本文選題：作物長(zhǎng)勢(shì)信息 + 葉片��； 參考：《中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：農(nóng)林植物生物特性參數(shù)和生長(zhǎng)環(huán)境信息感知與獲取是實(shí)現(xiàn)精細(xì)農(nóng)業(yè)的重要環(huán)節(jié),也是實(shí)現(xiàn)變量施肥和精準(zhǔn)灌溉的重要依據(jù)。本研究利用無(wú)線(xiàn)傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)與先進(jìn)傳感器技術(shù)研制了作物葉片表面微環(huán)境參數(shù)檢測(cè)系統(tǒng),并分析了玉米葉片表面微環(huán)境參數(shù)在單株種植和群體種植下的時(shí)空分布規(guī)律；運(yùn)用多光譜技術(shù)和先進(jìn)傳感器技術(shù)研制了作物冠層光譜反射率檢測(cè)系統(tǒng),并分析了不同生育期冬小麥冠層光譜反射率與分蘗數(shù)、干物質(zhì)累積量之間的相關(guān)關(guān)系并建立了預(yù)測(cè)模型。此外還分析了,冬小麥在不同生育期不同氮素水平下,冬小麥分蘗數(shù)與干物質(zhì)累積量的變化規(guī)律；筆者利用在美國(guó)訪(fǎng)學(xué)的機(jī)會(huì),深入調(diào)查研究了當(dāng)前果園收獲機(jī)械化存在的問(wèn)題,設(shè)計(jì)制造了針對(duì)蘋(píng)果機(jī)械化收獲的振動(dòng)收獲平臺(tái),并利用該平臺(tái)研究了造成蘋(píng)果碰撞損傷的影響因素。主要研究?jī)?nèi)容如下：[1]作物葉片表面微環(huán)境參數(shù)檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)開(kāi)發(fā)與試驗(yàn)研發(fā)了一套作物葉片表面微環(huán)境參數(shù)檢測(cè)系統(tǒng),包括接觸式葉表面溫度測(cè)量節(jié)點(diǎn)、葉表面濕度測(cè)量節(jié)點(diǎn)、非接觸式葉表面溫度測(cè)量節(jié)點(diǎn)、PDA手持客戶(hù)端。所有測(cè)量節(jié)點(diǎn)與PDA手持客戶(hù)端之間采用ZigBee無(wú)線(xiàn)通訊方式,實(shí)現(xiàn)了大田作物葉表面微環(huán)境參數(shù)的分布式在線(xiàn)測(cè)量。系統(tǒng)硬件設(shè)計(jì)部分主要包括,通訊模塊及控制電路設(shè)計(jì)、接觸式測(cè)溫方案設(shè)計(jì)與相應(yīng)傳感器選型、非接觸式測(cè)溫方案設(shè)計(jì)與相應(yīng)傳感器選型、濕度傳感器選型、光照傳感器選型、傳感器混合信號(hào)調(diào)理電路設(shè)計(jì)、電源及多級(jí)電源轉(zhuǎn)換電路設(shè)計(jì)、PDA手持終端電路改造。軟件部分設(shè)計(jì)包括,通訊組網(wǎng)流程設(shè)計(jì)、數(shù)據(jù)采集及串口操作流程設(shè)計(jì)、通訊數(shù)據(jù)包格式規(guī)定、傳感器輸出數(shù)據(jù)平滑算法設(shè)計(jì),最后給出相關(guān)軟件界面。整套系統(tǒng)還進(jìn)行了標(biāo)定試驗(yàn)和通訊可靠性試驗(yàn)等其它性能試驗(yàn),并給出了各測(cè)量節(jié)點(diǎn)的線(xiàn)性度、精確度、精密度以及穩(wěn)定性指標(biāo)。通過(guò)在陜西、山東等地試驗(yàn),檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)工作可靠。[2]玉米葉片表面微環(huán)境參數(shù)時(shí)空分布規(guī)律研究本部分主要應(yīng)用自主研發(fā)的作物葉片表面微環(huán)境檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)和紅外熱成像儀對(duì)單株種植和群體種植下玉米葉片表面微環(huán)境參數(shù)的時(shí)空分布規(guī)律進(jìn)行研究。單株種植情況下,玉米葉片溫度跟隨環(huán)境溫度變化,呈現(xiàn)出先升高后降低的“單峰”曲線(xiàn),單枚葉片葉脈處溫度較葉片溫度低0.5℃左右�？臻g上,單株玉米溫度呈現(xiàn)垂直分層現(xiàn)象,即頂層葉片溫度小于中層葉片溫度小于底層葉片溫度。單株玉米葉片表面濕度在供水充足時(shí)呈現(xiàn)“減小-增大-減小-增大”的波浪形,而在水脅迫時(shí)呈現(xiàn)“盆地“形,這與作物本身生理調(diào)節(jié)有關(guān)。各層葉片葉氣溫差與葉氣濕差變化趨勢(shì)幾乎一致,均隨時(shí)間變化呈現(xiàn)“波浪形”。群體環(huán)境下玉米葉表面溫度、濕度、葉氣溫差、葉氣濕差在垂直方向仍呈現(xiàn)分層現(xiàn)象,分布規(guī)律與單株玉米類(lèi)似,但在部分時(shí)間節(jié)點(diǎn)(如正午)呈現(xiàn)出拐點(diǎn)。在大田空間尺度上,玉米葉片溫度呈現(xiàn)出由外及內(nèi)逐漸升高的趨勢(shì),玉米葉片濕度在上午時(shí)段呈現(xiàn)由外及內(nèi)逐漸升高,在下午時(shí)段呈現(xiàn)由外及內(nèi)逐漸降低的趨勢(shì),這與葉片蒸騰等生理作用影響有關(guān)。本節(jié)最后研究了作物葉片電導(dǎo)率與微環(huán)境參數(shù)及葉片相對(duì)含水率的相關(guān)關(guān)系,證明微環(huán)境參數(shù)指標(biāo)可以指示作物是否受水脅迫。[3]基于作物反射光譜特征的冬小麥莖蘗數(shù)與干物質(zhì)累積量研究本部分主要研究了不同施氮水平下冬小麥分蘗數(shù)與干物質(zhì)累積量的變化規(guī)律,得出過(guò)高或過(guò)低施氮均會(huì)造成分蘗數(shù)下降和干物質(zhì)累積量下降；研究了冬小麥不同生育期分蘗數(shù)變化差異以及分蘗數(shù)與9種植被指數(shù)之間的相關(guān)關(guān)系,其中OSAVI(650,850)對(duì)返青期分蘗數(shù)最為敏感,EVI2(650,850)對(duì)起身期分蘗數(shù)最為敏感。