施氮與環(huán)境互作對(duì)玉米水分生產(chǎn)效率及根系生長的影響
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-07-25 07:57
【摘要】：施用氮肥是調(diào)節(jié)作物生長和實(shí)現(xiàn)作物高產(chǎn)的重要手段。但氮肥對(duì)作物生長的影響可能受天氣(干旱、溫度變化等)及土壤條件的干擾,進(jìn)而影響作物產(chǎn)量、養(yǎng)分利用效率和水分生產(chǎn)效率。本研究通過三年田間試驗(yàn),結(jié)合文獻(xiàn)分析,明確我國東北春玉米水分生產(chǎn)效率現(xiàn)狀,在不同天氣與土壤條件下,探究調(diào)控氮肥用量對(duì)玉米水分生產(chǎn)效率的影響極其生理機(jī)制,深入認(rèn)識(shí)氮肥×環(huán)境互作對(duì)玉米產(chǎn)量和水分利用效率的影響規(guī)律,闡明玉米水分生產(chǎn)效率與產(chǎn)量和耗水量的相互關(guān)系,為同步提高產(chǎn)量和水分生產(chǎn)效率提供理論基礎(chǔ)。同時(shí),利用兩個(gè)根系大小有顯著差異的玉米近等基因系,進(jìn)一步闡明水分×氮互作對(duì)營養(yǎng)生長階段玉米根系生長及地上部生長的影響；通過不同播期和氮水平的田間試驗(yàn),探究溫度×氮素互作對(duì)玉米根系生長的影響；最后利用模式植物擬南芥,深入研究溫度如何決定根系生長過程。主要結(jié)果如下：1. 玉米水分生產(chǎn)效率與產(chǎn)量顯著正相關(guān)。施氮對(duì)玉米水分生產(chǎn)效率的影響主要來自對(duì)產(chǎn)量的影響,而對(duì)耗水量的影響較小。隨著施氮量增加,玉米產(chǎn)量和水分生產(chǎn)效率先增加后降低,在N240時(shí)達(dá)到最大值。相關(guān)性分析結(jié)果表明,壤土上,約215 kg ha-1的施氮量可以同時(shí)使產(chǎn)量和水分生產(chǎn)效率達(dá)到最高。沙土上,達(dá)到最高產(chǎn)量的施氮量(241 kg ha-1)高于最高水分生產(chǎn)效率的施氮量(207 kg ha-1)。過多施氮(N312)使水分生產(chǎn)效率和產(chǎn)量分別下降11%和8%。2. 土壤類型顯著影響水分生產(chǎn)效率,壤土上的玉米水分生產(chǎn)效率顯著高于沙土,因?yàn)槿劳劣衩椎淖蚜．a(chǎn)量顯著高于沙土;氮肥×土壤互作效應(yīng)不顯著。耗水量的差異主要表現(xiàn)在吐絲后期,較大的葉面積指數(shù)使壤土上的耗水量高于沙土。天氣條件顯著影響玉米水分生產(chǎn)效率,因?yàn)楹乃渴艿浇涤炅康娘@著影響。苗期和吐絲期過多的降雨對(duì)生物量累積和籽粒形成都沒有貢獻(xiàn),反而會(huì)增加耗水量,導(dǎo)致玉米水分生產(chǎn)效率下降。3.氮肥對(duì)根系生長的影響表現(xiàn)為先增加后降低,過量施氮(N360)使根長、根重和根表面積減少,并且根系在深層土壤中的分布減少,加劇了干旱脅迫。大根系基因型(L67)的抗旱性能優(yōu)于小根系基因型(L98)。4.相同葉齡時(shí)播期對(duì)玉米地上部干物質(zhì)、株高、最終葉片長度沒有顯著影響,早播玉米第1、2輪節(jié)根數(shù)和重、第1輪節(jié)根長超過適溫播種。適溫播種玉米第2、3輪節(jié)根長、第3輪節(jié)根數(shù)和重超過早播玉米。無論播期早晚,適量施氮(N180)使苗期玉米地上部和根系的生長最優(yōu),過多施氮(N360)限制了地上和地下的生長。5.隨溫度升高(15℃-25℃),根的最大基本伸長速率和最終細(xì)胞長度逐步增加,而伸長區(qū)長度保持不變；隨著溫度升高,分裂區(qū)長度縮短,但總的細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生速率保持不變。30℃為脅迫溫度,使擬南芥根系伸長區(qū)縮短,細(xì)胞分裂受到限制。綜上所述,適宜的施氮量及提高土壤質(zhì)量可以實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)量、氮肥生產(chǎn)效率與水分生產(chǎn)效率的同步提高。過多施氮抑制根系生長,使根系分布較淺,使玉米對(duì)水分脅迫的適應(yīng)性下降。低溫(早播)不利于玉米節(jié)根的伸長,而過多施氮加劇低溫的負(fù)作用。
[Abstract]:The application of nitrogen fertilizer is an important means to regulate the growth of crops and achieve high yield of crops. However, the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on crop growth may be affected by weather (drought, temperature change, etc.) and soil conditions, thus affecting crop yield, nutrient use efficiency and water production efficiency. This study has been conducted in three years' field experiment and combined with literature analysis to clarify our country. The current situation of water production efficiency of Spring Maize in Northeast China, under different weather and soil conditions, the influence of the amount of nitrogen fertilizer on the water production efficiency of maize is extremely physiological mechanism. The influence of nitrogen fertilizer and environment interaction on Maize Yield and water use efficiency is deeply understood. The interaction between the water production efficiency and the yield and water consumption of Chan Mingyu rice It provides a theoretical basis for simultaneous increase of yield and water production efficiency. At the same time, the effects of water and nitrogen interaction on the root growth and growth of Maize in the vegetative stage of maize are further elucidated by using two maize near isogenic lines with significant differences in root size. The effect of nitrogen interaction on the growth of maize root system; finally, using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana to study how the temperature determines the root growth process. The main results are as follows: 1. the water production efficiency of maize is positively correlated with the yield. The effect of Nitrogen Application on the water production efficiency of maize is mainly influenced by the yield and the water consumption. With the increase of nitrogen application, the yield and water production efficiency of maize increased first and then decreased and reached the maximum at N240. The correlation analysis showed that on the loam, the amount of nitrogen application of about 215 kg HA-1 could make the highest yield and water production efficiency at the same time. The efficiency of nitrogen application (207 kg HA-1). Excessive