本文選題：竹闊混交林經(jīng)營(yíng) + 毛竹地上生物量　； 參考：《中國(guó)林業(yè)科學(xué)研究院》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)是一種用途廣泛,經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值高的竹種,竹闊混交林是一種優(yōu)良的竹木混交經(jīng)營(yíng)模式。本研究以福建省永安市天寶巖自然保護(hù)區(qū)的竹闊混交林為研究對(duì)象,采用闊葉樹(shù)冠幅垂直投影面積占樣方面積的百分比作為混交比例,設(shè)置10種不同混交比:5%~10%、10%~15%、15%~20%、20%~25%、25%~30%、30%~35%、35%~40%、40%~45%、45%~50%和50%以上,以物種競(jìng)爭(zhēng)理論為基礎(chǔ),結(jié)合毛竹地上生物量指標(biāo),從樹(shù)種間的生態(tài)關(guān)系,林分生物多樣性與穩(wěn)定性,空間分布格局及關(guān)聯(lián)性,空間均質(zhì)性評(píng)價(jià)和物種競(jìng)爭(zhēng)效應(yīng),五個(gè)方面綜合分析和比較不同混交比例竹闊混交林的差異,揭示混交比例對(duì)竹闊混交林及其種間關(guān)系的影響。最后從混交林經(jīng)營(yíng)角度,根據(jù)不同經(jīng)營(yíng)目的,推薦適宜的混交比例和與毛竹共生關(guān)系較好的伴生樹(shù)種,并通過(guò)SVS軟件可視化呈現(xiàn),為竹闊混交林經(jīng)營(yíng)指導(dǎo)奠定良好的理論和實(shí)踐基礎(chǔ)。主要結(jié)果如下:(1)生態(tài)位研究中,米錐、栲樹(shù)、擬赤楊作為毛竹優(yōu)勢(shì)伴生樹(shù)種,具有較高的重要值,分布廣且占資源位比例高,對(duì)資源利用充分,環(huán)境適應(yīng)能力強(qiáng),生態(tài)位寬度大,與毛竹能協(xié)同共生,同時(shí)當(dāng)環(huán)境資源不足時(shí)發(fā)生種間競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的可能性也大。(2)生物多樣性及穩(wěn)定性指數(shù)的情況:冠幅比例越高的樣地,混交度越高,毛竹密度越低,生物多樣性越高;坡度越高的地方,更新層多樣性偏高;上坡位較下坡位的生物多樣性高;空間分布趨于隨機(jī)分布時(shí),生物多樣性較高,趨于聚集分布時(shí),生物多樣性較低;闊葉樹(shù)密度在所有對(duì)生物多樣性影響的因子中具有顯著地位。對(duì)林分穩(wěn)定性影響因子中權(quán)重較高的依次為闊葉樹(shù)密度、闊葉樹(shù)平均胸徑與均高、坡度、海拔,其次為毛竹平均胸徑與平均竹高。生物多樣性的增加,一定程度上改善了林分穩(wěn)定性,穩(wěn)定性以混交比例20%~30%和40%以上的林分較強(qiáng)。(3)空間分布及關(guān)聯(lián)的研究中,混交比例的變化對(duì)竹高結(jié)構(gòu)的影響較毛竹徑階結(jié)構(gòu)大,竹闊混交林的空間分布格局隨著混交比例的增加,聚集分布范圍逐漸降低,在混交比例大于45%時(shí),空間分布格局明顯趨于隨機(jī)分布。毛竹與闊葉樹(shù)在空間上的關(guān)聯(lián)性不強(qiáng),當(dāng)混交比例過(guò)大時(shí),兩者反應(yīng)出了一定的正相關(guān)。在聚集尺度下,闊葉樹(shù)的出現(xiàn)對(duì)毛竹胸徑的正效應(yīng)影響發(fā)生在低混交水平的林分中,當(dāng)混交比例過(guò)大時(shí),則闊葉樹(shù)的出現(xiàn)對(duì)毛竹胸徑無(wú)作用效應(yīng)。(4)空間均質(zhì)性研究中,首次構(gòu)建了竹闊混交林空間均質(zhì)性評(píng)價(jià)體系,空間均質(zhì)性指數(shù)的參數(shù)與其關(guān)聯(lián)性大小依次為競(jìng)爭(zhēng)指數(shù)混交度空間密度指數(shù)開(kāi)闊比角尺度大小比數(shù)�；旖槐壤秊�25%~30%(5號(hào)樣地)的林分空間結(jié)構(gòu)較好,其生態(tài)系統(tǒng)較均勻,評(píng)價(jià)等級(jí)最高;3號(hào)和4號(hào)樣地的評(píng)價(jià)等級(jí)較其低一級(jí),但由于其毛竹地上生物量均較5號(hào)樣地高,因此混交比例為15%~20%的3號(hào)樣地和混交比例20%~25%的4號(hào)樣地的林分綜合效益更好。(5)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)效應(yīng)研究中,毛竹種內(nèi)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)在全林分競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中具有顯著地位,兩者在混交比例15%~20%時(shí)達(dá)到最大,隨后呈下降趨勢(shì)。當(dāng)混交比例40%時(shí),種間競(jìng)爭(zhēng)效應(yīng)大于毛竹種內(nèi)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。單木有效競(jìng)爭(zhēng)效應(yīng)半徑為3m,最大影響范圍達(dá)6m。闊葉樹(shù)對(duì)毛竹平均胸徑的影響中,酸棗影響最小,其次擬赤楊、香樟,影響最大的為檫木、楠木。闊葉樹(shù)對(duì)毛竹平均競(jìng)爭(zhēng)指數(shù)的影響以米錐最大,其次是酸棗、栲樹(shù),擬赤楊最小。闊葉樹(shù)對(duì)毛竹單位面積上的株數(shù)影響,以酸棗影響最小,毛竹株數(shù)達(dá)0.32株/m2,其次為香樟0.29株/m2、米錐0.26株/m2,木荷對(duì)其影響最大。(6)通徑分析中,毛竹地上生物量與毛竹密度關(guān)系密切,相互作為對(duì)方的最強(qiáng)總作用因子,而冠幅比與兩者都呈現(xiàn)負(fù)相關(guān),具有最大負(fù)向總作用;毛竹平均竹高與毛竹平均胸徑關(guān)系密切,相互作為對(duì)方的最強(qiáng)總作用因子,空間均質(zhì)性指數(shù)對(duì)兩者主要通過(guò)間接作用影響,而直接作用較小,其中對(duì)毛竹平均竹高呈現(xiàn)正向直接作用,對(duì)毛竹平均胸徑呈現(xiàn)負(fù)向直接作用。冠幅比主要受種間競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和毛竹種內(nèi)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的影響,其中種間競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)其起正向直接作用,毛竹種內(nèi)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)其起負(fù)向直接作用。(7)竹闊混交林經(jīng)營(yíng)指導(dǎo)策略,按照不同的經(jīng)營(yíng)目的,以生態(tài)效益為主的竹闊混交林經(jīng)營(yíng),建議混交比例不宜低于25%,其空間均質(zhì)性評(píng)價(jià)最好(4級(jí)),林分穩(wěn)定性強(qiáng);毛竹地上生物量為45057kg/hm2。以經(jīng)濟(jì)效益為主的竹闊混交林經(jīng)營(yíng),建議混交比例不宜高于20%,其空間均質(zhì)性評(píng)價(jià)較好(3級(jí)),毛竹地上生物量可達(dá)69594kg/hm2;兼顧生態(tài)效益與經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的竹闊混交林經(jīng)營(yíng),建議混交比例在20%~25%較為合適,其林分空間均質(zhì)性評(píng)價(jià)也是較好(3級(jí)),林分穩(wěn)定性強(qiáng),毛竹地上生物量達(dá)到60378kg/hm2,較混交比例15%~20%的林分降低13%,較混交比例25%~30%的林分提高34%。關(guān)于毛竹伴生樹(shù)種的選擇,建議首選酸棗和擬赤楊,其次香樟和米錐,在上述建議的混交比例下,均可與毛竹形成良好協(xié)同的共生關(guān)系,但應(yīng)通過(guò)整枝人為控制冠幅,科學(xué)調(diào)整混交比例。
