本文選題：氣壓深松 + 深松特性��； 參考：《東北農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：我國是一個(gè)嚴(yán)重缺少水資源的國家,研究合理的農(nóng)田耕作技術(shù),提高土壤的蓄水保墑能力,減少水土流失,避免耕地的繼續(xù)減少,對(duì)實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展具有重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。為解決由于不合理的耕作方式而造成的水土流失,我國實(shí)施了“保護(hù)性耕作”的耕作方式。深松是保護(hù)性耕作的重要組成部分,通過疏松土壤,打破耕地犁底層和加深耕作層,能改善土壤的透水、透氣性能和團(tuán)粒結(jié)構(gòu),使雨水更容易滲入到土壤中,從而有利于作物根系的發(fā)育,提高蓄水保墑能力。但傳統(tǒng)的深松方式,存在深松作用范圍小、深松深度淺、程度不均勻等問題。因此,對(duì)新的耕地深松方式的研究十分必要。論文提出了一種新的耕地深松方式—?dú)鈮荷钏?通過向耕地土壤中注入高壓氣體,使土壤在高壓氣體的作用下產(chǎn)生裂隙,實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)耕地的深松。為了探尋氣壓深松效果,探索氣壓深松特性,解明氣壓深松參數(shù)對(duì)氣壓深松效果評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)的影響。為此,論文從以下七個(gè)方面展開研究,主要的研究內(nèi)容為:對(duì)氣壓深松裂隙生成原理進(jìn)行分析,分析氣壓深松裂隙擴(kuò)展模型、裂隙擴(kuò)展機(jī)理及氣壓深松裂隙起劈壓力。對(duì)深松效果的評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行選取確定,選取土壤孔隙度、土面抬升量作為深松效果的評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)。給出了各評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)的測試方法,對(duì)測試原理及測試手段進(jìn)行說明與分析,對(duì)指標(biāo)測試裝置及氣壓深松試驗(yàn)裝置進(jìn)行研制。為驗(yàn)證氣壓深松效果,進(jìn)行氣壓深松效果試驗(yàn),結(jié)果表明:高壓氣體在土壤內(nèi)部主要產(chǎn)生水平裂隙,水平裂隙的發(fā)展使犁底層的孔隙度明顯增大,可有效打破犁底層,深松后土壤中空氣的含量增加,使土壤體積膨脹、土面抬升,可在不擾動(dòng)或少擾動(dòng)耕作層的情況下得到良好的深松效果;氣壓深松對(duì)容重1.6、1.8g/cm3的犁底層同樣具有較好的深松效果,深松后耕作層和犁底層的孔隙度均有大幅度提升,并且作用范圍較廣,可以克服傳統(tǒng)深松鏟對(duì)容重較大的犁底層難以實(shí)施深松的問題;氣壓深松的最大深松作用半徑為0.7m,是傳統(tǒng)深松鏟深松最大作用半徑的2~2.5倍,而對(duì)犁底層深松作用半徑至少為傳統(tǒng)深松鏟深松作用半徑的3倍,并且作用范圍內(nèi)的孔隙度提升率較高且變化幅度較小,說明氣壓深松具有深松作用范圍廣、深松均勻、深松程度高等特點(diǎn),為得到氣壓深松參數(shù)對(duì)深松效果評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)(土壤孔隙度及土面抬升量)影響的顯著性,利用正交試驗(yàn)對(duì)氣壓深松參數(shù):深松氣壓、噴氣深度、氣槍噴氣孔角度及犁底層容重對(duì)土壤孔隙度增加率及土面抬升量影響的顯著性進(jìn)行了分析。得出:深松氣壓、注氣點(diǎn)深度、氣槍噴氣孔角度對(duì)土壤孔隙度增加率及土面抬升量影響顯著,而容重影響不顯著。為分析深松氣壓對(duì)深松效果評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)(土壤孔隙度及土面抬升量)的影響規(guī)律,利用全因素試驗(yàn)分析了不同深松氣壓下的土壤孔隙度增加率及土面抬升量。分析表明:水平距離對(duì)土壤孔隙度增加率及土面抬升量影響顯著;孔隙度增加率最大值出現(xiàn)在與噴氣孔相同深度的犁底層,說明與氣槍噴氣孔深度相同的犁底層可得到較好的深松效果,實(shí)際作業(yè)中應(yīng)根據(jù)犁底層的位置合理的設(shè)置氣槍噴氣孔的噴氣深度;對(duì)于容重較小的犁底層,深松氣壓在土壤中橫向擴(kuò)散和豎向擴(kuò)散并存,孔隙度增加率隨氣壓增大無明顯變化規(guī)律,隨水平距離增大而波動(dòng)減小且波幅較大;而容重較大的犁底層,深松氣壓橫向擴(kuò)散趨勢增強(qiáng)而豎向擴(kuò)散趨勢減弱,孔隙度增加率隨氣壓增大呈增大趨勢,隨水平距離增大而波動(dòng)減小且波幅較小;深松氣壓增大對(duì)容重較小犁底層的孔隙度增加率及土面抬升量引起的差異不明顯,而對(duì)容重較大的犁底層引起的孔隙度增加率及土面抬升量差異顯著;對(duì)于容重為1.4,1.6和1.8g/cm3的犁底層,深松氣壓分別為1.4、1.8和2.2MPa時(shí),孔隙度增加率及土壤空氣增加量最大,說明,對(duì)于容重為1.4、1.6和1.8g/cm3的犁底層,分別選用1.4、1.8和2.2MPa的深松氣壓可得到較好的深松效果。為了探尋氣壓深松時(shí),高壓氣體擴(kuò)散規(guī)律,利用CFD軟件仿真對(duì)不同容重犁底層內(nèi)高壓氣體擴(kuò)散規(guī)律進(jìn)行仿真分析。仿真結(jié)果顯示:對(duì)于容重較低的犁底層,高壓氣體不易于向水平方向擴(kuò)散,隨著容重的增高,高壓氣體向水平方向擴(kuò)散的趨勢逐漸增強(qiáng)。對(duì)氣壓深松機(jī)進(jìn)行了總體結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)、關(guān)鍵部件設(shè)計(jì)及運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)分析,本機(jī)由拖拉機(jī)牽引,能在不停車的條件下,通過對(duì)耕地內(nèi)部連續(xù)注入高壓氣體,對(duì)耕地實(shí)現(xiàn)氣壓深松作業(yè)。論文研究成果可為氣壓深松技術(shù)的研究及氣壓深松機(jī)具的研發(fā)提供參考依據(jù)。
