發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-08-18 19:55

【摘要】：針對(duì)天然林保護(hù)工程實(shí)施后,東北林區(qū)森林經(jīng)營(yíng)方式發(fā)生改變?yōu)檠芯勘尘?以天然林保護(hù)工程重點(diǎn)實(shí)施東北林區(qū)的典型森林類型為主要研究對(duì)象,采用野外調(diào)查與室內(nèi)試驗(yàn)相結(jié)合的研究方法,對(duì)比研究了大小興安嶺主要森林類型的水源涵養(yǎng)能力；長(zhǎng)白山東部山地不同配置落葉松混交林的水源涵養(yǎng)能力和土壤可蝕性；大興安嶺不同經(jīng)營(yíng)措施條件下典型森林類型的水源涵養(yǎng)功能；運(yùn)用層次分析法優(yōu)化配置小流域水源涵養(yǎng)林的模式。首先對(duì)比分析大小興安嶺典型類型林分水源涵養(yǎng)能力,結(jié)果表明：(1)大興安嶺林區(qū)森林林冠層截留率較小興安嶺的主要森林類型維持相對(duì)較高的水平；特別是草類興安落葉松林表現(xiàn)出較強(qiáng)的林冠截留能力。5種類型灌木林的林冠截留率的平均值變化范圍為11.99%～24.86%,其中,以榛子灌叢的林冠截留率最高,接近同區(qū)內(nèi)喬木林的平均水平。(2)小興安嶺各林分枯落物層最大持水能力變化范圍為25.66～136.82 t/hm2之間,有效持水能力的變化范圍則在17.17～67.00 t/hm2之間,均表現(xiàn)為落葉松人工林最強(qiáng),依次分別為落葉松白樺混交林、紅松人工林、蒙古櫟天然林、樟子松人工林和水曲柳天然林。大興安嶺各林分枯落物最大持水率的變化范圍在578.03%～747.22%之間,其中杜鵑白樺林的最大持水率最高,依次分別為草類落葉松林、杜鵑落葉松林、柞木落葉松林和蒙古櫟天然林。(3)小興安嶺6種林分土壤有效持水量變化范圍為267.30～438.56 1/hm2,水曲柳天然林土壤有效持水能力最好,大興安嶺不同林分土壤有效持水能力的變化范圍僅為340.00～632.15 t/hm2,其中以杜鵑白樺林表現(xiàn)出相對(duì)較強(qiáng)的水源涵養(yǎng)功能。(4)對(duì)比大、小興安嶺16種喬灌林分的水源涵養(yǎng)功能,表明大興安嶺主要森林類型的水源涵養(yǎng)功能綜合能力最強(qiáng),具體表現(xiàn)為在林冠層截留和枯落物蓄水能力上占明顯優(yōu)勢(shì)；小興安嶺主要森林類型水源涵養(yǎng)功能主要體現(xiàn)在土壤層最大持水能力上占有優(yōu)勢(shì)；灌木林具有較強(qiáng)的水源涵養(yǎng)功能,表現(xiàn)為土壤層有效持水能力占明顯優(yōu)勢(shì)。其次對(duì)帽兒山實(shí)驗(yàn)林場(chǎng)落葉松人工混交林的灌草層、枯落物層和土壤層的水文功能和土壤可蝕性的評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行分析。研究表明：(1)灌木層現(xiàn)存量變化范圍為0.51～0.73t/hm2,草本層現(xiàn)存量變化在0.20～0.62t/hm2之間,最大持水量變化范圍為2.31～4.97t/hm2之間,均以落葉松黃菠蘿混交林最大。(2)枯落物現(xiàn)存量范圍在6.23～9.13t/hm2之間,落葉松水曲柳混交林最大。4種林分最大持水量大小排序?yàn)椋郝淙~松水曲柳混交林(53.50t/hm2)落葉松黃菠蘿混交林(47.82t/hm2)落葉松純林(45.02t/hm2)落葉松胡桃楸混交林(36.64t/hm2)。(3)土壤最大持水量范圍在2927.74～3454.31t/hm2之間。有效持水量大小依次為：落葉松黃菠蘿混交林(282.24t/hm2)落葉松純林(275.83t/hm2)落葉松胡桃楸混交林(219.05t/hm2)落葉松水曲柳混交林(143.01t/hm2)。(4)通過土壤結(jié)構(gòu)二維三系圖可以得出,在表層土壤中(0-20cm),落葉松胡桃楸混交林較其他林分類型更加接近理想結(jié)構(gòu),主要是通過增加固相比例、減小液相比例實(shí)現(xiàn)向理想點(diǎn)的趨近。(5)0～10cm土層內(nèi)落葉松胡桃楸混交林土粒的靜水崩解速率最低(2%～4%)。4種林分土壤水穩(wěn)性指數(shù)差異顯著(P0.05),范圍在0.85～0.97之間,落葉松胡桃楸混交林最高(0.97),可蝕性最低。(6)0～20cm土壤范圍內(nèi)干篩團(tuán)聚體以2～5mm粒級(jí)團(tuán)聚體為主,PA0.25均值排序?yàn)椋郝淙~松胡桃楸混交林(91.64%)落葉松純林(91.08%)落葉松水曲柳混交林(85.10%)落葉松黃菠蘿混交林(80.42%)。落葉松胡桃楸混交林能顯著增加土壤水穩(wěn)團(tuán)聚體的PAo.25、降低團(tuán)聚體破壞率(P0.05)。(7)通過EPIC評(píng)價(jià)模型對(duì)4種林分土壤的可蝕性因子K值進(jìn)行計(jì)算得出,K值范圍在0.294～0.337之間,落葉松水曲柳混交林可蝕性最低。從而總結(jié)出該經(jīng)營(yíng)條件下,涵養(yǎng)水源潛力最大的是落葉松純林,持水能力最強(qiáng)的是落葉松黃菠蘿混交林；落葉松胡桃楸混交林的可蝕性最低,抗侵蝕能力最強(qiáng)。對(duì)大興安嶺阿木爾林業(yè)局撫育間伐經(jīng)營(yíng)措施條件下的白樺天然林、樟子松天然林和落葉松天然林的林分結(jié)構(gòu)、灌木層和草本層的生物多樣性、枯落物層儲(chǔ)量及持水能力、土壤層物理性質(zhì)及涵養(yǎng)水源能力等指標(biāo)進(jìn)行了研究。研究結(jié)果表明：(1)常規(guī)撫育間伐能促進(jìn)林木胸徑和樹高的生長(zhǎng),白樺天然林間伐后白樺天然林密度降低50%,林分平均高增加0.4m,平均胸徑增加1.5cm,林分蓄積量沒有下降。過度間伐的落葉松天然林平均胸徑和樹高增加明顯,林分蓄積量隨著間伐強(qiáng)度的增加而下降。(2)撫育間伐后,白樺天然林灌木層和草本層的物種豐富度指數(shù)及Shannon-Wiener指數(shù)都有提高；落葉松天然林多次撫育間伐灌木層和草本層的物種豐富度指數(shù)及Shannon-Wiener指數(shù)明顯下降,植物種類也相應(yīng)減少。(3)撫育間伐對(duì)林分內(nèi)部枯落物層的儲(chǔ)量和分布產(chǎn)生影響,間伐后白樺天然林枯落物儲(chǔ)量下降20%,樟子松天然林枯落物儲(chǔ)量下降13.27%,落葉松天然林二次間伐導(dǎo)致枯落物儲(chǔ)量下降明顯。