河套灌區(qū)春玉米—土壤系統(tǒng)對不同水氮運籌模式的響應(yīng)及DSSAT-CERES-Maize模型的適用性研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-07-17 21:11
【摘要】：內(nèi)蒙古河套灌區(qū)位于黃河中上游地區(qū),是我國北方重要的糧食生產(chǎn)基地。玉米作為河套灌區(qū)重要的糧食作物之一,其種植面積比例占到14.5%。多年來,當?shù)貫樽非蟾弋a(chǎn)而過量灌水并大量施用氮肥,導(dǎo)致水氮利用率低下,增產(chǎn)效益明顯下降。由于不合理的水氮運籌模式而引發(fā)的一系列生態(tài)環(huán)境污染問題和資源浪費問題阻礙了河套灌區(qū)發(fā)展"環(huán)境友好型"和"資源節(jié)約型"農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的道路。因此制定合理的水氮運籌方案對河套灌區(qū)實現(xiàn)節(jié)水、節(jié)肥、高效、穩(wěn)產(chǎn)和環(huán)保的最終目標具有重要意義。本研究連續(xù)兩年在河套灌區(qū)開展田間試驗,采用隨機區(qū)組設(shè)計,共設(shè)置15個水氮運籌模式。探討分析春玉米—土壤系統(tǒng)對不同水氮運籌模式的響應(yīng)。運用DSSAT-CERES-Maize模型模擬不同水氮運籌模式下的可獲得籽粒產(chǎn)量。最終確定出能夠兼顧高產(chǎn)高效、環(huán)境友好和資源節(jié)約的最優(yōu)水氮運籌模式。本試驗主要研究成果如下:(1)各處理的干物質(zhì)累積增量在春玉米全生育期內(nèi)呈現(xiàn)出"S"型變化趨勢。在春玉米抽雄-灌漿期達到最大。春玉米生育期內(nèi),其凈光合速率、蒸騰速率、LAI和SPAD值均表現(xiàn)為先升高后降低的單峰變化趨勢,峰值均出現(xiàn)在抽雄期。適宜的灌水定額及施氮量可顯著提高春玉米葉片的凈光合速率,同時可延長葉片的光合功能期。處理W2N3(灌水定額:750m3·hm-2,施氮量:240kg·hm-2)的水氮運籌模式有效緩解了 LAI和SPAD的下降速率,有利于提高光合性能、延緩葉片衰老,為春玉米高產(chǎn)提供保障。(2)2014和2015年各施氮處理的增產(chǎn)率隨施氮量的增加而大幅提升(灌水定額一定);隨灌水定額的增加而小幅降低(施氮量一定)。當灌水定額達到750m3·hm-2,施氮量達到240 kg·hm-2時,繼續(xù)增加灌水量及施氮量,增產(chǎn)效果不顯著。當灌水定額一定時,各水氮處理的水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率均隨施氮量的增加而有所提高;而當施氮量一定時,各水氮處理的水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率隨灌水定額的增加而有所降低。當灌水定額一定時,各水氮處理的氮肥利用率和氮肥偏生產(chǎn)力的整體變化趨勢為隨施氮量增加而降低;而當施氮量一定時,各水氮處理的氮肥利用率和氮肥偏生產(chǎn)力的整體變化趨勢為隨灌水定額的增加而提高。(3)各施氮處理在地下0-100 cm 土層內(nèi)的土壤NO3--N累積量隨灌水定額和施氮量的增加而遞增。并且隨著生育期的推進各土層內(nèi)NO3--N有明顯向下遷移跡象。地下0-80 cm 土層內(nèi),各施氮處理同一灌水定額下由施氮量的增大而引起的NO3--N累積量的增長幅度大于同一施氮量條件下由灌水定額的增大而引起的NO3--N累積量的增長幅度。同一灌水定額下,土壤NH4+-N累積量隨施氮量增加而增大;同一施氮量水平下,不同灌水定額處理間的土壤NH4+-N累積量差異不明顯。2014年各水氮處理地下0-100 cm 土層內(nèi)土壤NO3--N累積量占無機氮累積量的81.54%～83.61%;2015年各水氮處理地下0-100 cm 土層內(nèi)土壤NO3--N累積量占無機氮累積量的81.70%～85.86%。各水氮處理的土壤N03--N累積量均遠遠大于其土壤NH4+-N累積量。(4)0-40 cm 土層內(nèi),對比第一次灌水前后NO3--N濃度發(fā)現(xiàn),隨著施氮量的增加,W1水平下NO3--N濃度兩年的平均增幅遠低于W2和W3水平下NO3--N濃度兩年的平均增幅。隨著灌水定額的增加,N1、N2水平下的NO3--N濃度平均增幅遠低于N3、N4水平下的NO3--N濃度平均增幅。與0-40 cm 土層內(nèi)的各處理相比,40-80 cm 土層的各處理NO3--N濃度整體下降,但整個生育期內(nèi)淋溶水中NO3--N濃度的變化趨勢與0-40 cm埋深內(nèi)相一致。80-120 cm 土層內(nèi),施氮量、灌水定額以及兩者的交互作用對NO3--N淋失量的影響呈極顯著。當灌水定額一定時,2014和2015兩年的NO3--N淋失量隨著施氮量增加而遞增,淋失率隨著施氮量的增加而而先增大后減小;當施氮量一定時,N03--N淋失量及淋失率均隨著灌水定額的增加而增大。(5)2014和2015兩年同一處理追肥后的氨揮發(fā)速率峰值均大于該處理施入基肥后的氨揮發(fā)速率峰值。追肥后氨揮發(fā)速率峰值比施入基肥后的氨揮發(fā)速率峰值分別高出63.31%和62.06%。施氮量、灌水定額以及兩者的交互作用均對NH3-N損失量具有極顯著影響。三者對田間土壤氨揮發(fā)損失量的影響表現(xiàn)為施氮量灌水定額兩者的交互作用。2014和2015兩年各施氮處理施入基肥后平均氨揮發(fā)損失量為5.71～13.95 kg·hm-2。2014、2015兩年各施氮處理追肥后平均氨揮發(fā)損失量為8.70～18.66 kg·hm-2。2014年各施氮處理氨揮發(fā)總損失量為13.90～32.21 kg·hm-2。2015年各施氮處理氨揮發(fā)總損失量為15.45～32.99 kg·hm-2。(6)DSSAT-CERES-Maize模型對春玉米物候期、最終地上部生物量及籽粒產(chǎn)量的模擬結(jié)果精度較高。DSSAT-CERES-Maize模型對土壤水分含量的模擬效果良好,各處理土壤體積含水率的模擬曲線與實測值的變化趨勢一致。隨著灌水定額的提高,模型對土壤水分的模擬更加精確。DSSAT-CERES-Maize模型對地上部生物量及LAI動態(tài)變化的模擬精度相對較低。對可獲得籽粒產(chǎn)量進行敏感性分析可知,當灌水定額達到85mm或施氮量達到280kg·hm-2后,可獲得籽粒產(chǎn)量不再隨二者的增大而增加。(7)綜合各水氮運籌模式下春玉米—土壤系統(tǒng)內(nèi)各項指標的實測數(shù)據(jù),處理W2N3(施氮量為240 kg·hm-2;灌水定額為750 m3·hm-2)在節(jié)水、節(jié)肥、穩(wěn)產(chǎn)的情況下,能夠保持較高的水氮利用率,同時對地下水及大氣造成的氮污染程度較低,故處理W2N3是試驗區(qū)內(nèi)能夠兼顧高產(chǎn)高效、環(huán)境友好和資源節(jié)約的最優(yōu)水氮運籌模式。DSSAT-CERES-Maize模型篩選出的最優(yōu)水氮運籌模式是施氮量為280 kg·hm-2,灌水定額為85 mm。
[Abstract]:Inner Mongolia Hetao irrigation area, located in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River, is an important grain production base in the north of China. Corn is one of the important grain crops in the Hetao irrigation area. The proportion of the planting area accounts for more than 14.5%. years. In order to pursue high yield and excessive irrigation and apply a large amount of nitrogen fertilizer, the utilization rate of water and nitrogen is low and the benefit of increasing yield is obviously decreased. A series of problems of ecological environment pollution and resource waste caused by unreasonable water and nitrogen operation model have hindered the development of "environment-friendly" and "resource