本文選題：施氮時期 + ~(15)N去向��； 參考：《中國科學(xué)院研究生院(教育部水土保持與生態(tài)環(huán)境研究中心)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：在適宜時期施用氮肥既能滿足作物對養(yǎng)分需求,又能獲得較高的氮肥利用效率并減少氮損失及其帶來的環(huán)境風(fēng)險。黃土高原屬于典型旱作農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū),玉米是該地區(qū)主要糧食作物之一。地膜覆蓋技術(shù)因其具有增溫保墑、大幅提高作物產(chǎn)量的作用,已在該地區(qū)被廣泛應(yīng)用。本研究以黃土高原旱作覆膜玉米為研究對象,采用大田試驗與田間微區(qū)試驗相結(jié)合的研究方法,利用15N示蹤技術(shù),連續(xù)3年對施入土壤中的肥料氮進行定向追蹤,探索不同施氮時期對肥料氮去向及其殘留效應(yīng)的影響;并對土壤N2O、NH3排放進行連續(xù)同步監(jiān)測,以期查明旱作覆膜玉米農(nóng)田氮素氣態(tài)損失對施氮時期的響應(yīng)。通過對不同施氮時期處理的作物產(chǎn)量、養(yǎng)分利用及環(huán)境效應(yīng)的綜合評價,明確黃土高原旱作覆膜玉米適宜施氮時期,求證假設(shè)“在氮肥總施用量不變情況下,生育期分次施氮因作物吸收利用不同,其殘留、后效及損失程度不同”真?zhèn)?為該地區(qū)制定有效氮肥管理措施提供理論參考。本研究主要獲得以下結(jié)論:(1)分次施氮顯著增加植株氮中來源于肥料氮的比例和數(shù)量,與單次和兩次施氮相比,三次施氮也顯著增加了植株氮中來源于土壤氮的數(shù)量,說明多次施氮對土壤氮庫存在一定正激發(fā)效應(yīng)。兩次和三次施氮下15N肥料當(dāng)季利用率分別為37.6%和39.1%,顯著高于單次施氮(28.0%),而15N潛在損失率(11.2%和12.7%)顯著低于單次施氮(22.2%),兩次與三次施氮間無顯著差異。與基施15N和吐絲期追施15N相比,作物對8葉期追施15N的利用率最高,損失率最低。當(dāng)季作物收獲后15N在0-200 cm土層的殘留量占總施氮量的48.3%-51.3%,其中約50%殘留在0-20 cm土層;分次施氮對土壤中當(dāng)季殘留15N總量無顯著影響。(2)不同施氮時期處理土壤殘留15N被第二季和第三季作物利用率分別為24.1%-32.3%和10.4%-11.0%,占15N肥料總施入量的12.1%-15.7%和5.4%-5.8%;氮肥分三次施入會顯著增加第二季作物對殘留15N的利用效率。三季作物對15N肥料疊加利用效率為47.6%-60.8%,分次施氮顯著提高氮肥疊加利用率。第三季作物收獲后15N在0-200 cm土壤中殘留率及潛在損失率分別為15.0%-21.0%和18.2%-37.4%,分次施氮顯著增加了肥料氮在土壤中的殘留,并減少了其潛在損失。(3)氮肥分三次施入在玉米生育中后期降雨較多的情況下會顯著增加N2O累積排放量以及單位產(chǎn)量N2O排放量。施肥與降雨耦合是N2O排放的主要驅(qū)動因子。由于在黃土高原地區(qū)玉米生長發(fā)育中后期(7-9月)常常伴有較強降雨,因此分三次施氮增加了N2O排放風(fēng)險。旱作覆膜玉米不同時期施氮的NH3揮發(fā)損失率為6.2%-9.4%,分次施氮會顯著降低肥料氮NH3揮發(fā)損失。與基肥氮(撒施后旋耕)相比,追肥氮(帶狀溝施覆土)的NH3揮發(fā)損失率更低。與單次施氮相比,將氮肥分兩次施用能有效減少NH3揮發(fā)損失,又不會增加單位產(chǎn)量N2O排放。(4)分次施氮顯著提高玉米產(chǎn)量,但兩次與三次施氮間無顯著差異。分次施氮會顯著增加玉米成熟期地上部氮素累積量,尤其是分三次施氮能顯著增加玉米吐絲后期地上部氮素累積。分次施氮顯著提高氮肥表觀利用率、氮肥農(nóng)學(xué)利用率和氮肥偏生產(chǎn)力,在半膜覆蓋下顯著降低0-200 cm土壤硝態(tài)氮累積。全膜覆蓋下不施氮、單次、分兩次和三次施氮處理兩年平均產(chǎn)量較半膜覆蓋分別提高20.2%、10.3%、10.1%和10.5%。全膜覆蓋顯著增加玉米地上部干物質(zhì)和氮素累積,尤其在生育初期表現(xiàn)更加明顯。全膜覆蓋下玉米收獲后0-200 cm土壤硝態(tài)氮累積量顯著高于半膜覆蓋。施氮顯著提高玉米水分利用效率,與單次施氮相比,分次施氮在生育期降水較少的年份更有利于提高水分利用率。全膜覆蓋在生育期降水較多的年份對水分利用效率的增加更為顯著。綜上可見,將氮肥在播種前和8葉期按4:6的比例分兩次施用既能獲得較高產(chǎn)量與較高水氮利用效率,還可有效減少肥料氮的NH3揮發(fā)損失,且與單次施氮相比并未增加單位產(chǎn)量N2O排放量。因此,綜合考慮作物產(chǎn)量、養(yǎng)分高效利用以及環(huán)境效應(yīng),分兩次施氮更適合本地區(qū)旱作覆膜玉米生產(chǎn)。
[Abstract]:The application of nitrogen fertilizer in the suitable period can not only satisfy the nutrient demand of crops, but also obtain higher nitrogen use efficiency and reduce nitrogen loss and environmental risks. The Loess Plateau belongs to the typical dry farming area, and corn is one of the main grain crops in this area. This study has been widely used in this area. In this study, the mulched Maize in dry soil in the Loess Plateau was used as the research object. The field test and field micro area test were combined to study the fertilizer nitrogen in the soil for 3 years. The direction of fertilizer nitrogen direction and its residual effect in different nitrogen application periods were explored for 3 years. In order to find out the response of nitrogen gas loss to nitrogen application period in the dryland mulched corn farmland, the response of nitrogen gas loss to nitrogen application period in the dryland covered field was detected by continuous synchronous monitoring of the soil N2O and NH3 emission. In this study, the following conclusions were obtained: (1) the ratio of nitrogen fertilizer to fertilizer nitrogen was significantly increased in the nitrogen application of plant nitrogen. Compared with the single and two nitrogen application, the three nitrogen application also significantly increased the number of nitrogen in the plant nitrogen, indicating that there was a certain positive excitation effect on the soil nitrogen pool. The utilization rate of 15N fertilizer in the two and three nitrogen application periods was 37.6% and 39.1%, respectively, significantly higher than the single nitrogen application (28%), and the potential loss rate of 15N. (11.2% and 12.7%) was significantly lower than single nitrogen application (22.2%), and there was no significant difference between two and three nitrogen application. Compared