增密減氮對高產(chǎn)夏玉米產(chǎn)量形成的影響及生理機(jī)制研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-10-14 09:50
【摘要】：在玉米生產(chǎn)中,通過設(shè)置合理的種植密度及施氮水平來增加作物產(chǎn)量不僅是理論研究的必要,在生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐中也具有重要的指導(dǎo)意義。本研究于2013-2014年在山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)試驗(yàn)農(nóng)場和作物生物學(xué)國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室進(jìn)行,選用高產(chǎn)夏玉米品種登海618和登海605為試驗(yàn)材料,設(shè)置2個(gè)種植密度67500(LD)、97500(HD)和4個(gè)施氮水平0(N0)、180(N1)、360(N2)、540(N3)kg純氮hm~（-2）。在研究高產(chǎn)夏玉米產(chǎn)量潛力的同時(shí),采用生理研究和差異蛋白質(zhì)組學(xué)研究相結(jié)合的方式,深入探討密植夏玉米高產(chǎn)的生理機(jī)制和分子機(jī)制,以期為黃淮海地區(qū)夏玉米高產(chǎn)高效栽培提供理論依據(jù)和技術(shù)支持。主要研究結(jié)果如下:1增密減氮提高了夏玉米干物質(zhì)積累量和籽粒產(chǎn)量增加種植密度雖降低了單株生產(chǎn)力、穗粒數(shù)和千粒重,但由于群體增大,籽粒產(chǎn)量和群體干物質(zhì)積累量顯著提高;減少施氮量,玉米籽粒產(chǎn)量、總干物質(zhì)積累量、穗粒數(shù)和千粒重均先增加后降低,過高的施氮量不利于產(chǎn)量的形成。增加種植密度提高了各生育時(shí)期作物生長率,利于干物質(zhì)的積累,為籽粒產(chǎn)量的形成提供了充足的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。低密度下減施氮肥對產(chǎn)量的影響小于高密度;增加種植密度到97500株hm~（-2）,或減少氮肥使用量至180(低密度)—360(高密度)kg hm~（-2）均可達(dá)到增產(chǎn)效果。高密度360 kg hm~（-2）下最高產(chǎn)量的獲得表明,增密減氮可充分發(fā)揮群體產(chǎn)量潛力且實(shí)現(xiàn)氮肥供應(yīng)與作物需求之間的平衡,達(dá)到增產(chǎn)目的。2增密減氮協(xié)調(diào)了夏玉米的碳、氮代謝在提高種植密度的同時(shí)適當(dāng)減施氮肥,利于干物質(zhì)的積累和向籽粒的分配。密度和施氮量能夠調(diào)控~（13）C同化物由營養(yǎng)器官向籽粒的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)分配,減施氮肥增加了~（13）C同化物向籽粒的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)分配,提高了莖葉等營養(yǎng)體中干物質(zhì)向籽粒的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)率。增加種植密度和減少施氮量顯著提高了開花期和成熟期夏玉米地上部氮素積累量,增加了植株花后及總氮素積累量,有利于滿足各器官的營養(yǎng)需求,從而為進(jìn)一步增加產(chǎn)量奠定了基礎(chǔ)。高密度下適量施氮能夠降低夏玉米莖和葉片氮素轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)率,維持夏玉米營養(yǎng)器官中較高的氮素積累,防止葉片過早衰老而有利于生育后期物質(zhì)的合成。增加種植密度和減少施氮量均顯著提高了夏玉米氮肥回收效率、氮肥農(nóng)學(xué)效率和氮肥偏生產(chǎn)力。3增密減氮提高了夏玉米光合性能增加種植密度,增加了光合有效面積,葉面積指數(shù)、群體光合速率顯著提高;適當(dāng)減少施氮量提高了CAP、LAI、Pn和葉綠素含量及高值持續(xù)期,群體結(jié)構(gòu)得到改善;施氮顯著提高了密植夏玉米葉片PEPC和Rubisco活性,并引起了夏玉米蛋白質(zhì)組學(xué)的變化,本試驗(yàn)鑒定出的37個(gè)光合相關(guān)蛋白幾乎參與了葉片光合的全過程。本試驗(yàn)97500株hm~（-2）種植密度360 kg hm~（-2）純氮條件下,夏玉米葉面積指數(shù)、光合速率顯著提高,且高值持續(xù)期長,葉綠素含量、酶活性顯著提高,且施氮通過影響玉米葉片光能捕獲、ATP合成、CO2固定,進(jìn)而調(diào)控整個(gè)光合過程,延緩了生育后期葉片的衰老,使生育后期保持較高光合性能,從而提高了光能利用率,充分發(fā)揮了群體光合增產(chǎn)潛力,為籽粒產(chǎn)量的形成提供了保障。4施氮延緩了密植夏玉米的衰老施氮提高了夏玉米生育后期SOD、POD活性,降低了MDA含量,利于延緩葉片的衰老。葉片衰老與蛋白質(zhì)水平上的功能變化密切相關(guān)。本試驗(yàn)鑒定出玉米葉片中32個(gè) 衰老相關(guān)蛋白‖,這些蛋白在衰老過程中以下調(diào)為主。衰老過程直接影響這些功能蛋白,進(jìn)而影響其參與的生理過程。本試驗(yàn)鑒定出玉米葉片中71個(gè) 氮素調(diào)控相關(guān)蛋白‖,這些蛋白的表達(dá)量在施氮后以上調(diào)為主。氮素直接影響玉米葉片中能量、防御、蛋白合成、初級代謝、轉(zhuǎn)錄、蛋白目的及儲存、次級代謝、信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)和細(xì)胞生長分裂等相關(guān)蛋白,從而影響葉片生理變化。本研究首次鑒定出玉米葉片中29個(gè) 氮素調(diào)控衰老相關(guān)蛋白‖,這從蛋白質(zhì)水平上證明了氮素可以調(diào)控玉米葉片衰老。施氮對玉米葉片衰老的調(diào)控主要通過對光合作用中的Rubisco再生、蔗糖代謝、糖酵解、氮代謝、防御以及蛋白合成與分解等過程的調(diào)控來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。
[Abstract]:In maize production, increasing crop yield by setting reasonable planting density and nitrogen application level is not only necessary for theoretical research, but also has important guiding significance in production practice. Two planting densities of 67500 (LD), 97500 (HD) and four nitrogen application levels 0 (N0), 180 (N1), 360 (N2), 540 (N3) kg pure nitrogen hm ~ (-2) were set up in Shandong Agricultural University's experimental farm and crop biology national key laboratory in 2013-2014. Two planting densities of 67500 (LD), 97500 (HD) and four nitrogen application levels 0 (N0), 180 (N1), 360 (N2), 540 (N3) kg pure nitrogen hm ~ (-2) were set up. In order to provide theoretical basis and technical support for high-yield and high-yield cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai region, a combination of physiological research and differential proteomic study was used to study the potential of high yield and high yield. The results of the main research are as follows: 1 increasing the amount of dry matter accumulation and increasing the planting density of grain yield increase the plant productivity, grain number and 1000-grain weight, but because the population increases, the grain yield and the dry matter accumulation amount of the group are remarkably improved, the nitrogen application amount is reduced, The grain yield, total dry matter accumulation, spike number and 1000-grain weight of corn were decreased, and the excess nitrogen application was not conducive to the formation of yield. increasing the planting density improves the crop