【摘要】：近年來,新疆滴灌小麥發(fā)展很快,但相關(guān)的理論與技術(shù)研究滯后,缺乏配套栽培模式指導(dǎo),各地滴灌帶型不一、適宜的水肥運(yùn)籌與效應(yīng)不清,水肥供給仍沿用傳統(tǒng)漫灌的時期和用量,滴灌優(yōu)勢未能充分發(fā)揮,限制了產(chǎn)量和效率的提升。鑒于此,本研究重點(diǎn)針對滴灌冬小麥高產(chǎn)栽培究竟采用何種帶型配置以及適宜的滴灌量和施氮量,在大田條件下,開展了 3項(xiàng)試驗(yàn):(1)滴灌帶配置試驗(yàn):包括4種帶距處理,即3行1帶(A處理,帶間距45 cm,帶間轄3行小麥)、4行1帶(B處理,帶間距60 cm,帶間轄4行小麥)、5行1帶(C處理,帶間距75 cm,帶間轄5行小麥)和6行1帶(D處理,帶間距90 cm,帶間轄6行小麥);(2)滴灌量試驗(yàn):包括5種不同的滴灌量處理,即 3 150m3/hm2(W1)、3 900m3/hm2(W2)、4 650m3/hm2(W3)、5 400 m3/hm2(W4)和0m3/hm2(CK);(3)施氮量試驗(yàn):包括6個施氮處理,即0kgN/hm2(N0),94.5kgN/hm2(N1),180kgN/hm2(N2),240kgN/hm2(N3),300kgN/hm2(N4),360kgN/hm2(N5)。重點(diǎn)研究了不同處理對冬小麥冠層結(jié)構(gòu)特征與光合特性、干物質(zhì)積累與分配、水氮吸收與利用效率及產(chǎn)量與品質(zhì)性狀的影響,旨在為新疆滴灌冬小麥高產(chǎn)高效栽培提供理論依據(jù)及技術(shù)支撐。主要研究結(jié)果如下:1.滴灌帶配置對冬小麥產(chǎn)量和水分效率的影響不同帶距配置對滴灌麥田土壤含水量影響明顯,從冬小麥拔節(jié)期至成熟期不同處理0～120 cm 土層的土壤含水量,隨著帶間距的增加依次降低,即:A處理B處理C處理D處理。120 cm以下土層含水量處理間無差異。隨著滴灌帶間距的增大,冬小麥的穗數(shù)、穗粒數(shù)、千粒重、產(chǎn)量及水分利用效率均呈"先增后減"的變化趨勢,具體表現(xiàn)為:B處理A處理C處理D處理,B處理產(chǎn)量最高為9 381.01 kg/hm2,較A、C、D處理分別增產(chǎn)4.49%、9.75%和25.81%。2.滴灌量對冬小麥生長發(fā)育及產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的影響不同滴灌量處理間比較,冬小麥的LAI和干物質(zhì)均呈W_3W_4W_2W_1CK的變化規(guī)律;隨著滴灌量的增加,花后同化物積累量呈增加趨勢,花前同化物轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量呈"先增后減"的趨勢,但花前轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)和花后積累量均以W_3最大。冬小麥最大灌漿速率(V_m)隨滴灌量的增加呈"先增后降"的變化趨勢,且兩年均以W_3處理最大,分別達(dá)2.16 g/d和2.59 g/d。隨著滴灌量的增加,籽粒容重、蛋白質(zhì)含量、出粉率、濕面筋含量、面團(tuán)穩(wěn)定時間、弱化度及面團(tuán)拉伸阻力和拉伸比均呈"先增后減"的變化趨勢,均以W_3處理最高;而面團(tuán)吸水率和延伸度則呈"先降后升"的變化趨勢,以W_3處理最低;沉降值逐漸增大,面團(tuán)形成時間逐漸變短。灌溉水利用效率隨滴灌量的增加而減小。不同滴灌量處理間比較,W_3處理水分利用效率較高,其中在2013年試驗(yàn)中,水分利用效率最高,為1.18kg/m3;冬小麥的產(chǎn)量呈W_3W_4W_2W_1CK的變化規(guī)律,W_3處理的產(chǎn)量與品質(zhì)協(xié)調(diào)性好。3.施氮量對滴灌冬小麥冠層特征及光合特性的影響滴灌小麥隨著施氮量的增加,株高、各節(jié)間長度均呈"先增后減"的趨勢;冠層中部和下部的透光率均呈"先降后略升"的變化趨勢,以N_3處理透光率最小、光截獲率最高;冠層從上到下至倒四葉葉位的葉片溫度依次下降,其下降幅度以N_3最大。拔節(jié)期后,群體LAI和葉片SPAD值基本呈:N_3N_4N_5N_2N_1N_0的規(guī)律。隨施氮量的增加,旗葉光合速率(Pn)、蒸騰速率(Tr)和氣孔導(dǎo)度(Gs)均呈"先增加后降低"的變化特征,且以N_3處理最大;不同施氮量處理間比較,N_3處理的胞間CO_2濃度(Ci)值最小。4.施氮量對滴灌冬小麥干物質(zhì)積累特征及產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的影響不同施氮量處理比較,冬小麥拔節(jié)后各生育時期N_3處理的單株干物質(zhì)積累量最高;花前同化物轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量、轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)率以及對籽粒的貢獻(xiàn)率均表現(xiàn)為N_3處理最高;花后同化物對籽粒貢獻(xiàn)量也以N_3處理最高,但對籽粒貢獻(xiàn)率則呈N_0N_1N_2N_5N_4N_3的變化規(guī)律。植株氮素(N)、磷素(P_2O_5)、鉀素(K_2O)積累量均表現(xiàn)為:N_3N_4N_5N_2N_1N_0。籽粒容重、出粉率、蛋白質(zhì)含量、濕面筋含量均隨著施氮量的增加呈"先增后減"的變化趨勢,沉降值、面團(tuán)吸水率、面團(tuán)形成時間、面團(tuán)穩(wěn)定時間、拉伸阻力、最大拉伸阻力均表現(xiàn)為:N_3N_4N_5N_2N_1N_0,而面團(tuán)拉伸面積與面團(tuán)延伸度則隨施氮量的增加而逐漸降低。不同施氮量處理比較,N3處理產(chǎn)量最高,兩年平均為8534.21 kg/hm2;氮肥農(nóng)學(xué)利用效率表現(xiàn)為:N_1N_3N_2N_4N_5;N_3處理氮素收獲指數(shù)最大。綜上所述,本試驗(yàn)條件下,滴灌冬小麥獲得高產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)高效相協(xié)調(diào)的最適帶距配置為4行1帶(帶間距60cm,包括4行小麥),適宜滴灌量為4650m3/hm2,適宜施氮量為240kg/hm2,此可作為新疆滴灌冬小麥大面積生產(chǎn)應(yīng)用的參考指標(biāo)。
