發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-07-24 12:52

【摘要】：紅棗林是黃土丘陵區(qū)退耕還林(草)工程實(shí)施以來(lái)一種重要的生態(tài)經(jīng)濟(jì)林,兼具生產(chǎn)和服務(wù)功能,截至到2010年,僅黃土高原榆林地區(qū)已有紅棗林面積達(dá)6.67萬(wàn)hm2。土壤水分一直是限制當(dāng)?shù)丶t棗產(chǎn)業(yè)持續(xù)健康發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵因子,準(zhǔn)確探明紅棗林土壤水分動(dòng)態(tài)、耗水特征以及由此產(chǎn)生的水分生態(tài)效應(yīng)對(duì)于紅棗林管理有重要指導(dǎo)意義。細(xì)根是紅棗林吸收水分和養(yǎng)分的重要器官,紅棗林細(xì)根的空間分布特征反映其吸收利用土壤資源的能力,是影響其生產(chǎn)力及穩(wěn)定性高低的重要因素。紅棗林生命周期一般可分為幼年期、初果期、盛果期和衰老期四個(gè)年齡階段,在各個(gè)階段細(xì)根具有不同的分布格局,同樣對(duì)土壤水分虧缺狀況的響應(yīng)程度和反饋方式也存在差異性。針對(duì)黃土丘陵區(qū)退耕還林(草)工程能否持續(xù)發(fā)展的迫切需求以及當(dāng)?shù)馗珊等彼目陀^事實(shí),以陜北退耕還林后形成的不同樹(shù)齡旱作紅棗林為研究對(duì)象,通過(guò)定位監(jiān)測(cè)、調(diào)查取樣、數(shù)理統(tǒng)計(jì)和室內(nèi)模擬相結(jié)合的方法對(duì)紅棗林土壤水分動(dòng)態(tài)、紅棗林細(xì)根空間分布及其與土壤水分關(guān)系、紅棗林蒸騰及蒸散發(fā)規(guī)律等進(jìn)行了研究,并利用HYDRUS-1D模型分析了紅棗林土壤水分的參數(shù)敏感性和根系經(jīng)驗(yàn)分布函數(shù)的適用性,以提高HYDRUS-1D模型紅棗林土壤水分模擬效率和精度。主要取得了以下結(jié)論:(1)旱作紅棗林土壤水分研究表明:深層土壤含水量隨紅棗林樹(shù)齡增加,呈減少趨勢(shì)。2014平水年紅棗林土壤水分隨生育期變化整體呈上升趨勢(shì);2015干旱年紅棗林土壤水分隨生育期變化整體呈下降趨勢(shì)。各樹(shù)齡紅棗林0~0.6 m土層土壤水分波動(dòng)較大;0.6~1.8 m土層干旱年時(shí)形成季節(jié)性低濕層(土壤含水量田間持水率60%);1.8~3.0 m土層土壤水分呈常年低濕狀態(tài)。持續(xù)干旱條件下,前期(雨后7天)2齡、6齡紅棗林土壤水分損失率顯著高于10齡、15齡紅棗林土壤水分損失率,后期(雨后18天)2齡、6齡紅棗林土壤水分損失率增速緩和,而10齡、15齡紅棗林土壤水分損失率呈顯著上升趨勢(shì)。綜上建議干旱年時(shí)紅棗林在開(kāi)花坐果期和果實(shí)膨大期因增加水分管理措施以有效降低棗樹(shù)自身奢侈性耗水和非生產(chǎn)性耗水,實(shí)現(xiàn)紅棗林可持續(xù)發(fā)展。(2)旱作紅棗林細(xì)根研究表明:隨著紅棗林樹(shù)齡增大,細(xì)根根長(zhǎng)密度增加,比根長(zhǎng)減小;2齡棗樹(shù)細(xì)根主要分布于徑向1.5 m以?xún)?nèi)和垂向1.6 m以上,10齡、15齡棗樹(shù)細(xì)根分布超過(guò)徑向1.5 m和垂向3 m以上,并在株間形成根系高密度區(qū),6齡棗樹(shù)細(xì)根徑向分布范圍大于2齡,垂向分布與10齡和15齡接近;不同樹(shù)齡棗林細(xì)根根長(zhǎng)密度均隨土層深度增加而減小,且主要集中在0~0.6 m土層中;隨著樹(shù)齡增加,細(xì)根根長(zhǎng)密度徑向分布無(wú)差異(10齡和15齡)。不同樹(shù)齡棗樹(shù)徑向0.5 m處土壤水分均值和1.5 m處土壤水分均值均存在顯著差異(p0.05),且離樹(shù)干越遠(yuǎn),土壤含水量越高。各樹(shù)齡紅棗林細(xì)根根長(zhǎng)密度(不包括2齡)、比根長(zhǎng)均與土壤含水量呈顯著線性相關(guān)(p0.05),前者斜率隨樹(shù)齡的增大而增大;后者斜率隨樹(shù)齡增加而減少。(3)旱作紅棗林蒸騰耗水規(guī)律與土壤水分生態(tài)效應(yīng)研究表明:棗樹(shù)液流速率日間呈單峰型變化趨勢(shì),陰天液流速率整體均低于晴天時(shí)液流速率,且液流速率呈不規(guī)則波動(dòng)。棗樹(shù)生育期蒸騰變化大致可分為:萌芽展葉期緩慢增加、開(kāi)花坐果期迅速增加、果實(shí)膨大期高耗水階段和果實(shí)成熟期蒸騰回落階段;受降雨量影響,平水年生育期紅棗林蒸騰耗水量顯著高于干旱年蒸騰耗水量(p0.05),表明土壤水分增加促進(jìn)棗樹(shù)蒸騰,土壤水分虧缺抑制棗樹(shù)蒸騰。棗樹(shù)蒸騰量和株間蒸發(fā)量占紅棗林總耗水量比例隨生育期進(jìn)行呈不規(guī)則變化。平水年生育期內(nèi)降雨量滿(mǎn)足10齡紅棗林耗水需求,但干旱年土壤水分虧缺現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重,并在一定程度上延緩了10齡紅棗林生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育。平水年紅棗林生育期耗水量隨樹(shù)齡增加呈上升趨勢(shì);干旱年6齡以上紅棗林耗水量隨樹(shù)齡增加呈下降趨勢(shì)。如何將耗水量控制在生育期內(nèi)多年平均降雨量線(360.1 mm)以下是旱作紅棗林健康持續(xù)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵。在降雨少、雨量小的萌芽展葉期和開(kāi)花坐果期,紅棗林主要吸收利用中層和深層土壤水(0.6~2.0 m),在降雨充沛的果實(shí)膨大期和果實(shí)成熟期主要吸收利用根系密集層土壤水(0.2~0.6 m),整個(gè)生育期內(nèi)對(duì)表層土壤水(0~0.2m)的使用較少,因此提高0.2~0.6 m土層土壤含水量是當(dāng)前旱作紅棗林水分管理重點(diǎn)。紅棗林內(nèi)外土壤含水量存在顯著差異,旱作紅棗林在持續(xù)干旱情況下主要對(duì)1.4 m以下土層土壤水分產(chǎn)生影響。(4)旱作紅棗林土壤水分模型模擬結(jié)果表明:旱作棗園30~50 cm土層水分易受土壤水分運(yùn)動(dòng)參數(shù)、氣象參數(shù)和棗樹(shù)生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)影響;表層10 cm處土壤水分主要受表層土壤飽和含水量、孔徑指數(shù)、土壤飽和導(dǎo)水率和降雨量影響;深層土壤水分(90 cm土層)主要受氣溫、總光照輻射通量、葉面積指數(shù)、根系深度、樹(shù)高等影響影響。線性根系分布函數(shù)可近似反映紅棗林根系實(shí)際分布情況,且參數(shù)簡(jiǎn)單易獲取,具有一定的實(shí)用性。HYDRUS-1D模型對(duì)6齡、10齡、15齡紅棗林各土層含水量模擬值和實(shí)測(cè)值均方根誤差RMSE處于0.05~0.016,相對(duì)誤差RE均在0.05以下,決定系數(shù)R2均在0.6以上,說(shuō)明Hydrus對(duì)不同樹(shù)齡旱作紅棗林土壤水分具有良好的模擬精度。
[Abstract]:Red date forest is an important eco economic forest since the project of returning farmland to forest (grass) in the loess hilly region. By 2010, the area of the red jujube forest in Yulin area of the Loess Plateau has reached 66 thousand and 700 hm2. soil moisture, which has been the key factor restricting the sustainable and healthy development of the local red date industry. The soil water dynamics, water consumption characteristics and the resulting water ecological effect have important guiding significance for the management of the red date forest. The fine root is an important organ for the