建立了相關(guān)分蘗數(shù)預(yù)測(cè)模型,返青期分蘗數(shù)標(biāo)定模型決定系數(shù)RC2為0.85,模型驗(yàn)證決定系數(shù)RV2為0.79；起身期分蘗數(shù)標(biāo)定模型決定系數(shù)RC2為0.84,模型驗(yàn)證決定系數(shù)RV2為0.75；研究了冬小麥不同生育期干物質(zhì)累積量的變化速率,得出干物質(zhì)累積量在生育前期累積較慢,起身期至開(kāi)花期累積速度最大,開(kāi)花期至成熟期累積速度下降。研究了冬小麥不同生育期干物質(zhì)累積量與9種植被指數(shù)之間的相關(guān)關(guān)系,其中OSAVI(650,850)對(duì)返青期干物質(zhì)累積量最為敏感,EVI2(650,850)對(duì)起身期干物質(zhì)累積量最為敏感。建立了干物質(zhì)累積量預(yù)測(cè)模型,返青期干物質(zhì)累積量標(biāo)定模型決定系數(shù)RC2為0.6117,模型驗(yàn)證決定系數(shù)RV2為0.5885;起身期干物質(zhì)累積量標(biāo)定模型決定系數(shù)RC2為0.84,模型驗(yàn)證決定系數(shù)RV2為0.75。[4]作物冠層光譜反射率檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)開(kāi)發(fā)與試驗(yàn)介紹了被動(dòng)式作物冠層光譜反射率檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)的總體架構(gòu)、光學(xué)通道設(shè)計(jì)、傳感器選型設(shè)計(jì)、軟件設(shè)計(jì)及在系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用中存在的問(wèn)題,然后引出主動(dòng)式作物冠層光譜反射率檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)的開(kāi)發(fā)與設(shè)計(jì)。詳細(xì)介紹了基于激光光源的主動(dòng)式作物冠層光譜反射率檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)思路,系統(tǒng)構(gòu)架、激光LD選型、一級(jí)放大電路、脈沖和展寬電路、中央控制器電路、系統(tǒng)供電電路,并給出軟件設(shè)計(jì)流程圖。最后給出檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)性能試驗(yàn),通過(guò)對(duì)比島津光譜儀、ASD地物光譜儀、SPAD葉綠素計(jì)等多種儀器得出檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)在日光下穩(wěn)定性較好。[5]蘋(píng)果振動(dòng)收獲平臺(tái)與蘋(píng)果碰傷影響因素研究根據(jù)美國(guó)華盛頓州蘋(píng)果機(jī)械化收獲實(shí)際,設(shè)計(jì)了一種蘋(píng)果振動(dòng)收獲平臺(tái),提出了“減速+分離”是設(shè)計(jì)思想,通過(guò)組合減速棒和海綿擋簾初步實(shí)現(xiàn)了降低蘋(píng)果損傷率的目標(biāo)；研究了不同平臺(tái)傾角下蘋(píng)果損傷率與損傷面積百分比的變化情況,接收平臺(tái)在0-40°范圍內(nèi),蘋(píng)果損傷率呈現(xiàn)先降低后升高的“波谷”趨勢(shì),25°為較優(yōu)解,該角度下蘋(píng)果各項(xiàng)損傷指標(biāo)均最低。通過(guò)對(duì)Gala、 Honeycrisp、GrannySmith三種蘋(píng)果的田間收獲試驗(yàn)證明,平臺(tái)具有較高的接收效率,通過(guò)控制平臺(tái)傾角+不同組合的減速棒和海綿擋簾可以顯著降低蘋(píng)果的損傷率和損傷面積百分比。同時(shí)不同種類(lèi)蘋(píng)果在收獲平臺(tái)下的損傷表現(xiàn)有顯著差異,這可能與蘋(píng)果本身的理化性質(zhì)有關(guān)。
[Abstract]:The information perception and acquisition of agricultural and forest plant biological characteristics and growth environment information is an important link to realize fine agriculture. It is also an important basis for realizing variable fertilization and precision irrigation. This study developed the micro environment parameter detection system of crop blade surface by using wireless sensor network technology and advanced sensor technology, and analyzed corn. The temporal and spatial distribution of the microenvironmental parameters of the leaf surface under single plant and population planting, the spectral reflectance detection system of crop canopy was developed by using multi spectral and advanced sensor techniques, and the correlation between the canopy spectral reflectance, the number of tillers and the accumulation of dry matter in different growth stages of winter wheat was established. In addition, the variation regularity of winter wheat tiller number and dry