[Abstract]:In recent years, the development of drip irrigation wheat in Xinjiang has been very rapid, but the relevant theoretical and technical research has been lagging behind, lacking the guidance of Matching Cultivation modes, the different types of drip irrigation zones, the unclear operation and effect of suitable water and fertilizer, the time and quantity of traditional flooding irrigation are still used for water and fertilizer supply, and the advantages of drip irrigation have not been brought into full play, thus limiting the increase of yield and efficiency. In this study, three experiments were carried out under the field conditions, focusing on the band type allocation and the appropriate amount of drip irrigation and nitrogen application for High-yielding Cultivation of Winter Wheat under drip irrigation: (1) The experiment included four band spacing treatments, namely, three rows and one band (A treatment, 45 cm band spacing, 3 rows of wheat between bands), four rows and one band (B treatment, 60 cm band spacing, band spacing). There were 4 rows of wheat, 5 rows and 1 band (C treatment, 75 cm interval, 5 rows of wheat) and 6 rows and 1 band (D treatment, 90 cm interval, 6 rows of wheat); (2) Trickle irrigation experiment included 5 different treatments, i.e. 3 150 m3/hm2 (W1), 3 900 m3/hm2 (W2), 4 650 m3/hm2 (W3), 5 400 m3/hm2 (W4) and 0 m3/hm2 (CK 2); (3) Trickle nitrogen application experiment included 6 treatments. The effects of different treatments on canopy structure and photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter accumulation and distribution, water and nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency, yield and quality of Winter Wheat under drip irrigation in Xinjiang were studied. The main results are as follows: 1. The effect of drip irrigation zone allocation on Yield and water efficiency of winter wheat was obvious. Soil water content of 0-120 cm soil layer was affected by different zone spacing allocation from jointing stage to maturity stage of winter wheat. With the increase of drip irrigation zone spacing, the number of ears, grains per ear, 1000-grain weight, yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat showed a trend of "increase first and then decrease". Specifically, the highest yield of B treatment C treatment D was 9 381.01 kg/h. Compared with A, C and D treatments, the yield of winter wheat increased by 4.49%, 9.75% and 25.81%. 2. The effects of drip irrigation on the growth, yield and quality of winter wheat were compared among different treatments. The LAI and dry matter of winter wheat showed a W_3W_4W_2W_1CK variation pattern; with the increase of drip irrigation, the accumulation of assimilate after anthesis increased, and the transport of assimilate before anthesis showed a "W_3W_4W_2W_1CK" pattern. The maximum grain filling rate (V_m) of winter wheat increased first and then decreased with the increase of drip irrigation, and the maximum grain weight, protein content, flour yield and wet gluten content were 2.16 g/d and 2.59 g/d respectively. The dough stabilization time, weakening degree, dough stretching resistance