【摘要】：我國東北黑土區(qū)是世界三大黑土區(qū)之一,黑土的自然肥力高,適合農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn),是我國最重要的糧食生產(chǎn)基地。傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)以精耕細作模式為主,農(nóng)機具多次進地作業(yè),對土壤擾動頻繁;耕地每年有近7個月的時間處于裸露休閑狀態(tài),風蝕水蝕現(xiàn)象嚴重;過量施用農(nóng)藥和化肥導致土壤板結(jié)。因此,預防東北黑土區(qū)水土流失,提高土壤肥力對保障國家糧食安全,改善生態(tài)環(huán)境,以及實現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展具有重要意義。保護性耕作技術具有蓄水保墑、節(jié)本增效、提高土壤有機質(zhì)含量、減少土壤風蝕水蝕等優(yōu)點,經(jīng)過多年的研究和發(fā)展已在全世界范圍內(nèi)大面積推廣應用。保護性耕作技術的核心環(huán)節(jié)是作物殘茬覆蓋和免耕播種作業(yè),精密排種器作為免耕播種機的關鍵部件,其在免耕播種作業(yè)時性能的優(yōu)劣決定著保護性耕作的效果。與普通播種機相比,免耕播種機的作業(yè)環(huán)境更惡劣,地表不平度和作物秸稈、殘茬都會引起播種機振動,尤其在高速精密播種時,振動對精密排種器的影響更加顯著。因此,本文重點研究秸稈覆蓋條件下播種機振動對排種器工作性能的影響規(guī)律,進而設計相應的減振工作部件減小免耕播種機振動,提高播種質(zhì)量。(1)通過對比試驗,測試指夾式排種器在鏈傳動和電機驅(qū)動兩種情況下,所受到的振動情況,并比較兩者的播種合格指數(shù)、重播指數(shù)和漏播指數(shù)。通過土槽測試的方法得出播種單體作業(yè)時的振動特性,包括振動加速度和頻率。根據(jù)試驗數(shù)據(jù),設計了一種振動測試試驗臺,可模擬免耕播種機田間作業(yè)工況,并對振動條件下指夾式排種器的作業(yè)性能和影響因素進行了臺架試驗。試驗結(jié)果表明,排種器振動頻率與振動幅值均對播種合格指數(shù)與漏播指數(shù)有顯著影響,排種器振動頻率對播種合格指數(shù)的影響較排種器振動幅值對播種合格指數(shù)影響顯著;排種器振動頻率對播種漏播指數(shù)的影響較排種器振動幅值對播種漏播指數(shù)的影響顯著。臺架試驗可為后續(xù)減振裝置設計提供參考。(2)提出一種免耕播種機播種單體減振自動控制方法,并設計播種單體減振自動控制系統(tǒng)。應用PVDF壓電薄膜制作免耕播種機限深輪胎面形變傳感器,實時監(jiān)測播種單體的對地壓力,間接計算出開溝器的實際開溝深度,當與目標深度不一致時,系統(tǒng)通過控制空氣彈簧增加或減小播種單體對地壓力,達到減小振動、控制播深、提高播種質(zhì)量的目標。田間試驗結(jié)果表明,播種單體減振自動控制系統(tǒng)在播種機作業(yè)速度為5~8 km/h時,播深合格率達到91%以上,其中在作業(yè)速度為7 km/h時播深合格率最高;振動加速度平均減小30%以上,其中在作業(yè)速度為7 km/h時減小幅度最大;振動頻率平均減小24%以上,其中在作業(yè)速度為6 km/h時減小幅度最大;振幅平均減小30%以上,其中在作業(yè)速度為7 km/h時減小幅度最大�？梢钥闯�,在高速作業(yè)時播種單體減振自動控制系統(tǒng)的性能明顯優(yōu)于被動式仿形機構(gòu)。(3)設計一種免耕播種機秸稈切割防堵裝置,采取主被動結(jié)合的切割方式和組合刀片式結(jié)構(gòu),每個防堵裝置在3個平面內(nèi)安裝切割刀具。其中兩側(cè)的刀具采取被動旋轉(zhuǎn)作業(yè),位于中間的刀具采取主動旋轉(zhuǎn)作業(yè),作業(yè)時可對秸稈(根茬)進行有支撐切割作業(yè),提高切斷率、降低功耗。田間試驗結(jié)果表明:各影響因子對秸稈(根茬)切斷率的顯著性順序從大到小依次為主動刀盤轉(zhuǎn)速、刀片回轉(zhuǎn)半徑、機具前進速度;對單把刀片功率消耗的顯著性順序從大到小依次為主動刀盤轉(zhuǎn)速、機具前進速度、刀片回轉(zhuǎn)半徑。在保證秸稈(根茬)切斷率為95%以上的前提下,由Design-Expert軟件預測出秸稈(根茬)切斷率與單把刀片功率消耗的最佳因素組合為前進速度2.1 m/s、主動刀盤轉(zhuǎn)速120 r/min、刀片回轉(zhuǎn)半徑200mm。根據(jù)最佳參數(shù)進行驗證試驗,結(jié)果表明由最佳工作參數(shù)組合得到的秸稈(根茬)切斷率平均值為95.3%,單把刀片功率消耗平均值為145.2 W。(4)研制一種免耕播種機遠程播種性能監(jiān)測系統(tǒng),包括播種監(jiān)視子系統(tǒng)、排種檢測子系統(tǒng)、GPS定位子系統(tǒng)和遠程服務器等四部分。以GPS接收器作為漏播、重播位置采集器,GPRS DTU模塊作為遠程傳輸工具,STM32單片機為核心處理器、PVDF壓電傳感器為監(jiān)測元件。該系統(tǒng)能夠?qū)崟r準確地監(jiān)測播種機的各項性能指標,并將播種質(zhì)量信息數(shù)據(jù)的遠程傳輸,遠程服務器程序?qū)崿F(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)接收、存儲、查詢、統(tǒng)計、分析、處理和報警等功能。田間試驗結(jié)果表明,遠程播種性能監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)性能穩(wěn)定、可靠,能夠有效地監(jiān)測播種機的播種質(zhì)量,對播種量檢測精度為97.4%,漏播檢測精度為96.1%,重播檢測精度為95.9%,并且實現(xiàn)了播種質(zhì)量信息位置的精確定位。(5)對2BMZ-4型寬窄行免耕播種機進行改進設計,并進行整機田間試驗,考察免耕播種機播種單體減振自動控制系統(tǒng)、秸稈切割防堵裝置和遠程播種監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)的實際工作效果。試驗結(jié)果表明,2BMZ-4型寬窄行免耕播種機具有較好的作業(yè)性能。上述工作為玉米免耕播種機精確播種關鍵技術的研究提供了技術參考,具有實際應用價值。
[Abstract]:The black soil area of Northeast China is one of the three largest black soil areas in the world. The natural fertility of the black soil is high and is suitable for agricultural production. It is the most important grain production base in our country. The traditional agricultural production is mainly based on the intensive farming model, the agricultural machinery is working many times and the soil is disturbed frequently, and the arable land has nearly 7 months in the nude leisure state and wind erosion. Water erosion is serious; excessive application of pesticide and chemical fertilizer leads to soil slate. Therefore, it is of great significance to prevent soil erosion in the northeast