absorption of water and nutrients in the red date forest. The spatial distribution characteristics of the fine root of the red date forest reflect its ability to absorb and utilize the soil resources, which is important to influence its productivity and stability. The life cycle of the red jujube forest can be divided into four stages in the early stage, in the early fruit period, in the fruit period and in the aging period. There are different distribution patterns in the fine roots of each stage, and the response degree and the feedback way of the soil water deficit are also different. With the objective fact of drought and water shortage in the local area, the soil moisture dynamics of the red date forest, the spatial distribution of the fine root of the red date forest, the relationship with the soil moisture, the red date of the red date forest, and the red date of the red date forest were studied by the method of location monitoring, sampling, mathematical statistics and indoor simulation. The forest transpiration and the law of evapotranspiration were studied, and the HYDRUS-1D model was used to analyze the sensitivity of soil moisture and the applicability of the root experience distribution function in the red date forest to improve the efficiency and accuracy of Soil Moisture Simulation in the HYDRUS-1D model. The following conclusion was obtained: (1) the soil moisture of the dry Chinese jujube forest shows that the depth of soil moisture in the red date forest is deep. The soil moisture content of the layer soil increased with the age of the red date forest. The soil moisture content of the red date forest in.2014 flat was increased with the growth period. The soil moisture in the 2015 dry year red date forest decreased with the growth period. The soil moisture in the 0~0.6 m soil layer of each tree age red jujube forest was greatly fluctuated; the formation season of the 0.6~1.8 m soil layer was formed in the dry year. The low wet layer (soil water content of soil water content was 60%), the soil moisture in 1.8~3.0 m soil layer was in a permanent low humidity condition. Under the continuous drought condition, the soil moisture loss rate of the 6 years old red date forest was significantly higher than that of the 10 years, the 6 years old jujube forest soil water loss rate, the 15 age red date forest soil water loss rate, the later period (18 days after rain), and the soil moisture loss rate of the 6 year old jujube forest The soil moisture loss rate of the 10 years old and 15 years old red date forest increased significantly. In a comprehensive study, it is suggested that the jujube forest in the flowering period and the fruit expansion period can effectively reduce the extravagant water consumption and non productive water consumption of jujube trees in the period of flowering and fruit expansion, and realize the sustainable development of the jujube forest. (2) the fine root research table of the dryland jujube forest With the increase of the age of the red jujube trees, the length density of fine root increases and the root length decreases, and the 2 years old date tree root is mainly distributed within 1.5 m and over 1.6 m, 10 years old, and the 15 years old date tree root is more than 1.5 m and more than 3 m, and the high density zone is formed between the plants. The radial distribution of the fine root of the date tree is larger than the 2 age, and the vertical distribution of the fine root of the jujube tree is more than 2. The cloth was close to 10 and 15 years old. The root length density of the root root of different tree ages decreased with the increase of soil depth, and mainly concentrated in the 0~0.6 m soil layer. With the increase of tree age, the radial distribution of the length density of fine root roots was not different (10 and 15 years old). The mean value of soil moisture and the mean value of soil moisture at 1.5 m at the radial 0.5 m of different tree age trees were significant The