with 15N and 15N, the utilization rate of 15N was the highest and the loss rate was the lowest. The residual amount of 15N in the 0-200 cm soil layer after crop harvest was 48.3%-51.3%, of which about 50% remained in 0-20 cm. The total amount of residual 15N in soil was not significantly affected in soil layer. (2) the utilization rate of soil residual 15N in second and third seasons was 24.1%-32.3% and 10.4%-11.0% respectively, which accounted for 12.1%-15.7% and 5.4%-5.8% in the total amount of 15N fertilizer, and the nitrogen fertilizer application was significantly increased by second season crops to the remaining 15N. The efficiency of utilization of 15N fertilizer in three season crops was 47.6%-60.8%, and nitrogen fertilizer application rate increased significantly. The residual rate and potential loss rate of 15N in 0-200 cm soil after third season crops were 15.0%-21.0% and 18.2%-37.4% respectively. The potential loss. (3) the cumulative emission of N2O and the N2O emissions per unit yield were significantly increased by the three nitrogen fertilizer application in the middle and late period of maize growth. The coupling of fertilization and rainfall is the main driving factor of N2O emission. The three nitrogen application increased the risk of N2O emission. The loss rate of NH3 volatilization loss was 6.2%-9.4% in different period of dry mulched maize, and secondary nitrogen application could significantly reduce the loss of fertilizer nitrogen NH3 volatilization. Compared with basal fertilizer nitrogen (after applying rotary tillage), the loss rate of NH3 volatilization was lower. Compared with the single nitrogen application, the nitrogen fertilizer was divided into two times. The application can effectively reduce the loss of NH3 volatilization and not increase the unit output N2O emissions. (4) nitrogen application significantly increases maize yield, but there is no significant difference between the two and the three nitrogen application. Nitrogen application can significantly increase the nitrogen accumulation in the upper part of the maturing period of maize, especially the three nitrogen application can significantly increase the nitrogen accumulation in the upper part of the later period of corn silk spinning. Nitrogen fertilizer application rate, nitrogen fertilizer utilization ratio and nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity significantly decreased nitrate nitrogen accumulation in 0-200 cm soil under semi film mulching. No nitrogen application under full film mulching, the average yield of single, two and three nitrogen treatments increased by 20.2%, 10.3%, 10.1% and 10.5%. full film cover respectively. The accumulation of dry matter and nitrogen in the upper part of maize increased significantly, especially at the early stage of growth. The accumulation of nitrate nitrogen in the 0-200 cm soil was significantly higher than that of half film mulching after the full film mulching. Nitrogen application significantly increased the water use efficiency of maize. Compared with the single nitrogen application, the nitrogen application was more favorable in the year of less precipitation. To improve the water use efficiency, the full film mulching increased the water use efficiency more significantly in the years of more precipitation in the growing period. It was found that the two application of nitrogen fertilizer at the ratio of 4:6 in the pre sowing and 8 leaf stages can not only obtain higher yield and higher water and nitrogen use efficiency, but also effectively reduce the loss of NH3 volatilization of fertilizer nitrogen, and a single time. Nitrogen application did not increase the N2O emissions per unit yield. Therefore, considering crop yield, nutrient efficient utilization and environmental effects, two nitrogen application is more suitable for the production of dryland mulched Maize in the region.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國科學(xué)院研究生院(教育部水土保持與生態(tài)環(huán)境研究中心)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：S513

