發(fā)布時(shí)間：2019-05-18 12:57

【摘要】：燕麥(Avena sativa L.)是青藏高原重要糧飼兼用型作物,高產(chǎn)、穩(wěn)產(chǎn)是其育種主要目標(biāo),雜交育種是實(shí)現(xiàn)燕麥高效育種重要途徑。本研究以雜交選育的I-D品系燕麥及其親本(父本青海甜燕麥,母本青海444)為材料,在青藏高原低(民和)、中(湟中)和高(海北)海拔區(qū)開展了I-D品系燕麥的生態(tài)適應(yīng)性特征(包括農(nóng)藝學(xué)特征、生產(chǎn)性能、光合特性,品質(zhì)評(píng)價(jià)和抗逆性)及其遺傳學(xué)基礎(chǔ)研究,為燕麥雜交育種及I-D品系燕麥新品種的申報(bào)和推廣應(yīng)用提供理論依據(jù)。主要結(jié)果如下:I-D品系燕麥飼草產(chǎn)量?jī)?yōu)于母本和對(duì)照青引1號(hào),在低、中、高3個(gè)海拔區(qū),燕麥干草產(chǎn)量分別為9367.9 kg/hm2、10795.5 kg/hm2和14636.3 kg/hm2,較母本高8.3%、9.1%和30.0%,較對(duì)照青引1號(hào)高36.3%、21.3%和47.5%。I-D品系燕麥的株高、分蘗數(shù)、葉片數(shù)、葉面積、第三莖節(jié)長(zhǎng)、莖粗等均優(yōu)于父本,其葉片光合性能和葉綠素含量?jī)?yōu)于母本和對(duì)照青引1號(hào);3個(gè)海拔區(qū)I-D品系燕麥的青干草和秸稈蛋白含量比父本高10%以上,其相對(duì)飼用價(jià)值優(yōu)于親本。I-D品系燕麥種子產(chǎn)量?jī)?yōu)于父本和對(duì)照青引1號(hào),在中海拔區(qū)種子產(chǎn)量達(dá)3997.6 kg/hm2。I-D品系燕麥的莖粗、小穗數(shù)、單序籽粒數(shù)、單序籽粒重、千粒重等優(yōu)于母本;其種子中淀粉含量高于親本,β-葡聚糖含量高于父本。3個(gè)海拔區(qū)I-D品系燕麥、親本和對(duì)照青引1號(hào)的飼草產(chǎn)量、飼草品質(zhì)、葉綠素a、葉綠素總量、類胡蘿卜素、葉綠素a/b和氣孔導(dǎo)度均為高海拔區(qū)中海拔區(qū)低海拔區(qū);葉綠素b、光合速率、蒸騰速率和胞間CO2濃度為低海拔區(qū)中海拔區(qū)高海拔區(qū);種子產(chǎn)量為中海拔區(qū)低海拔區(qū);種子淀粉、油酸和亞油酸含量中海拔區(qū)較高;粗蛋白含量低海拔區(qū)較高。從孕穗期到乳熟期,燕麥飼草產(chǎn)量、旗葉葉片的Chl a、Chl b、Chl和Car呈持續(xù)增加趨勢(shì),Pn、Gs和Tr呈先升后降趨勢(shì),在抽穗期最大;Ci呈先降后升變化,抽穗期最低;Chl a/b則呈持續(xù)下降的變化趨勢(shì)。I-D品系燕麥的抗倒性優(yōu)于親本,株高、重心高度、莖粗、桿壁厚、莖節(jié)長(zhǎng)與抗倒伏性之間均存在顯著或極顯著相關(guān)關(guān)系;第二莖節(jié)是影響莖倒伏關(guān)鍵部位,穿刺強(qiáng)度是衡量抗倒伏性的關(guān)鍵因素。I-D品系燕麥遺傳了親本的部分外部形態(tài)性狀,其籽粒紡錘形和穗軸基部的扭曲性狀遺傳于父本;種子黑褐色,圓錐花序周散遺傳于母本。I-D品系燕麥的核型屬3B型,核型公式為2n=6x=42=12m+30sm(4SAT),核不對(duì)稱系數(shù)為66.62%;隨體上染色體類型為sm,與親本一致,但其隨體位置發(fā)生了變化。I-D品系燕麥與母本的相似系數(shù)(0.66)高于父本(0.32),與母本親緣關(guān)系更近。在燕麥抗倒型品種選育上,應(yīng)以株高,重心高度、第二莖節(jié)莖粗、稈壁厚、節(jié)間長(zhǎng)、穿刺強(qiáng)度為指標(biāo);在燕麥產(chǎn)草型品種選育時(shí),應(yīng)關(guān)注株高、分蘗數(shù)、葉片數(shù)、葉面積、第三莖節(jié)長(zhǎng),并注重葉綠素含量高和光合速率強(qiáng)的材料;在燕麥產(chǎn)籽型品種選育時(shí),要注重小穗數(shù)、單序籽粒數(shù)、單序籽粒重、千粒重等指標(biāo)。I-D品系燕麥?zhǔn)禽^其親本生產(chǎn)性能較優(yōu)良,高產(chǎn)草兼高產(chǎn)籽的優(yōu)良品系,適宜在海拔2500m-3200m的高寒地區(qū)種植。
[Abstract]:Avena sativa L. (Avena sativa L.) is an important grain-feeding and dual-purpose crop in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In this study, I-D strain of oat and its parent (male parent Qinghai sweet oat, female parent Qinghai 444) were used as material, and the ecological adaptability of I-D strain at low (civil and), middle and high (middle) and high (northern) elevation areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were carried out, including the features of agricultural and artistic studies. The research on production performance, photosynthetic characteristics, quality evaluation and stress resistance and its genetic basis provides a theoretical basis for the application and application of oat hybrid and I-D strain. The main results are as follows: the yield of the I-D strain is superior to that of the female parent and the control Qingyin No.1, and the yield of the oat hay is 9367.9 kg/ hm2, 10795.5 kg/ hm2 and 14636.3kg/ hm2, respectively, and the higher than the female parent is 8.3%, 9.1% and 30.0%, compared with that of the control Qingyin No.1, 36.3%, respectively. The plant height, the number of leaves, the number of leaves, the leaf area, the length of the third stem, the length of the stem and the like of the oat of the I-D strain are superior to that of the male parent, and the photosynthetic performance and the chlorophyll content of the leaves are superior to that of the female parent and the control cyan lead 1; And the content of the green hay and the straw protein of the three-altitude region I-D strain oat is more than 10% higher than that of the male parent, and the relative feeding value of the oat is superior to that of the parent. The yield of oat seed of I-D strain was superior to that of male