【摘要】：景觀格局分析及其生態(tài)評價是景觀生態(tài)學應用領域中密切聯(lián)系的兩個環(huán)節(jié),是正確認識景觀、有效保護和合理開發(fā)利用景觀資源的前提條件。本研究以GIS技術為平臺,以亞布力森林公園2014年森林資源二類調查數(shù)據(jù)和1:2.5萬林相圖和等高線圖為基礎,采用景觀生態(tài)學和生態(tài)學的研究方法,結合實地調查數(shù)據(jù)對亞布力森林公園的景觀格局、斑塊特征、群落特征、森林生態(tài)服務功能、森林健康狀況等方面進行了相關分析和評價,針對亞布力森林公園景觀格局存在的問題,提出了具體優(yōu)化和持續(xù)經(jīng)營措施,目的是為該公園的持續(xù)經(jīng)營和景觀建設提供科學依據(jù)。主要研究結果如下：(1)利用Fragstats景觀分析軟件計算、分類,并分析了景觀的17個代表性指標。亞布力森林公園一級景觀分成10類,森林景觀(二級景觀)分成18類,其中有林地景觀占總面積的74.5%,控制著整個公園的景觀結構和生態(tài)功能。其次是農(nóng)地(1.49%)。其它景觀斑塊鑲嵌于有林地和農(nóng)地景觀中。森林景觀以闊葉混交林主,占有林地面積的24.76%,其次是椴樹林(17.57%)和落葉松林(11.83%)。森林景觀以天然次生林為主,占有林地面積的85.22%,以幼齡林景觀為主,占有林地面積的48.7%。亞布力森林公園景觀格局受地形因子影響明顯,其中森林景觀的51.46%主要分布在海拔400-600m之間,83.01%分布在25°的坡地上,85.2%分布在陰坡、半陰坡和半陽坡,陰坡最多。從整體景觀要素斑塊規(guī)模來看,農(nóng)地景觀斑塊個數(shù)(NP)85,斑塊平均面積(MPS)為19.4,說明農(nóng)地景觀斑塊破碎化程度高。在森林景觀中色木林景觀整體性較好,斑塊集中；白樺林斑塊比較分散,破碎化較為嚴重；從斑塊形狀指數(shù)來看,一級景觀中有林地形狀指數(shù)(2.02)和斑塊分維數(shù)(1.34)最大,表明有林地邊緣形狀曲折多變,形狀復雜；二級景觀中樟子松林形狀指數(shù)(2.22)和分維數(shù)(1.35)最大,表明樟子松林景觀類型的形狀比較復雜；從景觀異質性指標分析,景觀類型多樣,景觀異質性程度相對較大,破碎化程度低；從景觀要素空間相互關系分析,各景觀要素總體上空間分布相對均勻,呈團聚裝分布,但個別景觀要素空間分布比較分散：從景觀多樣性來看,亞布力森林公園內各景觀類型多樣性指數(shù)為2.66,多樣性指數(shù)低,優(yōu)勢類型景觀明顯。(2)根據(jù)群落調查數(shù)據(jù),針葉林中落葉松具有最大的重要值(0.64)；闊葉林中闊葉混交林的重要值最大(0.72),說明落葉松林和闊葉混交林更適合于該地區(qū)的立地條件。從物種豐富度指數(shù)、物種多樣性指數(shù)、群落均勻度和生態(tài)優(yōu)勢度來看,不同群落總體差異不大,闊葉林內物種豐富對指數(shù)、物種多樣性指數(shù)和群落均勻度大于針葉林：生態(tài)優(yōu)勢度針葉林群落相對大于針葉林。群落生物多樣性和均勻度對比分析,生態(tài)優(yōu)勢度與群落的多樣性指數(shù)和均勻度呈一種負相關關系。(3)土壤化學分析表明,土壤有機質、全N、速效K和速效P分別介于2.12%-11.23%、0.16%-0.75%、0.87%-2.21%和0.019%-0.110%之間,土壤呈微酸性至酸性。針葉林的土壤養(yǎng)分含量均低于闊葉林。(4)從森林林木產(chǎn)值、平均生產(chǎn)力、固碳釋氧、涵養(yǎng)水源、保育土壤、凈化大氣、生物多樣性保護和森林游憩等方面對亞布力森林公園森林的生態(tài)服務功能進行評價。評價結果表明,2014年亞布力森林公園森林生態(tài)服務功能總價值為45236.6萬元/a,評價指標的所占比重的大小順序為保育土壤(32.8%)涵養(yǎng)水源(29.6%)森林游憩(13.8%)生物多樣性保護(10.3%)凈化大氣(6%)木材價值(4.1%)固碳釋氧(3.4%)。不同類型的林地,其生態(tài)服務功能價值差異較大,單位面積上不同林地年生態(tài)服務功能價值冷杉林最大(14.8萬元/a.hm2),其次是針闊混交林(9.9萬元／a.hm2),疏林地最小(2.6萬元/a.hm2)。(5)選取景觀結構指數(shù)、群落特征指數(shù)、抵抗力、立地條件和森林生態(tài)服務功能等5個方面26個指標建立亞布力森林公園森林景觀健康評價指標體系,利用主成分分析方法,通過SPSS軟件對亞布力森林公園森林景觀健康進行綜合評價,景觀綜合評價得分為0.72,說明亞布力森林公園森林景觀健康程度處于亞健康的上限區(qū)域。(6)針對亞布力森林公園森林景觀存在的問題及原因,提出了景觀格局優(yōu)化目標和原則,針對問題提出了相應的優(yōu)化與持續(xù)經(jīng)營措施,對有林地和農(nóng)用地空間格局優(yōu)化進行前后對比分析,表明優(yōu)化后有林地和農(nóng)用地分布格局更加合理。
[Abstract]:Landscape pattern analysis and ecological assessment are two closely related links in the field of landscape ecology application, and are the prerequisite for correct understanding of landscape, effective protection and rational utilization of landscape resources. Based on the high-line map, the landscape pattern, patch characteristics, community characteristics, forest ecological service function and forest health status of Yabuli Forest Park were analyzed and evaluated with landscape ecology and ecology research methods and field survey data. The main results are as follows: (1) Fragstats landscape analysis software was used to calculate, classify and analyze the landscape of 17 representative indicators. Aboli Forest Park landscape was divided into 10 categories, forest landscape (secondary landscape). The forest landscape was divided into 18 types, 74.5% of the total area, which controlled the landscape structure and ecological function of the park. The second was farmland (1.49%). The landscape pattern of Yabuli Forest Park was affected by the topographic factors obviously, of which 51.46% was mainly distributed between 400-600 m, 83.01% was distributed on the slope of 25 degrees, 85.2% was distributed on the shady slope, and half was affected by the topographic factors. The number of patches (NP) 85 