difference (P0.05), and the farther from the tree trunk, the higher the soil water content. The length density of the root root of the red date forest of each tree age (not including 2 years old), the root length and soil water content showed a significant linear correlation (P0.05). The slope of the former increased with the age of tree age; the slope of the latter decreased with the age of tree age. (3) the law of water consumption and soil water generation in Dryland jujube forest The study of state effect showed that the flow rate of jujube in day showed a single peak change trend, and the liquid flow rate of the cloudy day was lower than that of the clear day, and the liquid flow rate was irregular. The change of the transpiration of the date tree during the growth period could be roughly divided into the following: the gradual increase of the germination period, the rapid increase of the flowering time, the high water consumption stage and the fruit in the period of the fruit expansion. The evapotranspiration was significantly higher than that of the annual evapotranspiration (P0.05), which indicated that the increase of soil moisture promoted the transpiration of jujube trees, and the soil water deficit inhibited the transpiration of jujube trees. The rainfall in the annual growth period met the demand for water consumption in the 10 year old red jujube forest, but the soil water deficit was serious in the drought year, and to a certain extent delayed the growth of the 10 year old red jujube forest growth. The water consumption of the red date forest in the flat water year increased with the increase of the tree age; the water consumption of the red date forest in the dry year 6 years old increased with the age of the tree. It is a declining trend. How to control the water consumption under the average annual rainfall line (360.1 mm) is the key to the healthy and sustained development of the dryland jujube forest. In the period of low rainfall, small rainfall and flowering and fruit setting, the red date forest mainly absorbs and uses the middle and deep soil water (0.6~2.0 m), in the period of heavy rainfall and the period of fruit expansion. The fruit ripening period mainly absorbs and uses the soil water of the root dense layer (0.2~0.6 m), and the use of surface soil water (0~0.2m) is less in the whole growth period. Therefore, increasing the water content of the soil layer of 0.2~0.6 m soil is the key point of water management in the current Dryland jujube forest. There is a significant difference in soil moisture content inside and outside of the red date forest, and the drought of the red jujube forest in the continuous drought situation. The soil moisture content of soil layer under 1.4 m was affected. (4) the simulation results of soil moisture model in dry Chinese jujube forest showed that water content of 30~50 cm soil layer in dry jujube garden was easily affected by soil moisture movement parameters, meteorological parameters and date tree growth index; soil moisture content in surface 10 cm was mainly saturated with water content of surface soil, pore size index and soil satiety. And the influence of water conductivity and rainfall; deep soil moisture (90 cm soil layer) mainly affected by temperature, total light radiation, leaf area index, root depth, tree high influence. Linear root distribution function can reflect the actual distribution of root system of red date forest, and the parameters are simple and easy to obtain, with a certain practical.HYDRUS-1D model to 6 years, 10 The mean square root error RMSE in the soil water content of 15 years old red date forest is 0.05~0.016, the relative error RE is below 0.05, and the determination coefficient R2 is above 0.6. It shows that Hydrus has good simulation precision on soil moisture of different tree age dry red date forest.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：S665.1;S152.7

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