saving" agricultural production in Hetao irrigation area. Therefore, a reasonable water and nitrogen planning scheme is established for the ultimate goal of water saving, fertilizer saving, high efficiency, stable production and environmental protection in Hetao irrigation area. It is of great significance. This study carried out field trials in Hetao irrigation area for two years. A total of 15 modes of water and nitrogen operation were set up by random zone design. The response of the spring maize soil system to different water and nitrogen operation models was discussed and analyzed. The DSSAT-CERES-Maize model was used to simulate the grain yield under different water and nitrogen operation models. The main research results of this experiment are as follows: (1) the cumulative increment of dry matter in each treatment has a "S" change trend during the whole growth period of spring maize. The value of LAI and SPAD showed a trend of single peak change at first and then decreased, and the peak value appeared at the stage of male pumping. The suitable irrigation quota and nitrogen application could significantly increase the net photosynthetic rate of spring maize leaves and prolong the photosynthetic function period of leaves. The water and nitrogen operations of treating W2N3 (irrigation quota: 750m3. Hm-2, nitrogen application: 240kg. Hm-2) The model effectively alleviated the decline rate of LAI and SPAD, improved photosynthetic performance, delayed leaf senescence, and provided a guarantee for high yield of spring maize. (2) the increase rate of nitrogen treatment in 2014 and 2015 increased significantly with the increase of nitrogen application (irrigation quota); with the increase of irrigation quota, a small decrease (nitrogen application amount). When the amount of nitrogen was reached to 240 kg. Hm-2, the amount of irrigation and nitrogen application was increased. When the irrigation quota was fixed, the water use efficiency and irrigation efficiency of each water and nitrogen treatment increased with the increase of nitrogen application, while the water use efficiency and irrigation of each water and nitrogen treatment when the amount of nitrogen was fixed. Water utilization efficiency decreased with the increase of irrigation quota. When the irrigation quota was fixed, the overall change trend of nitrogen use efficiency and partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer decreased with the increase of nitrogen application. The increase of the water quota. (3) the accumulation of NO3--N in the soil in the subsurface soil layer increased with the increase of the irrigation quota and the amount of nitrogen, and the NO3--N in each soil layer was obviously downward moving with the growth period. In the 0-80 cm soil layer, the amount of nitrogen applied under the same irrigation quota increased from the amount of nitrogen application. The increase in the accumulation of large NO3--N is greater than that caused by the increase of the amount of NO3--N under the same amount of nitrogen application. Under the same irrigation quota, the accumulation of NH4+-N in the soil increases with the increase of nitrogen application. Under the same nitrogen application level, the accumulation of NH4+-N in the soil between different irrigation quota treatments is not different. The soil NO3--N accumulation in the 0-100 cm soil layer was 81.54% ~ 83.61% of the accumulation of inorganic nitrogen in the 0-100 cm soil layer of each water and nitrogen treatment in the year of.2014. In 2015, the accumulation of soil NO3--N accumulated in the 0-100 cm soil layer of each water and nitrogen treatment was 81.70% ~ 85.86%. and the soil N03--N accumulated amount was far greater than the NH4+-N accumulation in the soil. (4) in 0-40 cm soil layer, compared with the concentration of NO3--N before and after the first irrigation, the average increase of NO3--N concentration at W1 level was much