and the average patch area (MPS) 19.4 in the whole landscape showed that the fragmentation degree of patches in the farmland landscape was high. Block shape index (2.02) and patch fractal dimension (1.34) were the largest in the first-class landscape, indicating that the shape of forest edge was tortuous and complex; the shape index (2.22) and fractal dimension (1.35) of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forest were the largest in the second-class landscape, indicating that the shape of landscape type of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forest was more complex; The analysis shows that landscape types are diverse, landscape heterogeneity is relatively large, fragmentation is relatively low; from the analysis of the spatial relationship of landscape elements, the spatial distribution of each landscape element is relatively uniform, clustered distribution, but the spatial distribution of individual landscape elements is relatively scattered: from the perspective of landscape diversity, the landscape types in Yabuli Forest Park The type I diversity index was 2.66, the diversity index was low, and the dominant type landscape was obvious. (2) Larix gmelinii had the largest important value (0.64) in coniferous forest and broadleaf mixed forest in broad-leaved forest, indicating that Larix gmelinii and broadleaf mixed forest were more suitable for the site conditions in this area. The species richness index, species diversity index and community evenness in broad-leaved forest were higher than those in coniferous forest. The coniferous forest community with ecological dominance was higher than that in coniferous forest. Soil chemical analysis showed that soil organic matter, total N, available K and available P were between 2.12% - 11.23%, 0.16% - 0.75%, 0.87% - 2.21% and 0.019% - 0.110% respectively, and the soil was slightly acidic to acidic. The ecological service function of forest in Yabuli Forest Park was evaluated in terms of output value, average productivity, carbon sequestration and oxygen release, water conservation, soil conservation, air purification, biodiversity protection and forest recreation. The proportion of soil conservation (32.8%) water conservation (29.6%) forest recreation (13.8%) biodiversity conservation (10.3%) air purification (6%) wood value (4.1%) carbon sequestration and oxygen release (3.4%). (1.48 million yuan / a.hm2), followed by coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest (99,000 yuan / a.hm2), sparse forest land (26,000 yuan / a.hm2). (5) 26 indexes of landscape structure index, community characteristic index, resistance, site conditions and forest ecological service function were selected to establish the forest landscape health evaluation index system of Yabuli Forest Park. The results showed that the forest landscape health of Yabuli Forest Park was in the upper limit of sub-health. (6) Aiming at the existing problems and reasons of forest landscape in Yabuli Forest Park, the landscape pattern optimization program was put forward. According to the criteria and principles, the corresponding optimization and sustainable management measures were put forward, and the spatial pattern optimization of woodland and agricultural land was compared and analyzed. The results showed that the optimized distribution pattern of woodland and agricultural land was more reasonable.
【學位授予單位】：東北林業(yè)大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：S759.91

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