半干旱黃土高原丘陵山羊牧道景觀結(jié)構(gòu)與形成機(jī)制
發(fā)布時間：2018-08-03 15:26
【摘要】：牧場占陸地表面25%以上,對全球生態(tài)過程和社會經(jīng)濟(jì)具有重要影響。放牧牲畜采食踩踏形成的小路徑,即牧道,廣泛分布于干旱、半干旱以及濕潤和高山地區(qū)的坡地牧場。半干旱黃土高原丘陵分布有典型的牧道景觀,本文定量刻畫了山羊牧道景觀基本景觀單元結(jié)構(gòu)、牧道網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu),并分析了牧道網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的山羊活動行為。在基本景觀單元結(jié)構(gòu)方面,我們首先將基本景觀單元劃分為三個組成部分,分別為:牧道、凸肩區(qū)和坡間區(qū),繼而通過樣方法和自制微地形采樣框,獲取了每個組成部分的微地形特征、植物群落特征和土壤特征。在牧道網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)方面,通過攝影測量和地理信息系統(tǒng)相結(jié)合,運(yùn)用圖論方法,對牧道網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行了定量刻畫。在山羊活動行為方面,通過對山羊走過牧道景觀過程的拍攝,重建了山羊在牧道網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的移動軌跡,刻畫了山羊采食和路徑選擇行為。上述研究得到如下主要結(jié)果:1.牧道景觀具有顯著的微地形、植物和土壤空間異質(zhì)性,形成帶狀格局。牧道景觀的基本景觀單元從上到下包含三個組成部分,牧道、凸肩區(qū)和坡間區(qū)。牧道的坡度低,土壤容重高,具有表層土壤硬殼,很少有植物和生物結(jié)皮覆蓋。凸肩區(qū)的坡度居中,土壤容重最低,植物地上生物量和土壤養(yǎng)分含量最高。坡間區(qū)坡度最大,土壤容重居中,土壤養(yǎng)分含量最低,生物結(jié)皮覆蓋面積(80%)最高。降水后水分分配具有相應(yīng)的空間異質(zhì)性:牧道最多,坡間區(qū)最少,凸肩區(qū)中等。通過地表徑流和地下存貯方式,牧道為凸肩區(qū)植物生長提供水分。2.牧道網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)與山羊采食行為相適應(yīng)。節(jié)點(diǎn)密度0.3個/m2,其中約30%為2度節(jié)點(diǎn),60%為3度節(jié)點(diǎn),10%為4度節(jié)點(diǎn),沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)度數(shù)大于4的節(jié)點(diǎn)。牧道網(wǎng)絡(luò)由平行牧道和連接牧道組成,平行牧道幾乎平行于水平面,偏轉(zhuǎn)角(與所在山坡水平線夾角)8.0°,連接牧道偏轉(zhuǎn)角27.4°,作為平行牧道之間的連接。牧道網(wǎng)絡(luò)的基本連接單元可以看作是由一個節(jié)點(diǎn)和直接與該節(jié)點(diǎn)連接的所有邊組成,本文發(fā)現(xiàn)牧道網(wǎng)絡(luò)由14種基本連接單元組成,繼而分析了每種類型的結(jié)構(gòu)。牧道網(wǎng)絡(luò)中多邊形長寬比超過4,水平長度3~8 m,垂直長度僅0.6~1.6 m。3.牧道網(wǎng)絡(luò)可能會提高山羊采食效率。牧道平緩的坡度和堅(jiān)硬的表面有助于山羊更加平穩(wěn)的站立和通過,減少移動能量消耗。牧道植被覆蓋低,植物對山羊移動阻擋小,減少了移動距離而增加了效率。山羊?qū)嶋H使用牧道偏轉(zhuǎn)角和轉(zhuǎn)角都相對小,偏轉(zhuǎn)角平均11°,轉(zhuǎn)角平均16°。連接牧道偏轉(zhuǎn)角具有一定程度的優(yōu)化性,爬山效率可能較高。超過93%的采食發(fā)生于牧道,牧道不僅是牲畜行走道路,也是采食道路。牧道網(wǎng)絡(luò)中山羊采食位點(diǎn)主要分布于山羊上前方約80 cm半徑內(nèi),該距離意味著山羊無需離開牧道即可采食88.0%的非牧道區(qū)域。4.牧道景觀維持過程中,存在一個正反饋過程。山羊踩踏降低牧道坡度、增加土壤容重、形成表面土壤硬殼,這有助于牧道捕獲并且二次分配水到凸肩區(qū),形成凸肩區(qū)的植物條帶和“條帶狀肥料島”;牧道網(wǎng)絡(luò)有助于減少能量消耗,增加采食效率,從而山羊更傾向于使用牧道。牧道也具有可能的動態(tài)機(jī)制,坡間區(qū)下部、牧道和凸肩區(qū)對沉積物的有效捕獲將導(dǎo)致牧道寬度向內(nèi)增加,使得牧道向上移動。總之,牧道對微地形、水文、植物群落、土壤和山羊采食效率具有重要影響。半干旱黃土高原丘陵,存在與不存在牧道情況下,景觀結(jié)構(gòu)和功能明顯不同。深入了解這些不同可能會對完善當(dāng)前該區(qū)域正在實(shí)施的水土保持政策和在丘陵牧場禁牧的政策有幫助。
[Abstract]:Pasture accounts for more than 25% of the land surface, which has an important impact on the global ecological process and social economy. The small path formed by grazing animal feeding and trampling is widely distributed in arid, semi-arid and humid and alpine areas. The Hilly of the semi-arid Loess Plateau has a typical pasture landscape. This paper quantitatively depicts the goat. The basic landscape unit structure of the pastoral landscape, the structure of animal husbandry network, and the activity behavior of goat in the pastoral network are analyzed. In the basic landscape unit structure, we first divide the basic landscape units into three components, namely, pasture, bump area and interslope area, and then through sample method and self-made micro terrain sampling frame, we get the results. The microtopography of each component, the characteristics of the plant community and the characteristics of the soil. In the structure of the animal husbandry network, the structure of the animal husbandry network was quantified by the combination of photogrammetry and geographic information system, and the graph theory was used. In the activity of goats, the mountain was taken to reconstruct the mountain through the shooting of the landscape process of the goat through the pasture. The moving track of sheep in the pastoral network depicts the behavior of goat feeding and path selection. The main results are as follows: 1. the pasture landscape has significant microtopography, spatial heterogeneity of plants and soils, and forms a banded pattern. The basic landscape units of the pastoral landscape contain three components, pasture, shoulder area and slope from upper to lower. In the interspace area, the slope of the pasture is low, the soil bulk density is high, the soil crust of the surface soil is high, and there are few plants and biological crust covering. The slope of the shoulder area is in the middle, the soil bulk density is the lowest, the aboveground biomass and soil nutrient content are the highest. The slope degree is the largest in the interslope area, the soil bulk density is the lowest, the soil soil nutrient content is the highest, and the biological crust covering area (80%) is the highest. The water distribution after precipitation has the corresponding spatial heterogeneity: most of the pastoral route, the lowest