【相似文獻】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前10條

1 佟屏亞;;介紹一冊別具視角的玉米著作——《玉米與資本主義》[J];古今農(nóng)業(yè);2007年02期

2 尚可;;走下神壇的玉米[J];海洋世界;2011年07期

3 韓長賦;;玉米論略[J];農(nóng)家參謀(種業(yè)大觀);2012年06期

4 張乃鳳 ,白磊;中國也能發(fā)展一個玉米帶[J];土壤肥料;1981年02期

5 王昌瑞;玉米帶葉去雄[J];新農(nóng)業(yè);1982年13期

6 ;洋芋玉米帶田增產(chǎn)顯著[J];甘肅農(nóng)業(yè)科技;1982年03期

7 王佩祥;;談?wù)動衩椎陌踩９躘J];中國農(nóng)墾;1986年06期

8 佟屏亞;;玉米環(huán)球旅行記[J];種子世界;1986年01期

9 佟屏亞;世界玉米產(chǎn)銷形勢及發(fā)展預(yù)測[J];世界農(nóng)業(yè);1987年05期

10 John Fraser Hart,郭謙;美國玉米帶的變遷[J];世界農(nóng)業(yè);1987年09期

相關(guān)會議論文 前10條

1 楊生茂;蘆滿濟;邱進懷;;甘肅省河西灌區(qū)小麥/玉米帶田施N量及其環(huán)境效應(yīng)[A];氮素循環(huán)與農(nóng)業(yè)和環(huán)境學(xué)術(shù)研討會論文（摘要）集[C];2001年

2 佟屏亞;;論中國發(fā)展玉米生產(chǎn)的科技導(dǎo)向[A];全面建設(shè)小康社會——中國科協(xié)二○○三年學(xué)術(shù)年會農(nóng)林水論文精選[C];2003年

3 劉開昌;王慶成;;入世后山東省玉米生產(chǎn)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略[A];全面建設(shè)小康社會——中國科協(xié)二○○三年學(xué)術(shù)年會農(nóng)林水論文精選[C];2003年

4 黃輝;;玉米生產(chǎn)、市場與技術(shù)發(fā)展情況的思考[A];第五屆中國農(nóng)業(yè)推廣研究征文集[C];2006年

5 楊生茂;郭天文;;河西綠洲灌區(qū)小麥/玉米帶田施氮量及其環(huán)境效應(yīng)[A];《氮素循環(huán)與農(nóng)業(yè)和環(huán)境》專輯——氮素循環(huán)與農(nóng)業(yè)和環(huán)境學(xué)術(shù)討論會論文集[C];2001年

6 秦太辰;;景觀玉米的塑造思路、方法與育種原理[A];2012年全國玉米遺傳育種學(xué)術(shù)研討會暨新品種展示觀摩會論文及摘要集[C];2012年

7 武明宇;郝楠;;淺談玉米抗旱性的研究進展[A];全國旱情監(jiān)測技術(shù)與抗旱減災(zāi)措施論文集[C];2009年

8 劉志忠;劉雅君;;小麥套玉米秋澆覆膜節(jié)水新技術(shù)試驗研究[A];科技創(chuàng)新與經(jīng)濟結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整——第七屆內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)自然科學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)年會優(yōu)秀論文集[C];2012年

