【摘要】：微咸水用于農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉是緩解全球性水資源緊缺問題的重要途徑之一,同時(shí)滴灌被認(rèn)為是利用微咸水灌溉最為有效和可靠的方式。但微咸水中含有大量的鹽分離子,易于誘發(fā)灌水器化學(xué)堵塞,嚴(yán)重制約了微咸水滴灌的大規(guī)模發(fā)展。本文研究了微咸水滴灌條件下灌水器化學(xué)堵塞發(fā)生行為及其動(dòng)態(tài)響應(yīng)機(jī)制,綜合利用電化學(xué)、精細(xì)電子顯微等現(xiàn)代分析技術(shù)定量定性的分析了灌水器流道內(nèi)堵塞物質(zhì)組成,建立了灌水器化學(xué)堵塞物質(zhì)生長的水動(dòng)力學(xué)模型。并基于裸地加速抗堵塞試驗(yàn)、大田試驗(yàn)及CFD方法,從運(yùn)行方式、水質(zhì)控制與灌水器自身結(jié)構(gòu)多方面提出了面向化學(xué)堵塞的控制方法。主要結(jié)論如下：(1)對微咸水滴灌系統(tǒng)灌水器化學(xué)堵塞特性進(jìn)行了研究,結(jié)果表明隨著運(yùn)行時(shí)間的增加,灌水器相對流量Dra和均勻度CU逐漸降低,其中圓柱型灌水器降呈現(xiàn)平緩降低規(guī)律,片式灌水器呈先平緩-后劇烈的降低形式,大流量的圓柱式灌水器表現(xiàn)出較強(qiáng)的抗堵塞性能。(2)探尋了微咸水滴灌系統(tǒng)灌水器化學(xué)堵塞物質(zhì)組成及關(guān)鍵因素。堵塞物質(zhì)單位面積分布密度與灌水器Dra和CU度呈顯著線性負(fù)相關(guān)(R20.81),微咸水滴灌系統(tǒng)灌水器內(nèi)堵塞物質(zhì)為鈣鎂碳酸鹽(CaCO3、CaMgCO3和CaMg(CO3)2)、硅酸鹽(Mg5Al(Si3Al)O10(OH)8和NaAlSi3O8)、石英(SiO2)、氯化鈉(Nacl),其中誘發(fā)灌水器化學(xué)堵塞的主要物質(zhì)為鈣鎂碳酸鹽類沉淀,含量在88.31%以上。(3)構(gòu)建了微咸水滴灌條件下灌水器化學(xué)堵塞物質(zhì)生長動(dòng)力學(xué)模型,發(fā)現(xiàn)堵塞物質(zhì)生長過程為漸進(jìn)型,包括快速增長-漸進(jìn)增長兩個(gè)階段�；诠嗨鞫氯镔|(zhì)沉積與剝蝕過程,以Kern-Seaton污垢預(yù)測模型為原型,綜合考慮灌水器結(jié)構(gòu)類型、流道幾何參數(shù)和水源特征等因素,建立的灌水器化學(xué)堵塞物質(zhì)生長動(dòng)力學(xué)模型可以很好的描述灌水器內(nèi)附生堵塞物質(zhì)及其特征組分的生長過程。(4)建立了面向灌水器化學(xué)堵塞的控制方法。從運(yùn)行模式來看,采用淡水與微咸水進(jìn)行交替滴灌可以緩解化學(xué)堵塞的發(fā)生；對于全咸水灌溉來說,采用1d/次的高頻滴灌下灌水器能保持相對較高的流量；從水質(zhì)控制來看,微咸水電導(dǎo)率與灌水器堵塞參數(shù)間存在線性負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系,微咸水電導(dǎo)率會(huì)在一定程度上影響灌水器化學(xué)堵塞的發(fā)生過程與堵塞分布特征,建議河套灌區(qū)地下微咸水滴灌系統(tǒng)適宜電導(dǎo)率應(yīng)低于4.0 dS/m；從灌水器自身結(jié)構(gòu)來看,采用CFD數(shù)值模擬方法,綜合考慮流道內(nèi)流場分布及其水力性能與抗堵塞性能,建議分形流道灌水器適宜的幾何參數(shù)為寬度1.0 mm左右,流道長度不宜超過224 mm,并可以借助縮減流道深度來控制灌水器出流量,研究結(jié)果可為實(shí)際流道設(shè)計(jì)與開發(fā)提供理論參考。
[Abstract]:The application of brackish water to agricultural irrigation is one of the most important ways to alleviate the global shortage of water resources, and drip irrigation is considered to be the most effective and reliable way to use brackish water. However, there are a lot of salt ions in brackish water, which is easy to induce chemical clogging of irrigator, which seriously restricts the large-scale development of drip irrigation of brackish water. In this paper, the chemical clogging behavior and its dynamic response mechanism of the emitter under the condition of brackish drip irrigation were studied. The composition of the plugging material in the irrigation channel was analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively by using modern analytical techniques such as electrochemistry, fine electron microscopy and so on. A hydrodynamic model for the growth of chemically blocked substances in an emitter was established. Based on the accelerated anti-clogging test, field test and CFD method, the chemical clogging control method is put forward from the aspects of operation mode, water quality control and the structure of the emitter itself. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) the characteristics of chemical plugging of the emitters in brackish drip irrigation system are studied. The results show that the relative flow rate Dra and the uniformity CU of the emitters decrease gradually with the increase of the running time. Among them, the drop of cylindrical water emitters shows the rule of gentle decrease, and the slice type emitters show the form of first level-then violent reduction. The cylindrical emitters with large flow rate have strong resistance to blockage. (2) the composition and key factors of chemical blockage in the emitters of brackish water drip irrigation system are explored. There was a significant linear negative correlation between the density of blocking matter per unit area and the degree of Dra and CU of the emitter (R20.81). The plugging material in the emitter of brackish water drip irrigation system was calcium-magnesium carbonate (CaCO3,CaMgCO3 and CaMg (CO3) 2). Silicate (Mg5Al (Si3Al) O10 (OH) 8 and NaAlSi3O8), quartz (SiO2) and sodium chloride (Nacl), are the main substances that induce the chemical clogging of the emitters. (3) the growth kinetics model of chemical clogging substances in the emitters under drip irrigation was established. It was found that the growth process of clogging substances was gradual, including two stages of rapid growth and gradual growth. Based on the process of deposition and denudation of clogged material in the emitter, the Kern-Seaton fouling prediction model is used as the prototype, and the factors such as the type of the emitter structure, the geometric parameters of the runner and the water source characteristics are considered synthetically. The kinetic model of the chemical clogging material growth in the emitter can describe the growth process of the epiphytic plugging material and its characteristic components. (4) the control method for the chemical plugging in the emitter is established. From the view of operation mode, using fresh water and brackish water alternately drip irrigation can alleviate the occurrence of chemical blockage, for all salt water irrigation, the high frequency drip irrigation emitter with 1d/ can keep relatively high flow rate. From the point of view of water quality control, there is a linear negative correlation between the electrical conductivity of brackish water and the plugging parameters of the emitter. To some extent, the electrical conductivity of brackish water will affect the occurrence process and the distribution characteristics of the chemical blockage of the emitter. It is suggested that the suitable electrical conductivity of drip irrigation system for underground brackish water in Hetao irrigation area should be less than 4.0 dS/m;. According to the structure of the emitter itself, the CFD numerical simulation method is used to synthetically consider the flow field distribution in the channel, its hydraulic performance and anti-blocking performance. It is suggested that the suitable geometric parameter of the fractal channel emitter is about 1.0 mm in width. The length of the runner should not exceed 224 mm, and the discharge of the emitter can be controlled by reducing the depth of the channel. The results of the study can provide a theoretical reference for the design and development of the actual runner.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：S275.6

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