interslope area and the middle of the convex shoulder area. Through surface runoff and underground storage, the animal husbandry channel provides water.2. network structure to the goats' feeding behavior. The node density is 0.3 /m2, of which about 30% are 2 degrees, 60% are 3 degrees, 10% For the 4 degree node, there is no node with a degree greater than 4. The pastoral network is composed of parallel grazing and connection pastes. The parallel pasture is almost parallel to the horizontal plane. The deflection angle (with the angle of the horizontal line at the slope of the mountain) is 8 degrees and the pasture deflection angle is 27.4 degrees. The basic connection unit of the pastoral network can be regarded as a one. It is found that the node and all sides are directly connected to the node. In this paper, it is found that the pastoral network is composed of 14 basic connection units. Then, each type of structure is analyzed. The length and width ratio of polygon is over 4, the horizontal length 3~8 m, the vertical length only 0.6~1.6 m.3. grazing network may improve the feeding efficiency of the goat. The degree and the hard surface help the goat to stand and pass more smoothly, reduce the movement energy consumption. The vegetation cover of the pasture is low, the growth of the goat's movement is smaller, the moving distance is reduced, and the efficiency is increased. The goats are actually using the grazing angle and angle are relatively small, the deflection angle is 11 degrees and the rotation angle averages 16 degrees. With a certain degree of optimization, the efficiency of mountain climbing may be higher. More than 93% of the grazing occurred on the animal husbandry Road, and the grazing road is not only the road of livestock walking, but also the way of feeding. The goat feeding sites in the animal husbandry network are mainly distributed within the 80 cm radius of the goat on the front of the goat. This distance means that the goat can take 88% of the non grazing area without leaving the animal road. There is a positive feedback process in the process of maintaining the landscape of the.4. pasture. The goats tread down the slope of the pasture, increase the soil bulk density, and form the hard shell of the surface soil, which is helpful to the grazing and two distribution of the water to the convex shoulder area, the plant strip of the convex shoulder area and the "strip fertilizer island", and the animal husbandry network helps to reduce the energy consumption and increase the energy consumption. Grazing efficiency, thus the goat is more inclined to use animal husbandry. Animal husbandry also has a possible dynamic mechanism. The lower part of the interslope area, the effective capture of the pasture and the shoulder area will lead to the increase of the pasture width and make the pasture move upwards. In short, the pasture has an important effect on the microtopography, hydrology, plant community, soil and goat feeding efficiency. The landscape structure and function of the Hilly of the semi-arid Loess Plateau is distinctly different from that of the non existence of pasture. Understanding these differences may help to improve the current policy of soil and water conservation in the region and the policy of prohibiting the grazing in the hilly pasture.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：蘭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：S812.9;S827
本文編號：2162168
[Abstract]:Pasture accounts for more than 25% of the land surface, which has an important impact on the global ecological process and social economy. The small path formed by grazing animal feeding and trampling is widely distributed in arid, semi-arid and humid and alpine areas. The Hilly of the semi-arid Loess Plateau has a typical pasture landscape. This paper quantitatively depicts the goat. The basic landscape unit structure of the pastoral landscape, the structure of animal husbandry network, and the activity behavior of goat in the pastoral network are analyzed. In the basic landscape unit structure, we first divide the basic landscape units into three components, namely, pasture, bump area and interslope area, and then through sample method and self-made micro terrain sampling frame, we get the results. The microtopography of each component, the characteristics of the plant community and the characteristics of the soil. In the structure of the animal husbandry network, the structure of the animal husbandry network was quantified by the combination of photogrammetry and geographic information system, and the graph theory was used. In the activity of goats, the mountain was taken to