本文選題：林窗大 + 微環(huán)境異質(zhì)性��； 參考：《福建農(nóng)林大學》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：林窗是由老樹死亡、昆蟲、某些疾病或雷電襲擊、風或風暴吹倒、或其他倒下的樹木擊倒的區(qū)域。林窗的出現(xiàn)提高了森林動態(tài)。因此,林窗對維持森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)很重要。當林冠層開闊形成林窗時,影響小氣候、光照強度、土壤溫度、氣溫和土壤水分的改變。中國福建三明的格氏栲天然林是以過熟的格氏栲(平均年齡超過100年)、米櫧、馬尾松與木荷為優(yōu)勢的亞熱帶常綠闊葉林,也是面積最大純度最高的格氏栲天然林。許多研究人員都在研究這個物種。關(guān)于格氏栲天然林林窗的研究表明不同大小林窗和林窗內(nèi)位置具有不同的土壤-空氣溫度、相對濕度和土壤含水量。那些環(huán)境條件也受季節(jié)影響。不同微地形的環(huán)境條件下可能影響格氏栲種子萌發(fā)和幼苗定居。之前的研究關(guān)注于林窗微氣候研究。目前,由于格氏栲幼苗和幼樹減少,使格氏栲種群不斷下降,種群年齡結(jié)構(gòu)不可持續(xù),主要原因是種子萌發(fā)和幼苗定居不足和人為干擾的影響。承前所述,林窗能夠影響物種更新,但目前發(fā)現(xiàn)多數(shù)研究這關(guān)注于林窗微環(huán)境研究。林窗環(huán)境的空間異質(zhì)性和林窗大小影響微環(huán)境仍未知,關(guān)于幼苗更新機制和其對微環(huán)境的響應(yīng)也未知。為此,探索了林窗影響微環(huán)境及環(huán)境因子影響葉片性狀和林窗內(nèi)格氏栲幼苗對微環(huán)境的響應(yīng)。研究目的:1)調(diào)查林窗對白天時間的微環(huán)境動態(tài)的影響;2)揭示林窗大小對土壤化學-物理性質(zhì)的影響;3)調(diào)查光照強度對微環(huán)境和葉片性狀的影響;4)調(diào)查更新層葉片性狀對林窗微環(huán)境的響應(yīng);5)調(diào)查林窗大小和林窗內(nèi)不同位置對格氏栲更新的影響。結(jié)果表明:通過魚眼鏡頭在每個林窗中心拍兩張照片,采用半球面影像法計算林窗面積。測量了 9個林窗,其中,最大的林窗面積為216.72m2,最小的林窗面積為30.28 m2。根據(jù)林窗面積大小,將9個林窗分為3類不同大小的林窗(小(30-50 m2)、中(50-100 m2)、大林窗(150 m2)),小林窗由樹枝折斷產(chǎn)生,大中型林窗由樹倒產(chǎn)生,同時,設(shè)置15 m×15 m的非林窗為對照。在整個林窗和非林窗內(nèi)設(shè)置3 m×3 m的網(wǎng)格作為取樣點。在整個林窗內(nèi)從早晨8點到下午6點,每2h記錄一次微環(huán)境因子變化,微環(huán)境因子包括土壤表層溫度(ST0)、土壤深度為5cm的溫度(ST5)、土壤深度為10cm的溫度(ST10)、空氣溫濕度(AT)、光照強度(LI)和相對濕度(RH)等,數(shù)據(jù)從2014年6月15-25日和2015年1月5-15日。采用地統(tǒng)計分析法,闡述了 9個林窗和非林窗土壤物理-化學性質(zhì)和土壤酶活性的空間模型,調(diào)查林窗大小和微環(huán)境對林窗內(nèi)葉片性狀的影響。在林窗和非林窗內(nèi)的5個方向設(shè)置5 m×5 m樣方收集葉片樣本。于冬季和夏季收集更新層葉片(2 cmDBH,高度2-5 m.)測定葉片性狀。選擇的葉片性狀包括:葉面積(LA)、葉干物重量(LDM)、比葉面積(SLA)、葉綠素a(Chla)、葉綠素b(Chlb)、總?cè)~綠素含量(TChl)、類胡蘿卜素(CAR)、可溶性糖含量、淀粉含量、氮含量(N)、碳含量(C)、磷含量(P)、鉀含量(K)與葉片酶活性。對物種管理和保護,探討了林窗是否有可能促進格氏栲幼苗更新,并調(diào)查了林窗內(nèi)幼苗更新的最佳位置。在夏季林窗(中心、南方、東方、北方和西方)的五個方向調(diào)查格氏栲四個階段(樹木,樹苗,灌木和幼苗)的基徑、高度和數(shù)量。研究結(jié)果如下:微環(huán)境隨時間而變化。在每個林窗內(nèi),從早晨10點到下午2點,林窗中心LI最強。除大林窗的北方向外,其他林窗均表現(xiàn)為北和西方向高于南和東方向。非林窗內(nèi),LI與ST呈顯著正相關(guān)關(guān)系。不像中小型林窗,表現(xiàn)為隨早晨到下午的時間增加,大林窗ST最高的時間為12點到下午2點,在林窗與非林窗中,AT與RH呈顯著負相關(guān)關(guān)系。因此,不同大小林窗顯著影響微環(huán)境因子,且LI對5個方向的環(huán)境因子影響較大。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)土壤物理性質(zhì)除SCP和STP外,其他土壤物理性質(zhì)與林窗大小具有顯著性差異。林窗大小通常能夠提高土壤物理性質(zhì),尤其是小和大林窗,表明林窗土壤比非林窗更適合植物生長。因此,大林窗顯著影響林窗多數(shù)土壤物理性質(zhì)的空間異質(zhì)性。隨不同大小林窗和不同季節(jié)變化,多數(shù)土壤化學性質(zhì)有所不同。林窗大小影響土壤化學性質(zhì),與冬季相比,夏季對林窗土壤化學性質(zhì)影響更大。研究表明林窗可能影響土壤化學性質(zhì)但不同大小林窗具有不規(guī)則的響應(yīng)。小林窗的土壤pH值顯著低于中林窗,而中林窗土壤OM、TN、TC和C/N比最低,大林窗最高。小林窗的土壤pH值顯著低于中林窗,而中林窗土壤OM、TN、TC和C/N比最低,大林窗最高。不同大小林窗土壤TP和TK具有相同變化模式,表現(xiàn)為隨林窗增大而增大。與其他林窗相比,小林窗土壤AP和AK最高。冬季土壤OM、TP、TK、AP、UA、CA、TN、TC和C/N比的平均值高于夏季。土壤全氮、全碳、C/N比和土壤有機質(zhì)具有顯著相關(guān)性。大林窗內(nèi)土壤有機質(zhì)含量最高,表明大林窗土壤對植物生長具有較高的養(yǎng)分供給潛力。此外,土壤有機質(zhì)與土壤pH值具有顯著負相關(guān)關(guān)系。而在研究區(qū)內(nèi)土壤pH的范圍屬于強酸性可能影響植物對養(yǎng)分的有效利用。土壤化學性質(zhì)的空間異質(zhì)性隨季節(jié)變化。土壤pH變化較小,而林窗和非林窗內(nèi)土壤OM含量適中。土壤TN和TC具有相同的變異值,但土壤C/N比的變異值差異較小。在林窗和非林窗內(nèi)土壤TP、TK、AP、AK和HN的變異性適中。每個土壤化學性質(zhì)的空間異質(zhì)性具有不同的模式,主要取決于林窗特性和其影響因素。研究林窗土壤化學性質(zhì)的空間異質(zhì)性為林窗管理和物種保護提供基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)。每個林窗都有其特定的微環(huán)境進而影響物種生長。當林窗形成后光照產(chǎn)生變化。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),林窗內(nèi)LI與ST、AT顯著正相關(guān),與RH呈顯著負相關(guān),而非林窗則相反。不同大小林窗的LI具有顯著性差異,大林窗內(nèi)LI均值最高,同時小林窗內(nèi)LI均值最低。每個林窗LI的空間異質(zhì)性不同,取決于地形、坡向和每個方向樹木生長的位置。在大中型林窗內(nèi),LI與SLA具有顯著負相關(guān)關(guān)系(r =-0.248,p = 0.04和r=-0.264,p = 0.008)。在所有的方向上,SLA隨LI增加而增加。林窗大小影響Chla、Chlb、TChl和CAR平均值隨季節(jié)變化。夏季葉綠素含量最高值出現(xiàn)于小林窗,葉綠素含量最低值出現(xiàn)于非林窗,而冬季葉綠素最高值出現(xiàn)于中林窗。此外,夏季對中林窗不同方向的Chla和TChl具有一定影響。