[Abstract]:Phyllostachys edulis is a kind of bamboo species with wide use and high economic value. The mixed forest of bamboo and broad-leaved mixed forest is a good mixed mode of mixed management of bamboo and wood. This study takes the mixed forest of bamboos in Tianbao rock natural reserve, Yongan, Fujian as the research object, and uses the percentage of the broad leaf crown vertical projection area as the percentage of the sample area as the mixing. Proportion, set 10 different mixing ratios: 5%~10%, 10%~15%, 15%~20%, 20%~25%, 25%~30%, 30%~35%, 35%~40%, 40%~45%, 45%~50% and more than 50%. Based on the theory of species competition, the ecological relationship among trees, the diversity and stability of the tree species, the spatial distribution pattern and the correlation, the spatial homogeneity evaluation and the evaluation of the spatial homogeneity, are based on the theory of species competition. The effect of species competition was analyzed and compared in five aspects. The influence of mixed proportion on mixed forest and its interspecific relationship was revealed. Finally, according to the management angle of mixed forest, suitable mixed proportion and better associated species of symbiotic relationship with Phyllostachys pubescens were recommended according to different management purposes, and through SV The visual presentation of S software has laid a good theoretical and practical basis for the management guidance of mixed bamboo and broad-leaved forest. The main results are as follows: (1) in the niche study, the rice cone, tankam tree, and P. pranesii are the dominant associated species of the bamboo. It has high important value, is widely distributed and occupies a higher ratio of resources. It is full of resources, strong environmental adaptability and ecological niche. (2) the higher the proportion of the crown proportion, the higher the mixed degree, the lower the density of the bamboo, the higher the biodiversity; the higher the degree of the slope, the higher the diversity of the renewal layer, the lower slope of the upslope position. When the spatial distribution tends to be random distribution, the biodiversity is high, and the biodiversity is low when the diversity is higher. The density of broad-leaved tree has a significant position in all factors affecting the biological diversity. The higher weight of the influence factors on the stability of the stand is the broad-leaved tree density and the average DBH of the broad-leaved tree. Height, slope, altitude, and the average DBH and average height of bamboo. The increase of biological diversity, to a certain extent, improved the stability of the stand, and the stability was stronger in the mixed proportion 20%~30% and more than 40%. (3) in the study of spatial distribution and association, the influence of mixed ratio on the structure of bamboo height was larger than that of bamboo. The spatial distribution pattern of the mixed forest was gradually reduced with the increase of mixed proportion. When the mixed proportion was more than 45%, the spatial distribution pattern was obviously random distribution. The relationship between the bamboo and the broadleaf tree was not strong. When the mixed proportion was too large, the two had a positive correlation. The emergence of leaf trees has a positive effect on the diameter of Phyllostachys pubescens. When the mixed proportion is too large, the emergence of the broad-leaved tree has no effect on the diameter of the bamboo. (4) in the study of spatial homogeneity, the spatial homogeneity evaluation system, the parameters of the spatial homogeneity index and its correlation size were constructed for the first time in the study of the spatial homogeneity. In turn, the spatial density index of the competition index mixed degree space density index is open to the angle size ratio. The stand space structure of the mixed proportion