lower than that of NO3--N at W2 and W3 levels with the increase of nitrogen application. With the increase of the irrigation quota, the average increase of NO3--N concentration at N1 and N2 levels was far lower than that under N3, N4 level. Compared with each treatment in the 0-40 cm soil layer, the concentration of NO3--N in the 40-80 cm soil layer decreased as a whole, but the change trend of the NO3--N concentration in the leaching water throughout the whole growth period was in the same.80-120 cm soil layer as the 0-40 cm embedded depth. The effect of nitrogen application, irrigation quota and the interaction of the two groups on the loss of NO3--N Extremely significant. When the irrigation quota is fixed, the NO3--N leaching loss of the 2014 and 2015 years increases with the increase of nitrogen application, and the leaching rate increases first and then decreases with the increase of nitrogen application. When the amount of nitrogen is fixed, the N03--N leaching loss and the leaching loss increase with the increase of the irrigation quota. (5) the same ammonia volatilization after the same treatment in 2014 and 2015 years. The peak value of the hair rate was greater than that after the treatment was applied to the base fertilizer. The peak value of ammonia volatilization was 63.31% and 62.06%. nitrogen rate higher than that of the base fertilizer, and the irrigation quota and the interaction of the two had a significant effect on the loss of NH3-N. The average ammonia volatilization loss was 5.71 ~ 13.95 kg. Hm-2.20142015 after application of nitrogen treatment to base fertilizer in 2015 years. The average ammonia volatilization loss was 8.70 ~ 18.66 kg. Hm-2.2014. The total loss of ammonia volatilization was 13. The total volatilization loss of ammonia volatilization from.90 to 32.21 kg hm-2.2015 was 15.45 ~ 32.99 kg. Hm-2. (6) DSSAT-CERES-Maize model for spring maize phenology. The final precision of the simulation results of the final biomass and grain yield was higher, and the simulation effect of.DSSAT-CERES-Maize model on soil moisture content was good, and the soil volume water content was treated by each treatment. With the increase of the irrigation quota, the simulation accuracy of the model for soil moisture is more accurate with the increase of the irrigation quota. The simulation precision of the.DSSAT-CERES-Maize model for the biomass and the dynamic changes of LAI is relatively low. The sensitivity analysis of the grain yield can be found that the irrigation quota reaches 85mm or nitrogen application. After the amount of 280kg. Hm-2, the grain yield can no longer increase with the increase of the two. (7) the measured data of various indexes in the spring maize soil system under the mode of water and nitrogen operation, and the treatment of W2N3 (nitrogen application amount 240 kg. Hm-2; irrigation quota of 750 M3. Hm-2) can maintain high water and nitrogen benefits under water saving, fertilizer saving and stable yield. At the same time, the degree of nitrogen pollution caused by the groundwater and the atmosphere is low, so the treatment W2N3 is the optimal water nitrogen mode selected by the optimal water nitrogen model.DSSAT-CERES-Maize model which can give consideration to high yield and high efficiency, environment friendly and resource conservation in the experimental area. The nitrogen application amount is 280 kg. Hm-2 and the irrigation quota is 85 mm..
【學(xué)位授予單位】：內(nèi)蒙古農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S513
，
本文編號：2130947