由于可溶性糖和淀粉是十分靈敏的參數(shù),因此未發(fā)現(xiàn)不同大小林窗影響物種可溶性糖和淀粉。不同大小林窗K含量受夏季和冬季影響,而P含量受冬季影響。不同大小林窗對C和N含量無影響。夏季影響可溶性蛋白的平均值,冬季影響SOD(U/g)酶活性,而林窗大小對其他酶活性無顯著影響。運用RDA分析夏季和冬季葉片性狀和環(huán)境變化表明夏季葉片性狀與環(huán)境的相關(guān)性強于冬季。結(jié)果表明,與冬季相比,夏季環(huán)境對葉片性狀的影響更大。p值表明夏季土壤化學性質(zhì)與葉片性狀的關(guān)系強于土壤物理性質(zhì)。此外,夏季土壤化學性質(zhì)的p值比冬季更顯著。本研究區(qū)中夏季是植物生長的季節(jié),可能植物對環(huán)境因子的響應(yīng)強于冬季。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)格氏栲數(shù)量與林窗面積呈顯著正相關(guān)關(guān)系(= 0.815,p=0.007)。格氏栲數(shù)量估計使用線性回歸模型為:格氏栲數(shù)量=0.124×林窗面積+10.597(R2 = 0.664,p = 0.007)。大林窗內(nèi)格氏栲數(shù)量高于小林窗(p = 0.031)。林窗中心的幼苗數(shù)量和大小與其他方位具有顯著性差異(p= 0.041和p = 0.017)。然而,格氏栲與環(huán)境的相互作用十分復雜,主要取決于物種生態(tài)位轉(zhuǎn)化。在格氏栲自然保護區(qū)內(nèi),與非林窗相比,林窗能夠促進物種多樣性和改變環(huán)境。林窗能夠影響微環(huán)境,對季節(jié)具有持續(xù)波動和變化。林窗影響土壤物理-化學性質(zhì)。林窗土壤組成比非林窗更好。林窗比非林窗具有更高的土壤土壤蓄水能力。土壤物理-化學性質(zhì)的空間異質(zhì)性為林窗管理提供基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)。不同大小林窗的方位內(nèi),與非林窗相比,LI影響微環(huán)境和SLA。此外,葉片SLA與N、P含量具有顯著正效應(yīng)。研究結(jié)果表明林窗中心SLA的均值最低。林窗大小對葉片性狀具有不同影響。每個葉片性狀受物種、年齡、季節(jié)與環(huán)境因子等影響。本研究中很少物種受不同大小林窗環(huán)境因子的影響,是因為這些物種的葉片樣本受數(shù)量限制。光照強度影響一些物種的SLA和葉綠素,而對于研究林窗對其的影響,本研究中葉片酶活性不是很好的參數(shù)。林窗能夠促進格氏栲幼苗更新,格氏栲幼苗需要林窗促進更新,尤其是大林窗。對物種保護而言,林窗中心最適合格氏栲幼苗更新。研究為格氏栲天然林的管理和保護提供依據(jù)。
[Abstract]:A forest window is an area where old trees are killed, insects, certain diseases or lightning strikes, wind or storms blow down, or other fallen trees are knocked down. The emergence of a forest window increases the dynamics of the forest. Therefore, the forest window is important for maintaining the forest ecosystem. When the canopy is open to form a forest window, the forest has a small climate, light intensity, soil temperature, temperature and soil. The natural forest of Castanopsis kankam in Fujian, China, is a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest with the dominance of Castanopsis kankam (an average age of more than 100 years), Castanopsis Castanopsis, Pinus massoniana and Schima superba, and the highest purity of the natural forest. Many researchers are studying this species. Research on the natural forest window of Castanopsis kankam. The results showed that different sizes of forest windows and forest windows had different soil air temperature, relative humidity and soil water content. The environmental conditions were also affected by the seasons. The seed germination and seedling settlement of Castanopsis kankam may be affected by different microtopography. The decrease of seedlings and young trees makes the population of Castanopsis fargesii declining and the age structure of the population is not sustainable. The main reason is the effect of seed germination, the inadequacy of seedlings and the influence of human interference. The effect of the window size on the microenvironment was still unknown, and the mechanism of seedling regeneration and its response to the microenvironment were unknown. Therefore, the effects of the forest windows on the microenvironment and environmental factors affecting the leaf traits and the response to the microenvironment were explored. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the forest windows on the microenvironment dynamics of the white days, and 2) to reveal the forest windows. The influence of size on soil chemical and physical properties; 3) investigate the effects of light intensity on microenvironment and leaf traits; 4) investigate the response of the leaf characters to the forest microenvironment; 5) investigate the influence of the size of the forest window and the different positions in the window on the regeneration of Castanopsis kankam. The results show that two photos are taken in each window center through the fish eye lens, 9 forest windows were measured by hemispherical image method. The maximum forest window area was 216.72m2, the smallest window area was 30.28 m2., according to the area of forest window, 9 forest windows were divided into 3 different sizes of forest windows (30-50 m2), middle (50-100 m2), Dalin window (150 m2), Kobayashi Yukimie broken and large middle forest. The window was produced by the tree. At the same time, the non forest window of 15 m x 15 m was set as the control. The 3 m x 3 m grid was set in the whole forest window and the non forest window as the sampling point. In the whole forest window, the microenvironmental factors were recorded every 2h from 8 to 6 p.m. and the microenvironmental factors included the soil surface temperature (ST0), the soil depth was 5cm temperature (ST5), soil depth (ST5) and soil. The soil depth is 10cm (ST10), air temperature and humidity (AT), light intensity (LI) and relative humidity (RH). Data from 15-25 days of June 2014 and 5-15 days of January 2015. The spatial model of soil physical and chemical properties and soil enzyme activity of 9 forest windows and non forest windows was introduced. The size and microenvironment of forest windows were investigated in the forest window. Leaf traits were collected in the 5 directions of 5 m x 5 m in the forest window and the non forest window. The leaf traits were collected in winter and summer (2 cmDBH, height 2-5 M.). The selected leaf traits included leaf area (LA), leaf dry weight (LDM), specific leaf area (SLA), chlorophyll a (Chla), chlorophyll b (Chlb), and total leaves. Green content (TChl), carotenoid (CAR), soluble sugar content, starch content, nitrogen content (N), carbon content (C), phosphorus content (P), potassium content (K) and leaf enzyme activity. On species management and protection, it is discussed whether the forest window may promote the regeneration of young seedlings of Castanopsis fargesii and investigate the best position of seedling regeneration in the forest window. The five directions of the south, the East, the north and the West investigate the base diameter, height and quantity of the four stages (trees, seedlings, shrubs and seedlings) of Castanopsis kankam (trees, seedlings, shrubs and seedlings). The results are as follows: the microenvironment varies with time. In each window, from 10 a. m. to 2 p.m., the heart LI is the strongest in the forest window. Except for the north of Dalin window, the other forest windows are north of the north. LI and ST showed significant positive correlation between LI and ST in the South and east direction. Unlike middle and small forest windows, the highest time of Dalin window was from 12 to 2 p.m. in the morning to afternoon. In the forest window and the non forest window, there was a significant negative correlation between AT and RH. Therefore, the different size of the forest windows significantly affected the microenvironment. LI has great influence on the environmental factors in the 5 directions. It is found that the physical properties of soil are significantly different from the size of the forest windows except SCP and STP. The size of the forest window usually improves the physical properties of the soil, especially the small and Dalin windows, indicating that the forest window soil is more suitable for the plant growth than that of the non forest window. Therefore, the Dalin window is more suitable for the plant growth. The spatial heterogeneity of most