[Abstract]:China is a country with serious lack of water resources. It is of great practical significance for the sustainable development of agriculture to study rational farming techniques, improve soil water storage and soil moisture conservation, reduce soil erosion and reduce the continuous reduction of cultivated land. As an important part of conservation tillage, deep loosening is an important part of conservation tillage. Through loosening soil, breaking ground ploughs and adding deep tillage layer, it can improve the water permeability, air permeability and pellet structure of the soil, so that the rain can easily infiltrate into the soil, thus it is beneficial to the development of crop roots and improve the ability of storing water and preserving soil moisture. However, the traditional way of deep loosening is small, shallow and uneven in depth. Therefore, it is necessary to study the new way of deep loosening of cultivated land. A new method of deep loosening of cultivated land is put forward in this paper: high pressure gas is injected into the soil of cultivated land to crack the soil under the action of high pressure gas. In order to find the deep loosening of the arable land, in order to find the effect of air pressure deep loosening, explore the characteristics of pressure deep loosening, and clear the influence of the parameters of pressure deep loosening on the evaluation index of the effect of air pressure depth. Therefore, the thesis is carried out from the following seven aspects. The main research contents are as follows: the principle of the formation of air pressure deep loosening gap is analyzed, and the expansion of the air pressure is loose and the crack expansion is analyzed. The evaluation index of the soil porosity and soil surface uplift is selected as the evaluation index of the effect of deep loosening, and the testing methods of each evaluation index are given, the testing principle and test means are explained and analyzed, and the index testing device and the test device are used. In order to verify the effect of pressure deep loosening, the effect of pressure deep loosening is tested. The results show that the high pressure gas produces horizontal cracks in the soil, the development of the horizontal fissure increases the porosity of the plow, which can effectively break the bottom of the plow, and the content of the air in the soil increases after the deep loosening, so that the volume of the soil is increased. The expansion and uplift of the soil can get a good effect of deep loosening in the condition of undisturbed or less disturbed tillage. The deep loosening effect on the bottom of the plough of the bulk density 1.6,1.8g/cm3 is also better, and the porosity of the plough layer and the plow bottom is greatly enhanced after the deep loosening, and the scope of action is wide, and the traditional deep loosening shovel can be overcome. The most heavy plow bottom is difficult to carry out the problem of deep loosening; the maximum release radius of deep loosening is 0.7m, which is 2~2.5 times the maximum radius of the traditional deep loosening shovel, and the deep loosening radius of the plough is at least 3 times that of the traditional deep loosening shovel, and the porosity in the range of action is higher and the change amplitude is more than that of the traditional deep loosening shovel. It shows that deep loosening has a wide range of deep loosening, deep loosening and high depth of loosening. In order to obtain the significance of the influence of the parameters of deep loosening on the evaluation index of deep loosening effect (soil porosity and soil elevation), the parameters of