橘樹冠相對(duì)濕度的影響:結(jié)果表明,與對(duì)照相比,相對(duì)濕度均比對(duì)照要高,且晴天較雨天更高。重慶40目、50目和60目年平均相對(duì)濕度分別比對(duì)照升高1.26%、1.27%和2.08%。江西贛南和四川攀枝花年平均相對(duì)濕度分別比對(duì)照高1.06%和7.65%。經(jīng)方差分析表明,各處理與對(duì)照之間相對(duì)濕度無顯著差異。(3)對(duì)柑橘樹冠光照強(qiáng)度的影響:不同處理較對(duì)照相比,均顯著降低了光照強(qiáng)度。重慶40目、50目和60目年平均光照強(qiáng)度分別比對(duì)照降低39.9%、50.4%和67.2%;江西贛南和攀枝花分別比對(duì)照降低4.90%和28.0%。(4)對(duì)柑橘土壤溫度的影響:與對(duì)照相比,防蟲網(wǎng)栽培均降低了土壤溫度。重慶40目、50目和60目年平均土壤溫度分別比對(duì)照降低0.22℃、0.33℃、0.92℃,晴天日平均溫差分別比對(duì)照低5.05℃、4.94℃和5.89℃,雨天日平均溫差分別比對(duì)照低0.88℃、0.87℃和0.91℃。經(jīng)方差分析表明,各處理與對(duì)照之間土壤年平均溫度、晴天和雨天土壤日平均溫度以及溫差均無顯著性差異2、防蟲網(wǎng)栽培對(duì)花期的影響防蟲網(wǎng)栽培對(duì)朋娜臍橙的物候期無顯著影響,40目和50目的始花期、盛花期、終花期和花期一致,除盛花期比對(duì)照早3d之外,其他指標(biāo)無差異;60目防蟲網(wǎng)處理的始花期和盛花期分別比對(duì)照早2d和5d,終花期遲2d,花期延長4d。3、防蟲網(wǎng)栽培對(duì)臍橙新梢生長的影響防蟲網(wǎng)栽培下朋娜臍橙新梢數(shù)量顯著減少,但莖粗、節(jié)間長度和葉片數(shù)均顯著增加。新梢數(shù)量較對(duì)照減少0.85枝,而莖粗、節(jié)間長度和葉片數(shù)分別增加3.63 cm、0.74 mm和0.77片,新梢長度與對(duì)照無顯著差異(60目除外)。4、防蟲網(wǎng)栽培對(duì)葉片的影響(1)對(duì)春梢葉片葉綠素含量的影響:防蟲網(wǎng)內(nèi)當(dāng)年生春梢葉片葉綠素含量(SPAD值)均顯著高于對(duì)照,40目、50目和60目葉片SPAD值分別為60.44、61.32和60.98,而對(duì)照僅為44.54。(2)對(duì)不同枝梢葉片葉綠素的影響:防蟲網(wǎng)栽培均提高了葉片SPAD值,且秋梢葉營養(yǎng)枝葉結(jié)果枝葉。對(duì)于結(jié)果枝葉片,40目、50目、60目和對(duì)照SPAD值分別為78.92、79.54、80.78和77.65;而營養(yǎng)枝葉片相應(yīng)SPAD值分別為82.41、82.98、85.23和80.94,秋梢葉片SPAD值分別為83.13、84.82、85.36和83.77。除60目營養(yǎng)枝SPAD值與對(duì)照有顯著差異外,其余差異不顯著。(3)對(duì)葉片厚度和葉面積的影響:防蟲網(wǎng)栽培均使臍橙葉片厚度降低,葉片面積增加,且秋梢葉營養(yǎng)枝葉結(jié)果枝葉,但與對(duì)照均無顯著差異。營養(yǎng)枝、結(jié)果枝和秋梢葉片厚度分別比對(duì)照降低0.003mm、0.005 mm和0.01 mm,葉面積分別增加127.70 mm2、199.82 mm2和570.26 mm2。5、防蟲網(wǎng)栽培對(duì)光合作用的影響隨防蟲網(wǎng)目數(shù)的增加,朋娜臍橙葉片凈光合速率顯著降低。40目、50目、60目的凈光合速率分別比對(duì)照(8.36μmol·m-2·s-1)降低了15.4%、22.9%和25.1%。6、防蟲網(wǎng)栽培對(duì)產(chǎn)量的影響結(jié)果表明,重慶防蟲網(wǎng)栽培顯著降低了朋娜臍橙的產(chǎn)量。40目、50目、60目防蟲網(wǎng)的產(chǎn)量分別比對(duì)照(36.0 kg)降低了22.0%、60.9%和75.1%;落果率分別比對(duì)照(21.5%)升高12.9%、125.3%和211.9%。江西贛南防蟲網(wǎng)栽培顯著降低了紐荷爾和龍回紅的產(chǎn)量,產(chǎn)量分別比對(duì)照降低了23.5%和23.3%。7、防蟲網(wǎng)栽培對(duì)果實(shí)品質(zhì)的影響(1)對(duì)果實(shí)外在品質(zhì)的影響:防蟲網(wǎng)栽培對(duì)臍橙外在品質(zhì)均無顯著影響。朋娜臍橙單果重、皮厚、果實(shí)亮度和黃色度分別比對(duì)照增加0.8%~2.8%、1.1%~6.4%、1.0%~1.6%和0.7%~0.8%,紅色度和果形指數(shù)分別比對(duì)照降低4.1%~10.8%和0.8%~3.1%;贛南紐荷爾臍橙單果重較對(duì)照分別增加28.9%,皮厚、果實(shí)亮度、紅色度、黃色度和果形指數(shù)分別降低3.2%、0.5%、5.4%、0.7%和0.6%.(2)對(duì)果實(shí)內(nèi)在品質(zhì)的影響:總體來講,防蟲網(wǎng)栽培使臍橙的內(nèi)在品質(zhì)固形物(TSS)和固酸比(TSS/TA)有所降低,維生素C(Vc)和可滴定酸(TA)沒有明顯的變化規(guī)律,但均無顯著差異。朋娜臍橙TSS、Vc和TSS/TA分別比對(duì)照降低1.7%~12.2%、5.2%~9.5%和6.6%~14.1%,可食率和TA較對(duì)照分別升高2.2%~2.8%和1.3%~4.3%;江西贛南紐荷爾TSS和TSS/TA分別比對(duì)照降低7.0%和9.9%,可食率、TA和Vc分別比對(duì)照增加1.1%、4.0%和2.0%。
[Abstract]:Huanglong disease is a major devastating disease in the global citrus industry. China was found early in Guangdong Chaoshan region, and then found the disease in 19 provinces and cities of Sichuan, Panzhihua, Jiangxi Ganzhou and Yunnan. At present, there is still no tangerine stock and variety that can completely resist Yellow Dragon disease. Therefore, it is an effective way to prevent and control the Yellow Dragon disease effectively. The production is mainly to kill the lice by spraying pesticide in the new shoot period. The number of spraying times is 12~20 times per year. In recent years, the citrus production area of Ganzhou in Jiangxi province and Panzhihua in Panzhihua of Sichuan Province have been small scale. The insect net is used to isolate the lice. This cultivation model can greatly reduce the number of spraying and save the labor force, and the production speed is very fast. However, there are few reports on the cultivation of Citrus insect proof net. This study takes the navel orange under three different ecological zones in Beibei, Jiangxi, Jiangxi and Panzhihua of Sichuan as experimental material. The main results were as follows: 