本文選題：無損檢測　切入點(diǎn)：激光技術(shù)　出處：《南京航空航天大學(xué)》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：開展面向航空結(jié)構(gòu)的損傷檢測方法研究是預(yù)防重大事故發(fā)生、提高飛行器經(jīng)濟(jì)效益、降低維護(hù)成本的重要手段。然而,常用的無損檢測方法多以接觸式的方式對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行檢測,對(duì)于具有復(fù)雜曲面形式的航空結(jié)構(gòu),傳統(tǒng)無損檢測技術(shù)難以滿足高自動(dòng)化程度和高檢測效率的要求。針對(duì)這一問題,本文開展了基于激光技術(shù)的非接觸式、遠(yuǎn)距離無損檢測方法研究。該方法的實(shí)質(zhì)是采用激光傳感或激光激勵(lì)的方式提取損傷引起的結(jié)構(gòu)動(dòng)態(tài)響應(yīng)變化,從而對(duì)損傷的位置和程度進(jìn)行評(píng)估。在檢測過程中,激光光路經(jīng)過偏轉(zhuǎn)鏡的反射落在待測結(jié)構(gòu)的表面。通過改變反射鏡的轉(zhuǎn)角就能夠非常方便地實(shí)現(xiàn)激光大范圍的移動(dòng)和掃描。因此,該技術(shù)適合應(yīng)用在檢測面積很大的航空結(jié)構(gòu)中。本文具體從激光振動(dòng)和激光超聲兩個(gè)方面進(jìn)行無損檢測方法的研究。首先,激光振動(dòng)損傷檢測方法利用結(jié)構(gòu)的低頻振動(dòng)響應(yīng),能夠?qū)p傷出現(xiàn)的位置進(jìn)行識(shí)別;其次,采用激光超聲損傷檢測方法,激勵(lì)結(jié)構(gòu)中的高頻Lamb波信號(hào),實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)損傷具體形貌的成像。論文從理論推導(dǎo)、數(shù)值仿真、系統(tǒng)搭建和實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證等多個(gè)方面開展了深入的研究,主要工作和創(chuàng)新點(diǎn)如下:1.提出了基于稀疏邊界測量技術(shù)的虛擬激勵(lì)檢測方法。①建立了虛擬激勵(lì)法在"弱"形式下的檢測原理;②推導(dǎo)了損傷特征因子與虛擬單元邊界振動(dòng)響應(yīng)之間的關(guān)系;③提出了激勵(lì)頻率和權(quán)函數(shù)的選擇方法,避免了算法中使用數(shù)值差分求解振動(dòng)位移高階導(dǎo)數(shù)的過程;④采用數(shù)值仿真的手段驗(yàn)證了所提出方法的檢測效果。這部分研究主要解決了傳統(tǒng)嚴(yán)格形式下虛擬激勵(lì)法抗噪能力弱的缺點(diǎn),并采用了虛擬單元?jiǎng)澐值姆绞?通過離散單元檢測的手段減少了測量的點(diǎn)數(shù)。2.建立了激光振動(dòng)與含金屬芯壓電纖維智能夾層組合的損傷檢測系統(tǒng)。①以基于稀疏邊界測量技術(shù)的損傷檢測方法為理論基礎(chǔ),結(jié)合了激光多普勒測振和含金屬芯壓電纖維智能夾層兩種測量方式進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)搭建;②提出了含金屬芯壓電纖維智能夾層的封裝方法及其標(biāo)定流程;③通過歐拉-伯努利梁的實(shí)驗(yàn),驗(yàn)證了所提出方法的有效性。這部分研究主要解決了結(jié)構(gòu)分布式高頻應(yīng)變的測量問題,并采用多傳感系統(tǒng)融合的方式實(shí)現(xiàn)了虛擬單元邊界振動(dòng)情況的測量,實(shí)現(xiàn)了所提出檢測方法的應(yīng)用。3.提出了基于Lamb波波場數(shù)據(jù)分析的損傷成像方法。①在激光超聲檢測技術(shù)獲取結(jié)構(gòu)中Lamb波傳播波場數(shù)據(jù)的基礎(chǔ)上,建立了損傷附近Lamb波傳播的簡化模型;②提出了基于小波變換的Lamb波干涉能量提取算法;③提出了基于入射波異常信號(hào)能量提取的損傷成像方法。通過這部分內(nèi)容的研究,從理論上分析了損傷對(duì)Lamb波傳播產(chǎn)生的影響,并提取了能夠用于表征損傷位置和形狀的特征因子,為激光超聲檢測系統(tǒng)的建立與損傷成像技術(shù)的實(shí)施奠定了基礎(chǔ)。4.研制了激光超聲損傷檢測系統(tǒng)。①采用二維掃描振鏡控制脈沖激光在待測結(jié)構(gòu)表面的掃描,實(shí)現(xiàn)了可移動(dòng)的Lamb波激勵(lì)方式。利用聲發(fā)射傳感器和激光多普勒測振儀對(duì)固定位置的Lamb波響應(yīng)信號(hào)進(jìn)行獲取,通過聲學(xué)互易原理,實(shí)現(xiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)中Lamb波傳播過程的可視化;②從面向?qū)嶋H工程應(yīng)用的角度,開發(fā)了一套綜合硬件驅(qū)動(dòng)、掃描控制、信號(hào)處理和數(shù)據(jù)分析等功能的系統(tǒng)管理軟件;③實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證了該系統(tǒng)能夠在金屬和復(fù)合材料結(jié)構(gòu)中實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)化的Lamb波傳播數(shù)據(jù)采集,并成功地在飛機(jī)機(jī)翼結(jié)構(gòu)中得到了驗(yàn)證。5.開展了激光超聲無損檢測技術(shù)的應(yīng)用與驗(yàn)證。①對(duì)典型的金屬和復(fù)合材料結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行了損傷成像方法的實(shí)施,實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果驗(yàn)證了所提出方法在損傷成像分辨率上的提高;②實(shí)驗(yàn)研究了損傷延伸方向與損傷深度對(duì)檢測效果的影響;③結(jié)合激光超聲檢測系統(tǒng)和疲勞拉伸試驗(yàn)系統(tǒng)對(duì)復(fù)合材料不同疲勞載荷周期數(shù)下的波場進(jìn)行了獲取,建立了 Lamb波傳播相速度、傳播衰減率和模態(tài)能量分布比與疲勞周期數(shù)間的關(guān)系。這部分研究解決了激光超聲無損檢測技術(shù)在實(shí)際應(yīng)用過程中所面臨的難題,為損傷識(shí)別和復(fù)合材料的疲勞評(píng)估提供了良好的實(shí)驗(yàn)基礎(chǔ)。
[Abstract]:Study on damage detection method for aircraft structure is to prevent the occurrence of major accidents, improve vehicle economic efficiency, reduce the maintenance cost of the important means. However, nondestructive testing methods commonly used to contact the structure to detect the aircraft structure with complex surface form, the traditional nondestructive testing technology is difficult to meet the high degree of automation and the high detection efficiency. Aiming at this problem, this paper carried out the non-contact laser technology based on the research on nondestructive testing methods of long distance. The essence of the method is the use of laser sensors or laser excitation methods to extract damage structural dynamic response caused by changes in order to assess the location and extent of damage in the detection process., laser light reflected by mirror deflection falls on the surface to be measured. The structure through the corner reflector can be changed conveniently A large range of laser scanning and mobile. Therefore, this technique is suitable for application in the aviation structure detection area of great. This paper studied the NDT methods from two aspects of laser vibration and laser ultrasonic detection method. Firstly, the laser vibration damage by low frequency vibration structure dynamic response, able to identify the location of damage; secondly, using the ultrasonic detection method of laser damage, high frequency Lamb wave excitation structure, to achieve the specific morphology. The