【摘要】：為了提高氣吸式免耕播種機(jī)在免耕地播種作業(yè)的質(zhì)量,開(kāi)展了氣吸式免耕播種機(jī)振動(dòng)特性對(duì)排種性能的影響研究。本研究測(cè)試分析了免耕播種機(jī)在不同免耕地的振動(dòng)特性,建立了免耕播種機(jī)在振動(dòng)條件下的數(shù)學(xué)模型,并分析其影響因素;利用離散元分析軟件仿真分析了排種器內(nèi)種群的運(yùn)動(dòng)和受力情況,優(yōu)化了排種器的工作參數(shù);搭建了振動(dòng)式排種性能試驗(yàn)臺(tái);進(jìn)行了排種性能試驗(yàn),得出排種器工作和結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)的最優(yōu)組合。研究結(jié)果如下:1.通過(guò)分析播種機(jī)的振動(dòng)特性,建立了氣吸式免耕播種機(jī)振動(dòng)的數(shù)學(xué)模型,分析了其影響因素,并求出了播種機(jī)振動(dòng)固有頻率,得出播種機(jī)垂直振動(dòng)有兩階振型。同時(shí)分析了種子的氣吸和振動(dòng)耦合力學(xué)特性,得出吸附種子的臨界真空度。2.對(duì)免耕播種機(jī)在不同免耕留茬地表作業(yè)時(shí)進(jìn)行振動(dòng)測(cè)試,獲得了免耕播種機(jī)在不同免耕地表振動(dòng)特性的共性和差異性。通過(guò)分析葵花、玉米、莜麥、荒地四種免耕地振動(dòng)能量的密度分布和在不同播種速度下各免耕地振動(dòng)頻率和振幅的關(guān)系變化得出:(1)影響播種機(jī)垂直振動(dòng)的因素主次順序是播種機(jī)前進(jìn)速度、壟向、播種深度。(2)排種器振動(dòng)能量在免耕地的頻率分布密度主要集中在低頻段0～12Hz,且與根茬種類、土壤堅(jiān)實(shí)度和含水量有直接關(guān)系,土壤堅(jiān)實(shí)度和含水量越大的根茬免耕地,其振動(dòng)能量越大。四種免耕地的振動(dòng)能量主次順序是葵花地玉米地莜麥地荒地。排種器的振動(dòng)頻率和振幅隨著播種機(jī)前進(jìn)速度的增大而增大。免耕地根茬的大小和密度是排種器振動(dòng)頻率和振幅的影響因素,免耕地作物根茬越大,密度越大,則振動(dòng)頻率和振幅隨之增大。3.振動(dòng)信號(hào)通過(guò)模態(tài)參數(shù)識(shí)別,確定了振動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的物理參數(shù)。玉米茬地兩個(gè)振型的自然頻率為8.5Hz和38.5Hz,與之相應(yīng)的模態(tài)阻尼比為0.075。4.對(duì)不同免耕地振動(dòng)信號(hào)進(jìn)行分解和重構(gòu)。(1)分解信號(hào)顯示免耕茬地和退耕荒地的振動(dòng)信號(hào)由若干尺度函數(shù)基和正弦小波基組成。(2)重構(gòu)信號(hào)顯示免耕茬地的波形均出現(xiàn)間隔,而荒地的波形呈連續(xù)變化。原因是免耕地表存在規(guī)律的株距根茬,而荒地蒿草的根茬無(wú)規(guī)律。5.以振動(dòng)頻率、振幅、排種盤(pán)轉(zhuǎn)速(即攪種輪轉(zhuǎn)速)、種箱內(nèi)種子的容種量為變量,種子速度、種子間作用力和離散度為目標(biāo)函數(shù),借助離散元軟件仿真種箱內(nèi)大豆種群運(yùn)動(dòng),得出優(yōu)化的工作參數(shù)范圍為:排種盤(pán)轉(zhuǎn)速應(yīng)選擇14.80～18.50r/min;頻率應(yīng)選擇小于10Hz;振幅應(yīng)選擇小于5mm;容種量應(yīng)選擇60%～80%。這樣可使種箱內(nèi)種子處于利于吸種的松散狀態(tài),減小吸種時(shí)種子間的拖帶和碰撞作用,提高種子吸附性能。工作參數(shù)對(duì)種子間作用力的交互作用分析結(jié)果佐證了上述單因素分析的正確性。該結(jié)論通過(guò)吸種率的單因素試驗(yàn)得到了驗(yàn)證。6.以排種器的工作和結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)(排種盤(pán)轉(zhuǎn)速、真空度、容種量、頻率、吸種孔直徑和吸種孔分布直徑)為試驗(yàn)因素,合格指數(shù)、重播指數(shù)、漏播指數(shù)為評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo),對(duì)排種器進(jìn)行了排種性能的響應(yīng)面法優(yōu)化試驗(yàn),以合格指數(shù)最大、漏播指數(shù)最小為響應(yīng)值,響應(yīng)面最優(yōu)值結(jié)果為:吸種孔分布直徑為170mm、吸種孔直徑為3.77mm、真空度為3.88～3.97kPa、排種盤(pán)轉(zhuǎn)速為11.02～15.96r/min、頻率小于7Hz。本研究的結(jié)論對(duì)高寒干旱地區(qū)氣吸式免耕播種機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)具有一定的實(shí)際應(yīng)用價(jià)值。
[Abstract]:In order to improve the quality of the air-suction type no-tillage seeding machine in the no-tillage land, the effect of the vibration characteristics of the air-suction type no-tillage seeder on the performance of the row is carried out. The vibration characteristics of no-tillage planter under the condition of no-tillage are analyzed and the mathematical model of no-tillage seeding machine under the condition of vibration is established, and the influencing factors are analyzed. The motion and the stress of the population in the no-tillage seeding machine are analyzed by using the discrete element analysis software. The working parameters of the seed bank are optimized, the vibration type row performance test bed is set up, and the performance test is carried out, and the optimal combination of the work and the structural parameters of the seed bank is obtained. The results of the study are as follows: 1. By analyzing the vibration characteristics of the seeding machine, the mathematical model of the vibration of the air-suction type no-tillage seeding machine is established, the influencing factors are analyzed, and the vibration natural frequency of the seeding machine is obtained, and the vertical vibration of the seeder is obtained with two-order modes. At the same time, the mechanical properties of the gas absorption and vibration of the seeds were analyzed, and the critical vacuum degree of the adsorption seed was obtained. The vibration test of no-tillage planter on the surface of the no-tillage and stubble-retaining surface is carried out, and the common and the difference of the no-tillage seeding machine in the different no-tillage ground surface vibration characteristics are obtained. By analyzing the density distribution of four no-tillage ground vibration energy of the sunflower, the corn, the wheat and the wasteland and the relationship between the vibration frequency and the amplitude of the no-tillage