1, the influence of the insect net cultivation on the environmental factors (1) on the canopy temperature of Citrus: the average temperature of the annual average mild sunny day was lower than that of the control, and the temperature difference between the sunny day and the rainy day was greater. For example, 40 orders and 50 orders in Chongqing. The average temperature of the 60 orders and the annual average temperature decreased by 0.11, 0.08 and 0.06, respectively, by 0.31, 0.23 and 0.23, and the average temperature 40 of the rainy day was 0.07 degrees lower than that of the control, while the average temperature difference between 50 and 60 orders was higher than that of the control, and the average temperature difference between the day and the day was lower than the control, respectively, and the daily average temperature difference was lower than the control, respectively. The average temperature difference was 0.21, 0.05 and 0.08 degrees lower than that of the control. The average annual temperature of 40 orders in southern Jiangxi and Sichuan Panzhihua was 0.58 and 0.01 lower than the control. The analysis of variance showed that there was no significant difference between the average temperature and the average temperature and the daily temperature and temperature difference between the treatments and the control. (2) the effect of the relative humidity on the citrus crown. The results showed that compared with the control, the relative humidity was higher than the control, and the sunny day was higher than the rain. The annual average relative humidity of Chongqing 40 orders, 50 orders and 60 orders was 1.26% higher than the control, 1.27% and 2.08%. Jiangxi Jiangxi and Sichuan Panzhihua annual average relative humidity was 1.06% higher than the control, respectively, and the analysis of variance analysis showed that each treatment and control were compared. There was no significant difference in relative humidity. (3) the effect on the light intensity of Citrus canopy: the light intensity decreased significantly compared with the photo ratio. The annual mean light intensity of Chongqing 40, 50 order and 60 orders decreased by 39.9%, 50.4% and 67.2%, respectively, in southern Jiangxi and Panzhihua, respectively, by 4.90% and 28.0%. (4) to citrus soil temperature, respectively. The average soil temperature of 40 orders, 50 orders and 60 orders in Chongqing decreased by 0.22, 0.33, 0.92, respectively, at 5.05, 4.94 and 5.89, respectively, at 4.94 and 5.89, respectively, and the average temperature difference was 0.88, 0.87 and 0.91, respectively lower than the control, respectively. The analysis showed that the annual average temperature of soil between the treatment and the control had no significant difference between the average temperature and the temperature difference between the sunny and the rainy days. The effect of insect net cultivation on the flowering period had no significant influence on the Phenophase of the navel orange. The flowering period, the flowering period, the final flowering period and the flowering period were the same, except for the flowering period ratio of the 40 order and 50 purposes. Compared with early 3D, there were no differences in other indexes. The initial flowering period and the flowering period of the 60 mesh insect resistant net treatment were 2D and 5D earlier than the control. The final flowering period was late 2D and the flowering period extended 4d.3. The number of new shoots of navel orange in the cultivation of navel orange shoots decreased significantly, but the stem diameter, the length of internode and the number of leaves increased significantly. The number of stems was reduced by 0.85 branches, while