deep loosening air pressure, jet depth, air gun jet hole angle and plow bottom capacity are used in orthogonal test. The effect of soil porosity increasing rate and soil surface uplift was analyzed. The results were as follows: deep loosening pressure, gas injection point depth, air gun jet hole angle on soil porosity increase rate and soil surface uplift are significant, while the effect of bulk density is not significant. The increase rate of soil and the uplift of soil under different depth of pressure are analyzed by the full factor test. The analysis shows that the horizontal distance has a significant influence on the increase rate of soil porosity and the uplift of soil surface; the maximum value of the increase of porosity appears at the bottom of the plow with the same depth as the air blowhole, indicating the air gun jet. The deep loosening effect of the plow with the same hole depth can be obtained. In actual operation, the jet depth of the air gun jet hole should be set reasonably according to the position of the plow bottom; for the low density plow bottom, the deep loosening pressure is both lateral and vertical diffusion in the soil, and the porosity increases with the pressure increasing without obvious change law, with the level of the level. When the distance increases, the wave amplitude is larger, and the horizontal diffusion trend of the deep loosening pressure is enhanced and the vertical diffusion trend is weakened. The increase rate of porosity increases with the increase of air pressure, and the fluctuation decreases with the increase of the horizontal distance and the amplitude is smaller. The increase of the porosity of the smaller plow bottom is increased by the deep pine gas pressure. And the difference in soil surface uplift is not obvious, but the increase rate of porosity and soil surface elevation caused by heavy bulk density is significant. For the plough with 1.4,1.6 and 1.8g/cm3, the increase rate of porosity and the increase of soil air are maximum when the air pressure is 1.4,1.8 and 2.2MPa, respectively, indicating that the bulk density is 1.4,1.6 and the bulk density is 1.4,1.6. In order to explore the law of high pressure gas diffusion, the law of high pressure gas diffusion in the bottom layer of different bulk plows is simulated by CFD software simulation. The simulation results show that the high pressure gas is low in the plow with low bulk density in order to explore the law of high pressure gas diffusion in the bottom layer of different bulk plows by using CFD software simulation. The body is not easy to spread to the horizontal direction. With the increase of the bulk density, the tendency of the high pressure gas to spread to the horizontal direction is gradually increasing. The overall structure design of the air pressure loosen machine, the design of the key components and the kinematic analysis are carried out. The machine is tractive by the tractor, and the high pressure gas can be continuously injected into the cultivated land under the condition of no parking. The research results can provide reference for the research of pneumatic subsoiling technology and the development of pneumatic deep loosening machine.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：S222

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