parent and control Qingyin No.1, and the yield of seed in mid-altitude area was 3997.6 kg/ hm ~ 2. The number of stem, small ear, single-order grain number, single-order grain weight and 1000-grain weight of oat in I-D strain were better than that of female parent; and the content of starch in the seed was higher than that of the parent. the content of the L-glucan is higher than that of the male parent, and the yield of the forage grass, the forage quality, the chlorophyll a, the total amount of the chlorophyll, the carotenoid, the chlorophyll a/ b and the stomatal conductance of the I-D strain of the three-altitude region I-D strain of the oat, the parent and the control cyan are both the low altitude area and the low altitude area of the elevation area in the high altitude area; and the chlorophyll b, The photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and intercellular CO _ 2 concentration are the high-altitude area in the low-altitude area. The seed yield is the low-altitude area of the middle-elevation area, and the high-altitude area of the seed starch, the oleic acid and the linoleic acid is higher, and the crude protein content is lower than that of the high-altitude area. From the stage of the booting stage to the period of the second stage, the yield of the oat, the Chl a, the Chl b, the Chl and the Car of the flag leaves continued to increase, and the Pn, Gs, and Tr showed a tendency to decrease in advance, the maximum in the heading period, the change in the first drop of Ci and the lowest heading period, and the trend of the continuous decrease of Chl a/ b. The resistance to lodging of the I-D strain is superior to that of the parent, the height of the plant, the height of the center of gravity, the thickness of the stem, the thickness of the stem, the length of the stem and the lodging resistance are obviously or very significantly related; the second section is the key part which affects the lodging of the stem, and the puncture strength is the key factor to measure the resistance to the lodging. I-D strain is a part of the external morphological character of the parent, and the twist character of the spindle and the base of the ear axis is inherited to the male parent; the seed is dark brown, and the panicles of the panicles are inherited to the female parent. The karyotype of the I-D strain is 3B, the karyotype formula is 2n = 6x = 42 = 12m + 30sm (4SAT), the nuclear asymmetry coefficient is 66.62%, the chromosome type on the body is sm, it is consistent with the parent, but its body position changes. The similarity coefficient (0.66) between the I-D strain and the female parent was higher than that of the male parent (0.32). In the selection and breeding of oat anti-reverse type, the plant height, the height of the center of gravity, the length of the stem of the second stem, the wall thickness of the stalk, the length of the internode and the puncture strength shall be the index; when the oat-producing type variety is selected, the strain is high, the number of the leaves, the number of the leaves, the leaf area and the third stem length are long, And the material with high chlorophyll content and strong photosynthetic rate is emphasized; when the oat seed-producing type variety is selected, the indexes of the small spike number, the single-order grain number, the single-order grain weight and the thousand-grain weight are to be paid attention to. The I-D strain oat is a good strain of high-yield grass and high-yield seed, and is suitable for planting in the high-cold area with the altitude of 2500 m-3200 m.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：青海大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S512.6

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