the stem diameter, internode length and number of leaves increased by 3.63 cm, 0.74 mm and 0.77 respectively. There was no significant difference between the length of the shoot and the control (except 60 orders),.4, the effect of the insect net cultivation on the leaf chlorophyll content (1): the chlorophyll content (SPAD value) of the leaves of the spring shoots was significantly higher in the insect net. In the control, the SPAD values of the leaves of 40 orders, 50 orders and 60 orders were 60.44,61.32 and 60.98 respectively, while the control was only 44.54. (2) on the chlorophyll of the leaves of different shoot shoots. The leaf SPAD value of the leaves was increased by the insect proof net cultivation, and the autumn shoot leaves were nutritious branches and leaves. For the result branches, 40 orders, 50 orders, 60 orders and the control SPAD values were 78.92,79.54,80.78 and 77, respectively. .65, while the corresponding SPAD values of the vegetative branches were 82.41,82.98,85.23 and 80.94, and the SPAD values of the autumn shoots were respectively 83.13,84.82,85.36 and 83.77., and the SPAD values of the vegetative branches of the 60 orders were not significant. (3) the effect on the leaf thickness and leaf area: the leaf thickness of the navel orange was reduced and the leaf area increased. In addition, there was no significant difference between the branches and leaves of the autumn shoots and leaves, but there was no significant difference between the leaves and the control. The vegetative branches and the leaf thickness of the result branches and autumn shoots decreased by 0.003mm, 0.005 mm and 0.01 mm respectively, and the leaf area increased by 127.70 mm2199.82 mm2 and 570.26 mm2.5 respectively. The net photosynthetic rate of leaves significantly decreased.40, 50 mesh and 60 net photosynthetic rate decreased by 15.4%, 22.9% and 25.1%.6 respectively compared with the control (8.36 Mu mol. M-2. S-1). The effect of insect proof net cultivation on yield showed that Chongqing insect net cultivation significantly reduced the yield.40, 50 orders, and 60 mesh insect nets (36 kg), respectively. The decrease of 22%, 60.9% and 75.1%, the increase of fruit dropping rate by 12.9%, 125.3% and 211.9%. in southern Jiangxi Province, the yield of new helper and dragon Hui red was significantly reduced, the yield was reduced by 23.5% and 23.3%.7, respectively, compared with the control, and the effect of insect net cultivation on fruit quality (1) on the external quality of fruit: insect resistant net cultivation The single fruit weight, skin thickness, fruit brightness and yellow degree of Punna navel orange increased 0.8%~2.8%, 1.1%~6.4%, 1.0%~1.6% and 0.7%~0.8% respectively, and the red and fruit shape index decreased 4.1%~10.8% and 0.8%~3.1% respectively compared with the control, and the single fruit weight of navel orange in South Jiangxi increased by 28.9%, skin thickness and fruit brightness respectively. The effect of red, yellow and fruit shape index decreased by 3.2%, 0.5%, 5.4%, 0.7% and 0.6%. (2) on the internal quality of fruit. In general, the internal quality solid (TSS) and solid acid ratio (TSS/TA) of navel orange were reduced, vitamin C (Vc) and titratable acid (TA) were not obviously changed, but no significant difference was found. Orange TSS, Vc and TSS/TA lower 1.7%~12.2%, 5.2%~9.5% and 6.6%~14.1% respectively than the control. The edible rate and TA increase respectively 2.2%~2.8% and 1.3%~4.3%, respectively, and the TSS and TSS/TA in southern Jiangxi, southern Jiangxi, were 7% and 9.9% lower than those of the control, respectively.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S666

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