growth rate in each growing period, is beneficial to the accumulation of dry matter, and provides a sufficient material basis for the formation of grain yield. Under low density, the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on yield was lower than that of high density; increase the planting density to 97500 hm ~ (-2), or decrease the use amount of nitrogen fertilizer to 180 (low density) 0.360 (high density) kg hm ~ (-2) could reach the effect of increasing yield. The highest yield of high density 360kg hm ~ (-2) shows that increasing density and reducing nitrogen can give full play to population yield potential and realize the balance between nitrogen fertilizer supply and crop demand. is beneficial to the accumulation of dry matter and the distribution of the grain to the seeds. The density and the amount of nitrogen applied can regulate the translocation of ~ (13) C assimilates from vegetative organs to the grains, and reduce the nitrogen fertilizer application to increase the translocation and distribution of ~ (13) C assimilates to the grains, thus improving the operating rate of dry matter in vegetative organs such as stems and leaves to the grains. increasing the planting density and reducing the nitrogen application amount remarkably improves the nitrogen accumulation amount on the ground part in the flowering period and the mature period, increases the plant flower and the total nitrogen accumulation amount, is beneficial to meeting the nutrition requirement of each organ, and lays a foundation for further increasing the yield. A proper amount of nitrogen applied at high density can reduce the nitrogen transfer rate of stems and leaves of leaves, maintain higher nitrogen accumulation in vegetative organs, prevent premature senescence of leaves and facilitate the synthesis of later substances. Increasing the planting density and reducing the amount of nitrogen applied significantly improved the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer recovery, nitrogen fertilizer efficiency and nitrogen fertilizer productivity. Appropriate reduction of the amount of nitrogen applied increased CAP, Pn, Pn and chlorophyll content and high value duration, the population structure was improved, the application of nitrogen significantly improved the activity of PEPC and Rubisco in dense plant leaf, and caused the change of the protein group. Thirty-seven photosynthetic related proteins identified in this experiment were almost involved in the whole process of leaf photosynthesis. In this experiment, the leaf area index and photosynthetic rate of 97500 hm ~ (-2) planting density were significantly improved under pure nitrogen condition, and the high value duration, chlorophyll content and enzyme activity were significantly improved, and the nitrogen fertilizer application affected maize leaf light energy capture, ATP synthesis and CO2 fixation. so that the whole photosynthetic process is regulated, the senescence of the leaf at the later stage of the growth is delayed, the higher photosynthetic performance is maintained at the later stage of the growth, the utilization rate of the light energy is improved, the yield potential of the group photosynthetic production is fully exerted, It provided the guarantee for the formation of grain yield. Nitrogen application delayed the senescence and application of nitrogen to improve the activity of SOD and POD in the later stage of pregnancy, decreased the content of MDA, and was beneficial to delaying senescence of the leaves. Leaf senescence is closely related to functional changes in protein level. 鏈瘯楠岄壌瀹氬嚭鐜夌背鍙剁墖涓，
本文編號：2270100
[Abstract]:In maize production, increasing crop yield by setting reasonable planting density and nitrogen application level is not only necessary for theoretical research, but also has important guiding significance in production practice. Two planting densities of 67500 (LD), 97500 (HD) and four nitrogen application levels 0 (N0), 180 (N1), 360 (N2), 540 (N3) kg pure nitrogen hm ~ (-2) were set up in Shandong Agricultural University's experimental farm and crop biology national key laboratory in 2013-2014. Two planting densities of 67500 (LD), 97500 (HD) and four nitrogen application levels 0 (N0), 180 (N1), 360 (N2), 540 (N3) kg pure nitrogen hm ~ (-2) were set up. In order to provide theoretical basis and technical support for high-yield and high-yield cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai