【摘要】：景觀格局分析及其生態(tài)評(píng)價(jià)是景觀生態(tài)學(xué)應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域中密切聯(lián)系的兩個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),是正確認(rèn)識(shí)景觀、有效保護(hù)和合理開發(fā)利用景觀資源的前提條件。本研究以GIS技術(shù)為平臺(tái),以亞布力森林公園2014年森林資源二類調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)和1:2.5萬林相圖和等高線圖為基礎(chǔ),采用景觀生態(tài)學(xué)和生態(tài)學(xué)的研究方法,結(jié)合實(shí)地調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)亞布力森林公園的景觀格局、斑塊特征、群落特征、森林生態(tài)服務(wù)功能、森林健康狀況等方面進(jìn)行了相關(guān)分析和評(píng)價(jià),針對(duì)亞布力森林公園景觀格局存在的問題,提出了具體優(yōu)化和持續(xù)經(jīng)營措施,目的是為該公園的持續(xù)經(jīng)營和景觀建設(shè)提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。主要研究結(jié)果如下：(1)利用Fragstats景觀分析軟件計(jì)算、分類,并分析了景觀的17個(gè)代表性指標(biāo)。亞布力森林公園一級(jí)景觀分成10類,森林景觀(二級(jí)景觀)分成18類,其中有林地景觀占總面積的74.5%,控制著整個(gè)公園的景觀結(jié)構(gòu)和生態(tài)功能。其次是農(nóng)地(1.49%)。其它景觀斑塊鑲嵌于有林地和農(nóng)地景觀中。森林景觀以闊葉混交林主,占有林地面積的24.76%,其次是椴樹林(17.57%)和落葉松林(11.83%)。森林景觀以天然次生林為主,占有林地面積的85.22%,以幼齡林景觀為主,占有林地面積的48.7%。亞布力森林公園景觀格局受地形因子影響明顯,其中森林景觀的51.46%主要分布在海拔400-600m之間,83.01%分布在25°的坡地上,85.2%分布在陰坡、半陰坡和半陽坡,陰坡最多。從整體景觀要素斑塊規(guī)模來看,農(nóng)地景觀斑塊個(gè)數(shù)(NP)85,斑塊平均面積(MPS)為19.4,說明農(nóng)地景觀斑塊破碎化程度高。在森林景觀中色木林景觀整體性較好,斑塊集中；白樺林斑塊比較分散,破碎化較為嚴(yán)重；從斑塊形狀指數(shù)來看,一級(jí)景觀中有林地形狀指數(shù)(2.02)和斑塊分維數(shù)(1.34)最大,表明有林地邊緣形狀曲折多變,形狀復(fù)雜；二級(jí)景觀中樟子松林形狀指數(shù)(2.22)和分維數(shù)(1.35)最大,表明樟子松林景觀類型的形狀比較復(fù)雜；從景觀異質(zhì)性指標(biāo)分析,景觀類型多樣,景觀異質(zhì)性程度相對(duì)較大,破碎化程度低；從景觀要素空間相互關(guān)系分析,各景觀要素總體上空間分布相對(duì)均勻,呈團(tuán)聚裝分布,但個(gè)別景觀要素空間分布比較分散：從景觀多樣性來看,亞布力森林公園內(nèi)各景觀類型多樣性指數(shù)為2.66,多樣性指數(shù)低,優(yōu)勢類型景觀明顯。(2)根據(jù)群落調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù),針葉林中落葉松具有最大的重要值(0.64)；闊葉林中闊葉混交林的重要值最大(0.72),說明落葉松林和闊葉混交林更適合于該地區(qū)的立地條件。從物種豐富度指數(shù)、物種多樣性指數(shù)、群落均勻度和生態(tài)優(yōu)勢度來看,不同群落總體差異不大,闊葉林內(nèi)物種豐富對(duì)指數(shù)、物種多樣性指數(shù)和群落均勻度大于針葉林：生態(tài)優(yōu)勢度針葉林群落相對(duì)大于針葉林。群落生物多樣性和均勻度對(duì)比分析,生態(tài)優(yōu)勢度與群落的多樣性指數(shù)和均勻度呈一種負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系。(3)土壤化學(xué)分析表明,土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)、全N、速效K和速效P分別介于2.12%-11.23%、0.16%-0.75%、0.87%-2.21%和0.019%-0.110%之間,土壤呈微酸性至酸性。針葉林的土壤養(yǎng)分含量均低于闊葉林。(4)從森林林木產(chǎn)值、平均生產(chǎn)力、固碳釋氧、涵養(yǎng)水源、保育土壤、凈化大氣、生物多樣性保護(hù)和森林游憩等方面對(duì)亞布力森林公園森林的生態(tài)服務(wù)功能進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果表明,2014年亞布力森林公園森林生態(tài)服務(wù)功能總價(jià)值為45236.6萬元/a,評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)的所占比重的大小順序?yàn)楸Ｓ寥?32.8%)涵養(yǎng)水源(29.6%)森林游憩(13.8%)生物多樣性保護(hù)(10.3%)凈化大氣(6%)木材價(jià)值(4.1%)固碳釋氧(3.4%)。不同類型的林地,其生態(tài)服務(wù)功能價(jià)值差異較大,單位面積上不同林地年生態(tài)服務(wù)功能價(jià)值冷杉林最大(14.8萬元/a.hm2),其次是針闊混交林(9.9萬元／a.hm2),疏林地最小(2.6萬元/a.hm2)。(5)選取景觀結(jié)構(gòu)指數(shù)、群落特征指數(shù)、抵抗力、立地條件和森林生態(tài)服務(wù)功能等5個(gè)方面26個(gè)指標(biāo)建立亞布力森林公園森林景觀健康評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)體系,利用主成分分析方法,通過SPSS軟件對(duì)亞布力森林公園森林景觀健康進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)價(jià),景觀綜合評(píng)價(jià)得分為0.72,說明亞布力森林公園森林景觀健康程度處于亞健康的上限區(qū)域。(6)針對(duì)亞布力森林公園森林景觀存在的問題及原因,提出了景觀格局優(yōu)化目標(biāo)和原則,針對(duì)問題提出了相應(yīng)的優(yōu)化與持續(xù)經(jīng)營措施,對(duì)有林地和農(nóng)用地空間格局優(yōu)化進(jìn)行前后對(duì)比分析,表明優(yōu)化后有林地和農(nóng)用地分布格局更加合理。
[Abstract]:Landscape pattern analysis and ecological assessment are two closely related links in the field of landscape ecology application, and are the prerequisite for correct understanding of landscape, effective protection and rational utilization of landscape resources. Based on the high-line map, the landscape pattern, patch characteristics, community characteristics, forest ecological service function and forest health status of Yabuli Forest Park were analyzed and evaluated with landscape ecology and ecology research methods and field survey data. The main results are as follows: (1) Fragstats landscape analysis software was used to calculate, classify and analyze the landscape of 17 representative indicators. Aboli Forest Park landscape was divided into 10 categories, forest landscape (secondary landscape). The forest landscape was divided into 18 types, 74.5% of the