nitrogen application (N312) reduced water production efficiency and yield by 11% and 8%.2. soil types significantly affected water production efficiency, and soil water production efficiency on loam soil was significantly higher than sandy soil, because the grain yield of loam corn was significantly higher than that in Sandy soil; nitrogen fertilizer and soil interaction effect was not significant. The difference in water consumption is mainly in the later period of silk spinning, and the large leaf area index makes the water consumption of the loam higher than that in the sandy soil. The weather conditions significantly affect the water production efficiency of maize, because the water consumption is significantly affected by the rainfall. The excessive rainfall in the seedling and silk period does not contribute to the accumulation of biomass and the grain shape of Chengdu, but will increase instead. Water consumption, resulting in the decrease of maize water production efficiency, the effect of.3. nitrogen fertilizer on root growth was increased first and then decreased, excessive nitrogen application (N360) made root length, root weight and root surface area decreased, and the distribution of root in deep soil decreased, and drought stress was aggravated. The drought resistance of large root system genotype (L67) was better than that of small root system genotypes (L98). 4. at the same leaf age, the sowing period has no significant effect on the dry matter, plant height, and final leaf length of the upper part of maize. The number and weight of the first 1,2 round section and the weight of the early sowing maize are more than the suitable temperature sowing. The root length of the 2,3 sowing corn is long, the number of roots and the weight of the third wheels are more than that of the early sowing corn. No matter the time of sowing, the appropriate amount of nitrogen (N180) makes the maize in the seedling stage The growth of the root and the upper root is the best. N360 limits the growth of.5. in the ground and underground (15 C -25 C), the maximum root elongation rate and the length of the final cells increase gradually, while the length of the elongated region remains unchanged, and the length of the division area shortens as the temperature rises, but the total cell production rate remains unchanged at.30. Under the stress temperature, the root elongation area of Arabidopsis thaliana was shortened and the cell division was limited. In summary, the suitable nitrogen application and soil quality could achieve the yield, the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer production and the water production efficiency increased synchronously. The excessive nitrogen application inhibited root growth, the root distribution was shallow, and the adaptability of Maize to water stress decreased. Low temperature (early sowing) was not conducive to the elongation of maize node roots, but excessive nitrogen application aggravated the negative effect of low temperature.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：S513
本文編號(hào)：2143152
[Abstract]:The application of nitrogen fertilizer is an important means to regulate the growth of crops and achieve high yield of crops. However, the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on crop growth may be affected by weather (drought, temperature change, etc.) and soil conditions, thus affecting crop yield, nutrient use efficiency and water production efficiency. This study has been conducted in three years' field experiment and combined with literature analysis to clarify our country. The current situation of water production efficiency of Spring Maize in Northeast China, under different weather and soil conditions, the influence of the amount of nitrogen fertilizer on the water production efficiency of maize is extremely physiological mechanism. The influence of nitrogen fertilizer and environment interaction on Maize Yield and water use efficiency is deeply understood. The interaction between the water production efficiency and the yield and water consumption of Chan Mingyu rice It provides a theoretical basis for simultaneous increase of yield and water production efficiency. At the same time, the