is 25%~30% (No. 5) is better, its ecosystem is more uniform and the evaluation grade is the highest. The evaluation grade of No. 3 and 4 is lower than that of it, but because the biomass of the bamboo land is higher than that of the 5, so the mixture is mixed. In the study of competition effect, the intraspecific competition of Phyllostachys pubescens has a significant position in the whole stand competition. (5) in the study of competition effect, the competition effect of the 3 is the largest in the mixed proportion of 15%~20%, and then it is the biggest and then descends. When the mixed proportion is 40%, the interspecific competition effect is greater than that of the Phyllostachys pubescens. Competition. The effective competition effect radius of single wood is 3M, and the maximum influence range is the influence of 6m. broadleaf tree to the average DBH of Mao bamboo, the influence of sour jujube is the smallest, followed by the Chinese Sassafras, nanmu, nanmu and Phoebe. The influence of the broadleaf tree on the average competition index of the bamboo is the biggest, the second is the sour jujube, the tankam, the smallest. The influence of bamboo unit area number of plant number was the smallest, the number of bamboo trees reached 0.32 /m2, followed by 0.29 strains of camphor, 0.26 /m2, and the biggest effect was the lotus. (6) in the path analysis, the biomass of the bamboo land was closely related to the density of the bamboo, and each other was the strongest total factor of each other, while the crown ratio and the two were both negative. The average bamboo height has the greatest negative overall effect, and the average bamboo height of the bamboo is closely related to the average breast diameter of the bamboo, and it acts as the strongest total action factor of each other. The spatial homogeneity index is mainly influenced by the indirect effect, but the direct effect is smaller. The average bamboo height of the bamboo is positive directly, and the average diameter of the bamboo is negative straight to the bamboo. The crown ratio is mainly influenced by interspecific competition and intraspecific competition in Phyllostachys pubescens, among which interspecific competition has a direct direct effect on it, and the internal competition of Phyllostachys pubescens plays a direct role in its negative direction. (7) the management strategy of the mixed forest and broad-leaved forest is not suitable for the mixed forest management in accordance with the different operating purposes and the ecological benefit of the mixed forest. Under 25%, the spatial homogeneity evaluation was best (4 grade), and the stability of the stand was strong; the aboveground biomass of Phyllostachys pubescens was 45057kg/hm2. based on the economic benefit of bamboo broad-leaved mixed forest. It was suggested that the mixed proportion should not be higher than 20%, the spatial homogeneity evaluation was better (3), the biomass of the bamboo land could reach 69594kg/hm2. The mixed forest management suggested that the mixed proportion was more suitable in 20%~25%, and the spatial homogeneity evaluation of the stand was also good (3 grade), the stand stability was strong, the biomass of the bamboo ground was 60378kg/hm2, the forest score of the mixed proportion 15%~20% was 13%, and the stand of the mixed proportion of 25%~30% was better than the choice of 34%. on the accompanying tree of bamboo. Ziziphus jujube and P. pryonus, followed by camphor and rice cone, can form a good co-occurrence relationship with Mao Bamboo under the mixed proportion of the above suggestions, but it should be scientifically adjusted to adjust the mixed proportion through the artificial control of the crown.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)林業(yè)科學(xué)研究院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S750

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