[Abstract]:Inner Mongolia Hetao irrigation area, located in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River, is an important grain production base in the north of China. Corn is one of the important grain crops in the Hetao irrigation area. The proportion of the planting area accounts for more than 14.5%. years. In order to pursue high yield and excessive irrigation and apply a large amount of nitrogen fertilizer, the utilization rate of water and nitrogen is low and the benefit of increasing yield is obviously decreased. A series of problems of ecological environment pollution and resource waste caused by unreasonable water and nitrogen operation model have hindered the development of "environment-friendly" and "resource saving" agricultural production in Hetao irrigation area. Therefore, a reasonable water and nitrogen planning scheme is established for the ultimate goal of water saving, fertilizer saving, high efficiency, stable production and environmental protection in Hetao irrigation area. It is of great significance. This study carried out field trials in Hetao irrigation area for two years. A total of 15 modes of water and nitrogen operation were set up by random zone design. The response of the spring maize soil system to different water and nitrogen operation models was discussed and analyzed. The DSSAT-CERES-Maize model was used to simulate the grain yield under different water and nitrogen operation models. The main research results of this experiment are as follows: (1) the cumulative increment of dry matter in each treatment has a "S" change trend during the whole growth period of spring maize. The value of LAI and SPAD showed a trend of single peak change at first and then decreased, and the peak value appeared at the stage of male pumping. The suitable irrigation quota and nitrogen application could significantly increase the net photosynthetic rate of spring maize leaves and prolong the photosynthetic function period of leaves. The water and nitrogen operations of treating W2N3 (irrigation quota: 750m3. Hm-2, nitrogen application: 240kg. Hm-2) The model effectively alleviated the decline rate of LAI and SPAD, improved photosynthetic performance, delayed leaf senescence, and provided a guarantee for high yield of spring maize. (2) the increase rate of nitrogen treatment in 2014 and 2015 increased significantly with the increase of nitrogen application (irrigation quota); with the increase of irrigation quota, a small decrease (nitrogen application amount). When the amount of nitrogen was reached to 240 kg. Hm-2, the amount of irrigation and nitrogen application was increased. When the irrigation quota was fixed, the water use efficiency and irrigation efficiency of each water and nitrogen treatment increased with the increase of nitrogen application, while the water use efficiency and irrigation of each water and nitrogen treatment when the amount of nitrogen was fixed. Water utilization efficiency decreased with the increase of irrigation quota. When the irrigation quota was fixed, the overall change trend of nitrogen use efficiency and partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer decreased with the increase of nitrogen application. The increase of the water quota. (3) the accumulation of NO3--N in the soil in the subsurface soil layer increased with the increase of the irrigation quota and the amount of nitrogen, and the NO3--N in each soil layer was obviously downward moving with the growth period. In the 0-80 cm soil layer, the amount of nitrogen applied under the same irrigation quota increased from the amount of nitrogen application. The increase in the accumulation of large NO3--N is greater than that caused by the increase of the amount of NO3--N under the same amount of nitrogen application. Under the same irrigation quota, the accumulation of NH4+-N in the soil increases with the increase of nitrogen application. Under the same nitrogen application level, the accumulation of NH4+-N in the soil between different irrigation quota treatments is not different. The soil NO3--N accumulation in the 0-100 cm soil layer was 81.54% ~ 83.61% of the accumulation of inorganic nitrogen in the 0-100 cm soil layer of each water and nitrogen treatment in the year of.2014. In 2015, the accumulation of soil NO3--N accumulated in the 