and stretching ratio all showed the trend of "increasing first and then decreasing", and the water absorption rate and extensibility of the dough showed the trend of "decreasing first and then increasing", while the lowest was in the treatment of W_3; the sedimentation value gradually increased and the dough formation time gradually shortened. Compared with different drip irrigation treatments, W 3 treatment had higher WUE, and the highest WUE was 1.18kg/m3 in the experiment of 2013. The yield of winter wheat showed the variation rule of W3W4W221CK, and the yield and quality of W 3 treatment had good coordination. 3. The effect of Nitrogen Application on the canopy characteristics and photosynthetic characteristics of Winter Wheat under drip irrigation was studied. With the increase of nitrogen application rate, the plant height and internode length of irrigated wheat showed a trend of "increasing first and then decreasing"; the light transmittance of middle and lower canopy showed a trend of "decreasing first and then rising slightly"; the light transmittance of N_3 treatment was the smallest, and the light interception rate was the highest; the leaf temperature of canopy from top to bottom to the fourth leaf position decreased successively, and the decreasing extent of N_3 was the largest. After jointing stage, the LAI and SPAD values of population were basically in the following pattern: N_3N_4N_5N_2N_1N_0. With the increase of nitrogen application rate, the photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr) and stomatal conductance (Gs) of flag leaves were all increased first and then decreased, and the maximum was N_3 treatment, and the intercellular CO_2 concentration (Ci) value of N_3 treatment was the smallest.4. Effects of Nitrogen Application on dry matter accumulation and yield and quality of Winter Wheat under drip irrigation Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P_2O_5) and potassium (K_2O) accumulation in plants were all shown as follows: N_3N_4N_5N_2N_1N_0. Grain bulk density, flour yield, protein content and wet gluten content increased first and then decreased with the increase of nitrogen application. Water absorption, dough formation time, dough stabilization time, stretching resistance and maximum stretching resistance all showed as follows: N_3N_4N_5N_2N_1N_0, while dough stretching area and dough elongation gradually decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rate. In summary, the optimum band spacing of drip irrigation for winter wheat with high yield, good quality and high efficiency was 4 rows and 1 band (band spacing 60 cm, including 4 rows of wheat), the optimum drip irrigation amount was 4650 m3/hm2, and the optimum nitrogen application rate was 240 kg/hm2, which could be used as a large area of Winter Wheat under drip irrigation in Xinjiang. Reference index for production and application.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S512.1;S275.6

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