region, a combination of physiological research and differential proteomic study was used to study the potential of high yield and high yield. The results of the main research are as follows: 1 increasing the amount of dry matter accumulation and increasing the planting density of grain yield increase the plant productivity, grain number and 1000-grain weight, but because the population increases, the grain yield and the dry matter accumulation amount of the group are remarkably improved, the nitrogen application amount is reduced, The grain yield, total dry matter accumulation, spike number and 1000-grain weight of corn were decreased, and the excess nitrogen application was not conducive to the formation of yield. increasing the planting density improves the crop growth rate in each growing period, is beneficial to the accumulation of dry matter, and provides a sufficient material basis for the formation of grain yield. Under low density, the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on yield was lower than that of high density; increase the planting density to 97500 hm ~ (-2), or decrease the use amount of nitrogen fertilizer to 180 (low density) 0.360 (high density) kg hm ~ (-2) could reach the effect of increasing yield. The highest yield of high density 360kg hm ~ (-2) shows that increasing density and reducing nitrogen can give full play to population yield potential and realize the balance between nitrogen fertilizer supply and crop demand. is beneficial to the accumulation of dry matter and the distribution of the grain to the seeds. The density and the amount of nitrogen applied can regulate the translocation of ~ (13) C assimilates from vegetative organs to the grains, and reduce the nitrogen fertilizer application to increase the translocation and distribution of ~ (13) C assimilates to the grains, thus improving the operating rate of dry matter in vegetative organs such as stems and leaves to the grains. increasing the planting density and reducing the nitrogen application amount remarkably improves the nitrogen accumulation amount on the ground part in the flowering period and the mature period, increases the plant flower and the total nitrogen accumulation amount, is beneficial to meeting the nutrition requirement of each organ, and lays a foundation for further increasing the yield. A proper amount of nitrogen applied at high density can reduce the nitrogen transfer rate of stems and leaves of leaves, maintain higher nitrogen accumulation in vegetative organs, prevent premature senescence of leaves and facilitate the synthesis of later substances. Increasing the planting density and reducing the amount of nitrogen applied significantly improved the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer recovery, nitrogen fertilizer efficiency and nitrogen fertilizer productivity. Appropriate reduction of the amount of nitrogen applied increased CAP, Pn, Pn and chlorophyll content and high value duration, the population structure was improved, the application of nitrogen significantly improved the activity of PEPC and Rubisco in dense plant leaf, and caused the change of the protein group. Thirty-seven photosynthetic related proteins identified in this experiment were almost involved in the whole process of leaf photosynthesis. In this experiment, the leaf area index and photosynthetic rate of 97500 hm ~ (-2) planting density were significantly improved under pure nitrogen condition, and the high value duration, chlorophyll content and enzyme activity were significantly improved, and the nitrogen fertilizer application affected maize leaf light energy capture, ATP synthesis and CO2 fixation. so that the whole photosynthetic process is regulated, the senescence of the leaf at the later stage of the growth is delayed, the higher photosynthetic performance is maintained at the later stage of the growth, the utilization rate of the light energy is improved, the yield potential of the group photosynthetic production is fully exerted, It provided the guarantee for the formation of grain yield. Nitrogen application delayed the senescence and application of nitrogen to improve the activity of SOD and POD in the later stage of pregnancy, decreased the content of MDA, and was beneficial to delaying senescence of the leaves. Leaf senescence is closely related to functional changes in protein level. 鏈瘯楠岄壌瀹氬嚭鐜夌背鍙剁墖涓，
本文編號：2270100
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