soil physical properties of the forest windows was significantly affected. The chemical properties of most soils were different with different sizes of forest windows and different seasons. The size of the forest windows influenced the chemical properties of the soil. Compared with the winter, the chemical properties of the soil were more influenced by the summer. The soil pH value of the small forest window was significantly lower than that of the middle forest window, while the medium window soil OM, TN, TC and C/N were the lowest, and the Dalin window was the highest. The pH value of the soil in the Xiaolin window was significantly lower than that of the middle forest window, while the middle forest window soil OM, TN, TC and C/N were the lowest, and the Dalin window was the highest. The soil TP and TK had the same variation pattern as the TK window. The performance was increased with the increase of forest windows. Compared with other forest windows, the soil AP and AK were highest in the small forest windows. The average value of soil OM, TP, TK, AP, UA, CA, TN, TC and C/N ratio in winter was higher than that in the summer. The soil total nitrogen, total carbon, C/N ratio and soil organic matter were significantly correlated. The soil organic matter content in the Dalin window was the highest, indicating that the Dalin window soil was grown for plants. There is a high potential for nutrient supply. In addition, soil organic matter and soil pH value have a significant negative correlation. In the study area, the range of soil pH may affect the effective utilization of nutrients to the plant. The spatial heterogeneity of soil chemical properties varies with the season. The soil pH change is smaller, and the soil OM content in the forest window and the non forest window. Moderate. Soil TN and TC have the same variation value, but the variation of soil C/N ratio is small. The variability of soil TP, TK, AP, AK and HN in the forest window and the non forest window is moderate. The spatial heterogeneity of the chemical properties of each soil has different patterns, mainly depending on the properties of the forest windows and its influencing factors. The space of the chemical properties of the forest windows is studied. Heterogeneity provides the basic data for forest window management and species protection. Each window has its specific microenvironment to affect the growth of species. As the light changes after the formation of the window, the results show that the LI in the window is significantly positively correlated with the ST and AT, and has a significant negative correlation with the RH, but the non forest window is the opposite. The LI of the different forest windows has significant differences. In Dalin window, the LI mean value is the highest and the LI mean in the forest window is the lowest. The spatial heterogeneity of each window LI is different, depending on the terrain, the slope direction and the location of the trees in each direction. In the large and medium window, the LI and SLA have a significant negative correlation (R =-0.248, P = 0.04 and r= -0.264, P = 0.008). In all directions SLA increases with the increase. The average value of Chla, Chlb, TChl and CAR changed with season. The highest chlorophyll content in summer appeared in the forest window, the lowest chlorophyll content appeared in the non forest window, and the highest chlorophyll value appeared in the middle forest window in winter. In addition, in summer, the Chla and TChl in different directions of the middle and forest windows were influenced