black soil area and improve soil fertility to ensure national food safety, improve the ecological environment, and realize the sustainable development of agriculture. The core of conservation tillage technology is crop residue covering and no tillage sowing, and precision seed metering device is the key component of no tillage planter, and its performance in no tillage sowing operation is determined by the content of soil erosion and water erosion for many years. The effect of protective tillage. Compared with the ordinary seeder, the working environment of the no tillage planter is worse, the surface roughness and the crop straw, the stubble will cause the vibration of the planter, especially in the high speed precision sowing, the influence of vibration on the precision seeder is more obvious. Therefore, this paper focuses on the vibration of the planter under straw mulching. In order to reduce the vibration of no tillage planter and improve the sowing quality, the corresponding damping working parts are designed to improve the sowing quality. (1) through the contrast test, the vibration conditions of the finger pinch type seed metering device under the two conditions of chain drive and motor drive are tested, and the sowing index, the replay index and the leakage index are compared with those of the two. The vibration characteristics, including vibration acceleration and frequency, were obtained by the method of soil trough testing, including vibration acceleration and frequency. Based on the test data, a vibration test rig was designed to simulate the working conditions of no tillage planter in the field, and a bench test was carried out on the work performance and influence factors of the finger pinch seeder under vibration conditions. The results show that both the vibration frequency and the amplitude of the seed metering device have significant influence on the sowing index and the leakage index. The vibration frequency of the seed metering device has a significant influence on the sowing index and the vibration amplitude of the seed metering device on the sowing index. The vibration frequency of the seed seeder has a better effect on sowing index than the sowing device vibration amplitude. The influence of the leakage index is significant. The bench test can provide reference for the design of subsequent vibration damping device. (2) an automatic control method of the sowing monomer for no tillage seeder is proposed, and the automatic control system of the sowing monomer is designed. The PVDF piezoelectric film is used to make the deep wheel tread deformation sensor of the no tillage planter to monitor the sowing monomer in real time. For the ground pressure, the actual opening depth of the trench is calculated indirectly. When the target depth is not consistent with the target depth, the system can increase or reduce the ground pressure by controlling the air spring to reduce the vibration, control the sowing depth and improve the sowing quality. The field test results show that the automatic control system of the sowing monomer vibration damping is done in the sowing machine. When the speed is 5~8 km/h, the qualified rate of sowing depth is above 91%, of which the sowing depth is the highest when the operation speed is 7 km/h, and the vibration acceleration is reduced by more than 30%, of which the maximum decrease of the vibration frequency is 7 km/h, and the vibration frequency decreases more than 24%, of which the maximum amplitude decreases when the working speed is 6 