reconstruct the mountain through the shooting of the landscape process of the goat through the pasture. The moving track of sheep in the pastoral network depicts the behavior of goat feeding and path selection. The main results are as follows: 1. the pasture landscape has significant microtopography, spatial heterogeneity of plants and soils, and forms a banded pattern. The basic landscape units of the pastoral landscape contain three components, pasture, shoulder area and slope from upper to lower. In the interspace area, the slope of the pasture is low, the soil bulk density is high, the soil crust of the surface soil is high, and there are few plants and biological crust covering. The slope of the shoulder area is in the middle, the soil bulk density is the lowest, the aboveground biomass and soil nutrient content are the highest. The slope degree is the largest in the interslope area, the soil bulk density is the lowest, the soil soil nutrient content is the highest, and the biological crust covering area (80%) is the highest. The water distribution after precipitation has the corresponding spatial heterogeneity: most of the pastoral route, the lowest interslope area and the middle of the convex shoulder area. Through surface runoff and underground storage, the animal husbandry channel provides water.2. network structure to the goats' feeding behavior. The node density is 0.3 /m2, of which about 30% are 2 degrees, 60% are 3 degrees, 10% For the 4 degree node, there is no node with a degree greater than 4. The pastoral network is composed of parallel grazing and connection pastes. The parallel pasture is almost parallel to the horizontal plane. The deflection angle (with the angle of the horizontal line at the slope of the mountain) is 8 degrees and the pasture deflection angle is 27.4 degrees. The basic connection unit of the pastoral network can be regarded as a one. It is found that the node and all sides are directly connected to the node. In this paper, it is found that the pastoral network is composed of 14 basic connection units. Then, each type of structure is analyzed. The length and width ratio of polygon is over 4, the horizontal length 3~8 m, the vertical length only 0.6~1.6 m.3. grazing network may improve the feeding efficiency of the goat. The degree and the hard surface help the goat to stand and pass more smoothly, reduce the movement energy consumption. The vegetation cover of the pasture is low, the growth of the goat's movement is smaller, the moving distance is reduced, and the efficiency is increased. The goats are actually using the grazing angle and angle are relatively small, the deflection angle is 11 degrees and the rotation angle averages 16 degrees. With a certain degree of optimization, the efficiency of mountain climbing may be higher. More than 93% of the grazing occurred on the animal husbandry Road, and the grazing road is not only the road of livestock walking, but also the way of feeding. The goat feeding sites in the animal husbandry network are mainly distributed within the 80 cm radius of the goat on the front of the goat. This distance means that the goat can take 88% of the non grazing area without leaving the animal road. There is a positive feedback process in the process of maintaining the landscape of the.4. pasture. The goats tread down the slope of the pasture, increase the soil bulk density, and form the hard shell of the surface soil, which is helpful to the grazing and two distribution of the water to the convex shoulder area, the plant strip of the convex shoulder area and the "strip fertilizer island", and the animal husbandry network helps to reduce the energy consumption and increase the energy consumption. Grazing efficiency, thus the goat is more inclined to use animal husbandry. Animal husbandry also has a possible dynamic mechanism. The lower part of the interslope area, the effective capture of the pasture and the shoulder area will lead to the increase of the pasture width and make the pasture move upwards. In short, the pasture has an important effect on the microtopography, hydrology, plant community, soil and goat feeding efficiency. The landscape structure and function of the Hilly of the semi-arid Loess Plateau is distinctly different from that of the non existence of pasture. Understanding these differences may help to improve the current policy of soil and water conservation in the region and the policy of prohibiting the grazing in the hilly pasture.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：蘭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：S812.9;S827
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