(4)林分枯落物組成對(duì)枯落物層持水能力貢獻(xiàn)力不同,白樺天然林枯落物組成以落葉為主,未分解層白樺落葉最大持水量為枯枝最大持水量的2.58-3.65倍,半分解層為1.27-2.92倍。樟子松天然林和落葉松天然林枯落物組成主要由落葉為主,枯落物持水能力為落葉樹皮枯枝球果。(5)撫育間伐后能夠?qū)ν寥牢锢硇再|(zhì)起到改良的作用,對(duì)比間伐前后林分土壤容重和孔隙度,土壤容重呈下降趨勢(shì),非毛管孔隙度增加明顯。運(yùn)用層次分析法對(duì)大興安嶺新林林業(yè)局小流域水源涵養(yǎng)林植被的空間配置結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行優(yōu)化分析,初步確定該流域水源涵養(yǎng)林植被類型優(yōu)化配置結(jié)構(gòu)為蒙古櫟天然林占24.86%、杜鵑落葉松林占16.30%、柞木落葉松林占44.49、杜鵑白樺林占10.88、草類落葉松林占3.47。優(yōu)化后試驗(yàn)流域整體水源涵養(yǎng)能力增加了13.56萬t,與現(xiàn)狀相比相對(duì)提高7.0%。數(shù)據(jù)證明優(yōu)化調(diào)整后達(dá)到試驗(yàn)小流域水源涵養(yǎng)林最優(yōu)空間配置結(jié)構(gòu)。研究的結(jié)果不僅可以為東北林區(qū)森林經(jīng)營(yíng)森林蓄水固土能力評(píng)估提供參考和借鑒,還可以為林業(yè)管理部門提供森林經(jīng)營(yíng)策略制定提供數(shù)據(jù)支持和理論服務(wù)。
[Abstract]:Aiming at the change of forest management mode in Northeast Forest Region after the implementation of natural forest protection project, taking the typical forest types in Northeast Forest Region as the main object of study, the water of main forest types in big and small Xing'an Mountains was comparatively studied by combining field investigation with laboratory experiment. Source conservation capacity; water conservation capacity and soil erodibility of Larix gmelinii mixed forests with different allocations in mountainous areas of Eastern Changbai Mountains; water conservation function of typical forest types under different management measures in Daxing'an Mountains; optimization of allocation model of water conservation forests in small watershed by using analytic hierarchy process. The results showed that: (1) the canopy interception rate of forest in Daxing'an Mountains was relatively higher than that of the main forest types in Xing'an Mountains, especially for the grasses, Larix gmelinii forest, which showed stronger canopy interception capacity. The average canopy interception rate of five shrub types ranged from 11.99%. Among them, the canopy interception rate of hazelnut shrub was the highest, which was close to the average level of arbor forest in the same area. (2) The maximum water-holding capacity of litter layers ranged from 25.66 t/hm2 to 136.82 t/hm2, and the effective water-holding capacity ranged from 17.17 t/hm2 to 67.00 t/hm2. Larch-Betula mixed forest, Korean pine plantation, Mongolian oak natural forest, Pinus sylvestris Plantation and Fraxinus mandshurica natural forest were the next. The maximum water holding capacity of litter ranged from 578.03% to 747.22% in the Daxing'an Mountains. The highest water holding capacity of Rhododendron-Betula platyphylla forest was in the order of herbaceous larch forest, Rhododendron-larch forest. Oak Larch Forest and Quercus mongolica Natural Forest. (3) The range of soil effective water-holding capacity of 6 stands in Xiaoxing'an Mountains ranged from 267.30 to 438.561/hm2, and Fraxinus mandshurica Natural Forest had the best soil effective water-holding capacity. The range of soil effective water-holding capacity of different stands in Daxing'an Mountains was only 340.00 to 632.15 