total area, which controlled the landscape structure and ecological function of the park. The second was farmland (1.49%). The landscape pattern of Yabuli Forest Park was affected by the topographic factors obviously, of which 51.46% was mainly distributed between 400-600 m, 83.01% was distributed on the slope of 25 degrees, 85.2% was distributed on the shady slope, and half was affected by the topographic factors. The number of patches (NP) 85 and the average patch area (MPS) 19.4 in the whole landscape showed that the fragmentation degree of patches in the farmland landscape was high. Block shape index (2.02) and patch fractal dimension (1.34) were the largest in the first-class landscape, indicating that the shape of forest edge was tortuous and complex; the shape index (2.22) and fractal dimension (1.35) of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forest were the largest in the second-class landscape, indicating that the shape of landscape type of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forest was more complex; The analysis shows that landscape types are diverse, landscape heterogeneity is relatively large, fragmentation is relatively low; from the analysis of the spatial relationship of landscape elements, the spatial distribution of each landscape element is relatively uniform, clustered distribution, but the spatial distribution of individual landscape elements is relatively scattered: from the perspective of landscape diversity, the landscape types in Yabuli Forest Park The type I diversity index was 2.66, the diversity index was low, and the dominant type landscape was obvious. (2) Larix gmelinii had the largest important value (0.64) in coniferous forest and broadleaf mixed forest in broad-leaved forest, indicating that Larix gmelinii and broadleaf mixed forest were more suitable for the site conditions in this area. The species richness index, species diversity index and community evenness in broad-leaved forest were higher than those in coniferous forest. The coniferous forest community with ecological dominance was higher than that in coniferous forest. Soil chemical analysis showed that soil organic matter, total N, available K and available P were between 2.12% - 11.23%, 0.16% - 0.75%, 0.87% - 2.21% and 0.019% - 0.110% respectively, and the soil was slightly acidic to acidic. The ecological service function of forest in Yabuli Forest Park was evaluated in terms of output value, average productivity, carbon sequestration and oxygen release, water conservation, soil conservation, air purification, biodiversity protection and forest recreation. The proportion of soil conservation (32.8%) water conservation (29.6%) forest recreation (13.8%) biodiversity conservation (10.3%) air purification (6%) wood value (4.1%) carbon sequestration and oxygen release (3.4%). (1.48 million yuan / a.hm2), followed by coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest (99,000 yuan / a.hm2), sparse forest land (26,000 yuan / a.hm2). (5) 26 indexes of landscape structure index, community characteristic index, resistance, site conditions and forest ecological service function were selected to establish the forest landscape health evaluation index system of Yabuli Forest Park. The results showed that the forest landscape health of Yabuli Forest Park was in the upper limit of sub-health. (6) Aiming at the existing problems and reasons of forest landscape in Yabuli Forest Park, the landscape pattern optimization program was put forward. According to the criteria and principles, the corresponding optimization and sustainable management measures were put forward, and the spatial pattern optimization of woodland and agricultural land was compared and analyzed. The results showed that the optimized distribution pattern of woodland and agricultural land was more reasonable.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北林業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：S759.91

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