9 張久東;包興國;曹衛(wèi)東;車宗賢;胡志橋;盧秉林;楊文玉;李全福;;間作綠肥作物對玉米產(chǎn)量和土壤肥力的影響[A];面向未來的土壤科學(xué)（下冊）——中國土壤學(xué)會第十二次全國會員代表大會暨第九屆海峽兩岸土壤肥料學(xué)術(shù)交流研討會論文集[C];2012年

10 戴景瑞;王守才;謝友菊;王國英;楊會;張榮;;玉米基因工程與抗蟲玉米育種[A];21世紀(jì)作物科技與生產(chǎn)發(fā)展學(xué)術(shù)討論會論文集[C];2002年

相關(guān)重要報紙文章 前10條

1 郭清保;飼企需求降低拖累玉米上漲[N];期貨日報;2006年

2 東華期貨研發(fā)部 陶金峰;利空為玉米期市熱情潑涼水[N];證券時報;2006年

3 格林期貨 崔家悅;玉米震蕩行情將維持多久[N];證券時報;2008年

4 李永合;豐潤時興玉米帶棒青貯[N];中國畜牧報;2004年

5 本報記者 劉旭;玉米市場：出口萎縮引發(fā)躁動[N];國際商報;2004年

6 ;玉米拍賣未有驚喜 震蕩之路仍將延續(xù)[N];中國畜牧獸醫(yī)報;2009年

7 文華;做大玉米經(jīng)濟勢在必行[N];糧油市場報;2002年

8 于德運 李曦;做強玉米經(jīng)濟要提升理性思考[N];吉林日報;2005年

9 本報實習(xí)記者 葉斯琦;新玉米集中上市 靜待臨儲指引[N];中國證券報;2014年

10 聞有成;玉米仍是東北來錢產(chǎn)業(yè)[N];經(jīng)濟參考報;2003年

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前10條

1 劉志鵬;玉米12個農(nóng)藝性狀的全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)分析及玉米氮響應(yīng)相關(guān)基因的鑒定[D];中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué);2015年

2 陳國棟;間作小麥玉米的水分競爭與生態(tài)位分離機制[D];甘肅農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué);2015年

3 慈佳賓;玉米DH育種關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研究及不同類型DH系遺傳分析[D];吉林農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué);2015年

4 葉輝;不同環(huán)境下玉米內(nèi)源激素變異對葉序分化類型的影響研究[D];安徽農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué);2012年

5 蘇本營;玉米-大豆帶狀套作系統(tǒng)碳平衡研究[D];四川農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué);2014年

6 任媛媛;黃土塬區(qū)玉米大豆間作系統(tǒng)水分利用研究[D];中國科學(xué)院研究生院(教育部水土保持與生態(tài)環(huán)境研究中心);2016年

7 王少杰;黃土高原旱作覆膜玉米不同時期施氮效果及氣態(tài)氮損失[D];中國科學(xué)院研究生院(教育部水土保持與生態(tài)環(huán)境研究中心);2016年

8 劉月娥;玉米對區(qū)域光、溫、水資源變化的響應(yīng)研究[D];中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院;2013年

9 郝轉(zhuǎn)芳;玉米耐旱主效QTL定位與候選基因鑒定[D];中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院;2005年

10 李美;玉米花生間作群體互補競爭及防風(fēng)蝕效應(yīng)研究[D];沈陽農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué);2012年

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前10條

1 閆成輝;玉米自交系87-1BAC文庫的構(gòu)建及Cms-C恢復(fù)基因Rf4區(qū)域BAC克隆的篩選[D];河南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué);2011年

2 歐陽偉;伊犁墾區(qū)制種玉米區(qū)劃及可持續(xù)發(fā)展對策的研究[D];石河子大學(xué);2014年

3 閆平;黑龍江省玉米種植變化原因及利弊分析[D];東北農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué);2015年

4 史倩倩;少耕秸稈覆蓋對小麥間作玉米農(nóng)田碳排放的協(xié)同作用[D];甘肅農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué);2015年

5 閆妍名;不同栽培模式對玉米產(chǎn)量形成及水溫和氮素利用的影響[D];甘肅農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué);2015年

6 秦亞洲;根冠互作對小麥間作玉米水分利用效率的影響[D];甘肅農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué);2015年

7 馬慧慧;阜陽地區(qū)玉米品種生態(tài)適應(yīng)性的分析[D];安徽農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué);2014年

8 劉洪亮;吉林省高寒山區(qū)玉米品種篩選[D];東北農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué);2014年

9 王維俊;伊寧縣玉米生產(chǎn)存在問題及發(fā)展對策研究[D];新疆農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué);2015年

10 趙宗潮;轉(zhuǎn)植酸酶基因玉米自然生態(tài)風(fēng)險評估及其防控技術(shù)研究[D];南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué);2014年

，

本文編號：2057090