t/hm2. (4) The water conservation function of 16 Arbor-shrub forests in Xiaoxing'an Mountains was stronger than that of other forests, indicating that the main forest types in Daxing'an Mountains had the strongest comprehensive water conservation function, which was manifested by their dominance in canopy interception and litter storage capacity. The shrub forest has a strong water conservation function, showing that the effective water holding capacity of the soil layer is dominant. Secondly, the shrub and grass layer, litter layer and soil layer hydrological function and soil erodibility evaluation index of Larix gmelinii plantation in Maoershan experimental forest farm are introduced. The results showed that: (1) The change range of shrub layer stock was 0.51-0.73 t/hm2, herb layer stock was 0.20-0.62 t/hm2, and the maximum water-holding capacity was 2.31-4.97 t/hm2. Larch-yellow-pineapple mixed forest was the largest. (2) The litter stock ranged from 6.23 t/hm2 to 9.13 t/hm2, larch-manchurian ash mixed forest was the largest. The order of the maximum water holding capacity of the four stands was: Larch mixed forest (53.50t/hm2) Larch yellow pineapple mixed forest (47.82t/hm2) Larch pure forest (45.02t/hm2) Larch mixed forest (36.64t/hm2). (3) The maximum soil water holding capacity ranged from 2927.74 t/hm2 to 3454.31t/hm2. Larch-Juglans mandshurica mixed forest (219.05 t/hm2) Larch-Manchuria mandshurica mixed forest (143.01 t/hm2). (4) In the surface soil (0-20 cm), Larch-Juglans mandshurica mixed forest (275.83 t/hm2) Larch-Juglans mandshurica mixed forest (219.05 t/hm2) Larch-Manchuria mandshurica mixed forest (143.01 t/hm2). (4) Through the two-dimensional three-series diagram of soil structure, it can be concluded that Larch-Juglans mandshurica mixed forest is closer to the ideal structure than other Soil water stability index of larch-juglans mandshurica mixed forest was the lowest (2%-4%) in 0-10 cm soil layer. The difference of soil water stability index among the four stands was significant (P 0.05), the range was 0.85-0.97, and the larch-juglans mandshurica mixed forest was the highest (0.97), and the erodibility was the lowest (P 0.05). 6) Dry-screened aggregates in 0-20 cm soil ranged from 2-5 mm to 5 mm, and PA 0.25 was in the order of 91.64% larch-juglans mandshurica mixed forest (91.08%) pure larch-manchurian ash mixed forest (85.10%) larch-yellow pineapple mixed forest (80.42%). Reducing aggregate damage rate (P 0.05). (7) By EPIC evaluation model, the soil erodibility factor K values of the four forest soils were calculated. The K values ranged from 0.294 to 0.337, and the erodibility of the mixed forest of Larix gmelinii and Fraxinus mandshurica was the lowest. Larch-yellow pineapple mixed forest; Larch-Juglans mandshurica mixed forest has the lowest erosion resistance and the strongest erosion resistance. The structure of natural birch forest, natural forest of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica and natural larch forest, the biodiversity of shrub layer and herb layer, litter layer reserves and litter layer under the condition of thinning management in Amur Forestry Bureau of Daxing'an Mountains The results showed that: (1) Routine tending and thinning could promote the growth of DBH and tree height. After thinning, the density of Betula platyphylla natural forest decreased by 50%, the average stand height increased by 0.4 m, the average DBH increased by 1.5 cm, and the stand volume did not decrease. The average DBH and tree height of natural Larix gmelinii forest increased significantly, and the stand volume decreased with the increase of thinning intensity. (2) After thinning, the species richness index and Shannon-Wiener index of shrub and herb layers of natural Betula platyphylla forest were increased, and the species of shrub and herb layers were increased. Richness index and Shannon-Wiener index decreased significantly, and plant species decreased correspondingly. (3) Intermediate thinning had an effect on litter storage and distribution within the stand. Litter storage of Betula platyphylla natural forest decreased by 20%, litter storage of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica natural forest decreased by 13.27% and litter storage of Larix gmelini natural forest caused by secondary thinning. (4) The litter composition of natural Betula platyphylla forest was mainly composed of deciduous leaves. The maximum water holding capacity of deciduous leaves of Uncomposed Betula platyphylla was 2.58-3.65 times of the maximum water holding capacity of litter, and that of semi-decomposed layer was 1.27-2.92 times. (5) thinning can improve soil physical properties. Compared with the stand soil bulk density and porosity before and after thinning, the soil bulk density showed a downward trend, and the non-capillary porosity increased significantly. The spatial distribution structure of water conservation forest vegetation was optimized and analyzed. The optimal distribution structure of water conservation forest vegetation types in the watershed was determined as Mongolian oak natural forest accounting for 24.86%, azalea larch forest accounting for 16.30%, oak larch forest accounting for 44.49, Rhododendron birch forest accounting for 10.88, grass larch forest accounting for 3.47. The data prove that the optimal spatial allocation structure of water conservation forest in the experimental small watershed can be achieved after optimization and adjustment. The results can not only provide reference and reference for the evaluation of water and soil conservation capacity of forest management in Northeast China, but also provide forest management departments with forest management. Strategy formulation provides data support and theoretical services.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北林業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：S714.7

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