by the soluble sugar and lake. The K content of different size forest windows was influenced by summer and winter, and the content of P was affected by winter. The contents of C and N were not affected by different sizes of forest windows. In summer, the average value of soluble protein, the activity of SOD (U/g) and the size of the forest window in winter were influenced by the average value of the soluble protein. The correlation of leaf traits and environment in summer and winter showed that the correlation between leaf traits and environment was stronger than winter. The results showed that compared with winter, the effect of summer environment on leaf traits was greater.P value than that of soil physics in summer, which showed that the relationship between soil chemical properties and leaf traits was stronger than that in soil physics in summer. In addition, the p value of soil chemical properties in summer is more significant than that in winter. The summer is the season of plant growth in this study area, and the response of plants to environmental factors is stronger than that in winter. The results show that the number of Castanopsis kankam is positively correlated with the area of forest window (= 0.815, p=0.007). The number of Castanopsis extract is estimated to be a linear regression model: Grignard The number of =0.124 of Castanopsis fargesii was +10.597 (R2 = 0.664, P = 0.007). The number of Castanopsis Castanopsis in Dalin window was higher than that of the small forest window (P = 0.031). The number and size of the seedlings in the center of the forest window were significantly different from other azimuth (p= 0.041 and P = 0.017). However, the phase interaction of Castanopsis kankam and the environment was very complex, mainly depending on the transformation of species niche. In the natural reserve of Castanopsis kankam, forest windows can promote species diversity and change the environment compared with non forest windows. Forest windows can affect microenvironment, fluctuate and change continuously. Forest windows affect soil physical and chemical properties. The composition of forest windows is better than that of non forest windows. Forest windows have higher soil soil storage capacity than non forest windows. The spatial heterogeneity of soil physical and chemical properties provides basic data for forest window management. Compared with non forest windows, LI affects microenvironment and SLA., and leaves SLA and N, P content has significant positive effect. The results show that the mean value of SLA in the center of forest window is the lowest. The size of forest window has different effects on the leaf traits. Leaf traits are influenced by species, age, season and environmental factors. In this study, few species are affected by the environmental factors of different sizes of trees, because the leaf samples of these species are limited by the number of leaves. Light intensity affects SLA and chlorophyll of some species. It is a good parameter. The forest window can promote the regeneration of Castanopsis kankam seedlings. The seedlings of Castanopsis kankam need to be updated with forest windows, especially the Dalin window. For species protection, the forest window center is the most suitable for the regeneration of Castanopsis kankam seedlings. The research provides the basis for the management and protection of the natural forest of Castanopsis kankanii.
【學位授予單位】：福建農(nóng)林大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S718.5
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本文編號：2034671