0-100 cm soil layer of each water and nitrogen treatment was 81.70% ~ 85.86%. and the soil N03--N accumulated amount was far greater than the NH4+-N accumulation in the soil. (4) in 0-40 cm soil layer, compared with the concentration of NO3--N before and after the first irrigation, the average increase of NO3--N concentration at W1 level was much lower than that of NO3--N at W2 and W3 levels with the increase of nitrogen application. With the increase of the irrigation quota, the average increase of NO3--N concentration at N1 and N2 levels was far lower than that under N3, N4 level. Compared with each treatment in the 0-40 cm soil layer, the concentration of NO3--N in the 40-80 cm soil layer decreased as a whole, but the change trend of the NO3--N concentration in the leaching water throughout the whole growth period was in the same.80-120 cm soil layer as the 0-40 cm embedded depth. The effect of nitrogen application, irrigation quota and the interaction of the two groups on the loss of NO3--N Extremely significant. When the irrigation quota is fixed, the NO3--N leaching loss of the 2014 and 2015 years increases with the increase of nitrogen application, and the leaching rate increases first and then decreases with the increase of nitrogen application. When the amount of nitrogen is fixed, the N03--N leaching loss and the leaching loss increase with the increase of the irrigation quota. (5) the same ammonia volatilization after the same treatment in 2014 and 2015 years. The peak value of the hair rate was greater than that after the treatment was applied to the base fertilizer. The peak value of ammonia volatilization was 63.31% and 62.06%. nitrogen rate higher than that of the base fertilizer, and the irrigation quota and the interaction of the two had a significant effect on the loss of NH3-N. The average ammonia volatilization loss was 5.71 ~ 13.95 kg. Hm-2.20142015 after application of nitrogen treatment to base fertilizer in 2015 years. The average ammonia volatilization loss was 8.70 ~ 18.66 kg. Hm-2.2014. The total loss of ammonia volatilization was 13. The total volatilization loss of ammonia volatilization from.90 to 32.21 kg hm-2.2015 was 15.45 ~ 32.99 kg. Hm-2. (6) DSSAT-CERES-Maize model for spring maize phenology. The final precision of the simulation results of the final biomass and grain yield was higher, and the simulation effect of.DSSAT-CERES-Maize model on soil moisture content was good, and the soil volume water content was treated by each treatment. With the increase of the irrigation quota, the simulation accuracy of the model for soil moisture is more accurate with the increase of the irrigation quota. The simulation precision of the.DSSAT-CERES-Maize model for the biomass and the dynamic changes of LAI is relatively low. The sensitivity analysis of the grain yield can be found that the irrigation quota reaches 85mm or nitrogen application. After the amount of 280kg. Hm-2, the grain yield can no longer increase with the increase of the two. (7) the measured data of various indexes in the spring maize soil system under the mode of water and nitrogen operation, and the treatment of W2N3 (nitrogen application amount 240 kg. Hm-2; irrigation quota of 750 M3. Hm-2) can maintain high water and nitrogen benefits under water saving, fertilizer saving and stable yield. At the same time, the degree of nitrogen pollution caused by the groundwater and the atmosphere is low, so the treatment W2N3 is the optimal water nitrogen mode selected by the optimal water nitrogen model.DSSAT-CERES-Maize model which can give consideration to high yield and high efficiency, environment friendly and resource conservation in the experimental area. The nitrogen application amount is 280 kg. Hm-2 and the irrigation quota is 85 mm..
【學(xué)位授予單位】：內(nèi)蒙古農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S513
，
本文編號：2130947
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