km/h; the amplitude decreases averagely. It is more than 30% small, which reduces the maximum amplitude when the operation speed is 7 km/h. It can be seen that the performance of the automatic control system of the sowing monomer in the high speed operation is obviously superior to the passive copying mechanism. (3) a non tillage seeder straw cutting and blocking device is designed, the cutting mode of the main passive combination and the combined blade structure are adopted. The cutters in 3 planes are installed in the anti blocking device. The cutting tool on both sides takes the passive rotation operation, the tool in the middle takes the active rotation operation, and the straw (root stubble) can be cut and cut during the operation to improve the cutting rate and reduce the power consumption. The field test results show that the cutting rate of the straw (root) by the influence factors is obvious. The order from large to small is the rotational speed of the active cutter, the radius of the blade and the speed of the machine. The significant order of the power consumption of the single blade from large to small is the rotating speed of the active cutter, the speed of the machine tool and the radius of the blade, and the Design-Expert software is predicted by the Design-Expert software on the premise that the cutting rate of the straw is above the cutting rate of more than 95%. The best combination of the cutting rate of straw (root stubble) and the power consumption of single blade was 2.1 m/s, 120 r/min of the rotating speed of the active cutter, and the rotary radius 200mm. of the blade was tested according to the optimum parameters. The results showed that the average cutting rate of straw (root stubble) was 95.3%, and the power consumption of the blade was consumed by the combination of the best working parameters. The average value is 145.2 W. (4) to develop a remote seeding performance monitoring system for no tillage seeder, including seeding monitoring subsystem, seed metering subsystem, GPS positioning subsystem and remote server and other four parts. The GPS receiver is used as a leak, replay location collector, GPRS DTU block as a remote transmission tool and STM32 MCU as the core processing. The PVDF piezoelectric sensor is a monitoring element. The system can monitor the performance index of the seeder in real time and accurately, and transmit the data of the sowing quality information, the remote server program realizes the functions of data receiving, storage, inquiry, statistics, analysis, processing and alarm. The field test results show that the remote seeding performance monitoring system is used. The system has a stable and reliable performance. It can effectively monitor the sowing quality of the seeder. The precision of the sowing quantity is 97.4%, the leakage detection precision is 96.1%, the precision of the replay detection is 95.9%, and the accurate location of the sowing quality information is realized. (5) the improved design of the 2BMZ-4 type wide narrow row non tillage seeder is carried out and the field experiment is carried out. The experimental results show that the 2BMZ-4 type wide narrow row no tillage seeder has good working performance. The above work provides the technical reference for the research of the key technology for the precision seeding of the maize no tillage seeder. The examination is of practical application value.
【學位授予單位】：吉林大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S223.2

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