ground under different seeding speed, the main and secondary order of the vertical vibration of the seeding machine is the advancing speed of the seeding machine, the ridging direction, Sowing depth. (2) The frequency distribution density of the vibration energy of the seed bank in the no-tillage land is mainly concentrated in the low-frequency segment of 0-12Hz, and is directly related to the type of the root, the solid degree of the soil and the water content, and the greater the soil firmness and the water content, the greater the vibration energy of the root stubble with the greater soil firmness and water content. The primary and secondary order of vibration energy of four no-tillage land is the land of the ground and the ground in the ground of the sunflower. The vibration frequency and the amplitude of the seed bank increase with the increase of the advancing speed of the seeding machine. The size and density of the root stubble in no-tillage land are the influencing factors of the vibration frequency and the amplitude of the seed bank, and the greater the root stubble, the higher the density, and the increase of the vibration frequency and amplitude. The vibration signal is identified by the modal parameter, and the physical parameters of the vibration system are determined. The natural frequency of the two modes of corn stubble is 8. 5Hz and 38. 5Hz, and the corresponding modal damping ratio is 0.075.4. and the vibration signals of different no-tillage ground are decomposed and reconstructed. and (1) the decomposition signal shows that the vibration signal of the no-tillage stubble land and the uncultivated land is composed of a plurality of scale function groups and a sine small wave group. (2) The reconstructed signal shows the interval of no-tillage stubble, and the waveform of the uncultivated land is changed continuously. The reason is that there is no law on the surface of the no-tillage land, and the root of the grass in the wasteland has no rule. Based on the vibration frequency, the amplitude and the rotation speed of the seed plate (that is, the rotation speed of the stirring wheel), the capacity of the seed in the seed box is the variable, the seed speed, the seed-to-seed acting force and the dispersion degree are the objective function, the soybean population movement in the seed box is simulated by means of the discrete element software, and the optimized working parameters range is as follows: The speed of the seed plate shall be 14.80 ~ 180.50r/ min; the frequency shall be less than 10Hz; the amplitude shall be less than 5 mm; the volume of tolerance shall be 60% ~ 80%. so that the seed in the seed box is in a loose state which is beneficial to the seed absorption, the drag belt and the collision effect between the seeds are reduced when the seed is absorbed, and the adsorption performance of the seeds is improved. The results of the interaction between the working parameters and the seed-to-seed interaction support the correctness of the above-mentioned single-factor analysis. This conclusion was verified by the single factor test of the rate of seed absorption. taking the working and structural parameters of the seed bank (the rotation speed, the degree of vacuum, the volume of the seed, the frequency, the diameter of the seed suction hole and the distribution diameter of the seed suction holes) as the test factors, the qualified index, the replay index and the leakage index as the evaluation index, The response surface method was used to optimize the discharge performance of the seed bank, with the highest qualified index and the minimum leakage index as the response value. The best result of the response surface was that the distribution diameter of the seed suction holes was 170mm, the diameter of the seed suction holes was 3.77mm, the degree of vacuum was 3.88 ~ 3.97kPa, and the rotation speed of the discharge disk was 11.02 ~ 150.96r/ min, and the frequency was less than 7Hz. The conclusions of this study have some practical application value to the design of the air-suction type no-tillage seeding machine in the high and cold area.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：內(nèi)蒙古農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S223.2

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