effects of water and nitrogen interaction on the root growth and growth of Maize in the vegetative stage of maize are further elucidated by using two maize near isogenic lines with significant differences in root size. The effect of nitrogen interaction on the growth of maize root system; finally, using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana to study how the temperature determines the root growth process. The main results are as follows: 1. the water production efficiency of maize is positively correlated with the yield. The effect of Nitrogen Application on the water production efficiency of maize is mainly influenced by the yield and the water consumption. With the increase of nitrogen application, the yield and water production efficiency of maize increased first and then decreased and reached the maximum at N240. The correlation analysis showed that on the loam, the amount of nitrogen application of about 215 kg HA-1 could make the highest yield and water production efficiency at the same time. The efficiency of nitrogen application (207 kg HA-1). Excessive nitrogen application (N312) reduced water production efficiency and yield by 11% and 8%.2. soil types significantly affected water production efficiency, and soil water production efficiency on loam soil was significantly higher than sandy soil, because the grain yield of loam corn was significantly higher than that in Sandy soil; nitrogen fertilizer and soil interaction effect was not significant. The difference in water consumption is mainly in the later period of silk spinning, and the large leaf area index makes the water consumption of the loam higher than that in the sandy soil. The weather conditions significantly affect the water production efficiency of maize, because the water consumption is significantly affected by the rainfall. The excessive rainfall in the seedling and silk period does not contribute to the accumulation of biomass and the grain shape of Chengdu, but will increase instead. Water consumption, resulting in the decrease of maize water production efficiency, the effect of.3. nitrogen fertilizer on root growth was increased first and then decreased, excessive nitrogen application (N360) made root length, root weight and root surface area decreased, and the distribution of root in deep soil decreased, and drought stress was aggravated. The drought resistance of large root system genotype (L67) was better than that of small root system genotypes (L98). 4. at the same leaf age, the sowing period has no significant effect on the dry matter, plant height, and final leaf length of the upper part of maize. The number and weight of the first 1,2 round section and the weight of the early sowing maize are more than the suitable temperature sowing. The root length of the 2,3 sowing corn is long, the number of roots and the weight of the third wheels are more than that of the early sowing corn. No matter the time of sowing, the appropriate amount of nitrogen (N180) makes the maize in the seedling stage The growth of the root and the upper root is the best. N360 limits the growth of.5. in the ground and underground (15 C -25 C), the maximum root elongation rate and the length of the final cells increase gradually, while the length of the elongated region remains unchanged, and the length of the division area shortens as the temperature rises, but the total cell production rate remains unchanged at.30. Under the stress temperature, the root elongation area of Arabidopsis thaliana was shortened and the cell division was limited. In summary, the suitable nitrogen application and soil quality could achieve the yield, the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer production and the water production efficiency increased synchronously. The excessive nitrogen application inhibited root growth, the root distribution was shallow, and the adaptability of Maize to water stress decreased. Low temperature (early sowing) was not conducive to the elongation of maize node roots, but excessive nitrogen application aggravated the negative effect of low temperature.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：S513
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