imaging damage from theoretical derivation, numerical simulation, carried out in-depth research on many aspects of system construction and experimental verification, the main work and innovation are as follows: 1. put forward the virtual excitation detection method sparse boundary measurement based on the detection principle. Established in the "weak" form of the virtual excitation method; the deduced damage characteristic factor and virtual boundary element vibration response The relationship between; the method is proposed to select the excitation frequency and weight function, to avoid the poor process of solving vibration displacement of high order derivative using numerical algorithm; the numerical simulations verify that the proposed detection method. This research is mainly to solve the pseudo excitation method is the traditional form of strict anti noise the ability of the weak, and the use of virtual cell division, through the discrete unit detection means to reduce the measurement points.2. established laser vibration and metal core piezoelectric damage detection system of electric fiber smart layer combination. With the damage detection method based on sparse boundary measurement technology as the theoretical basis, combined with laser Doppler the vibration and the metal core piezoelectric fiber smart layer two ways to measure the system; the encapsulation method of piezoelectric fiber smart layer with metal core and its standard A process; through the Euler Bernoulli beam experiments verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. This part mainly resolves the problem of measuring the structure of distributed high frequency strain, and the fusion of multi sensor system to realize the measurement of vibration of the virtual boundary element, realizes the application of the proposed.3. detection method is proposed damage analysis of Lamb imaging method based on wave field data acquisition. In the laser ultrasonic detection technology in the structure of Lamb wave propagation based on wave field data, establishes a simplified model of damage near the Lamb wave propagation is proposed based on wavelet transform; Lamb wave interference energy extraction algorithm; the proposed damage imaging method of incident wave anomaly based on the extraction of signal energy. Through the study of this part, from the theoretical analysis of the effect of damage on Lamb wave propagation, and extraction can be used to characterize damage The characteristic factor of the position and shape of the implementation for the establishment of the laser ultrasonic detection system and damage imaging technology laid the foundation of the.4. has developed a laser ultrasonic damage detection system. Using the two-dimensional scanning mirror control pulse laser in the structure of the measured surface scanning, realize the Lamb wave mobile incentives. The use of acoustic emission sensor and laser Doppler vibrometer for fixed Lamb wave response signal acquisition, through acoustic reciprocity principle, realize the visualization of Lamb wave propagation process of the structure; the practical engineering point of view, the development of a comprehensive set of hardware drivers, scanning control function, signal processing and data analysis system management software; experiment verify the Lamb wave data acquisition system can realize the automation in the structure of metal and composite materials, and successfully in the aircraft wing structure to test Application and validation of.5. to carry out the laser ultrasonic nondestructive testing technology. The implementation of the damage imaging method on typical metal and composite structures, the experimental results verify that the proposed method to improve the resolution of the injury in the experimental study; damage extension direction of impact and damage depth of the effect of the 3; combined with the laser ultrasonic detection system and fatigue tensile test system of composite fatigue load cycles under wave field are obtained, a Lamb wave phase velocity, attenuation rate and modal energy distribution ratio and the number of fatigue cycles. The relationship between this part of the study to solve the problem of laser ultrasonic nondestructive testing technology in the face of in the practical application, provides a good experimental foundation for the evaluation of damage identification and composite material fatigue.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京航空航天大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：TN249;TB559

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