matter accumulation at different nitrogen levels in different growth stages was also analyzed. The author investigated the existing problems of harvesting mechanization in the orchard by using the opportunity of visiting learning in the United States, and designed and manufactured the vibration harvest leveling for the harvest of apple mechanization. The main research contents are as follows: the main research contents are as follows: [1] crop blade surface micro environment parameter detection system development and experiment research and development of a set of crop blade surface micro environment parameters detection system, including contact leaf surface temperature measurement node, leaf surface humidity measurement node, non connection. The touch type blade surface temperature measurement node, PDA hand-held client. Using ZigBee wireless communication between all measurement nodes and the PDA handheld client, the distributed on-line measurement of the micro environment parameters of the field crop leaves is realized. The hardware design part of the system includes the communication module and the control circuit design, the contact temperature measurement scheme design. With the corresponding sensor selection, non contact temperature measurement scheme design and corresponding sensor selection, humidity sensor selection, light sensor selection, sensor mixed signal conditioning circuit design, power and multistage power conversion circuit design, PDA hand-held terminal circuit transformation. Software division design including communication networking process design, data acquisition and The serial port operation flow design, the communication data packet format regulation, the sensor output data smoothing algorithm design, and finally give the related software interface. The whole system also carries out other performance tests such as calibration test and communication reliability test, and gives the linearity, accuracy, precision and stability index of each measurement node. The study on the temporal and spatial distribution of microenvironmental parameters of the.[2] maize leaf surface in the west, Shandong and other places, the temporal and spatial distribution of the micro environment parameters of the leaf surface microenvironment and the surface of the maize leaves under single plant and group planting were mainly used in this part of the study on the temporal and spatial distribution of the micro environmental parameters of the leaf surface of maize. Under the condition of single plant cultivation, the temperature of maize leaves follows the change of ambient temperature, showing a "single peak" curve that rises first and then decreases. The temperature of the single leaf vein is about 0.5 degrees lower than that of the leaf. In space, the temperature of single plant maize shows a vertical stratification, that is, the temperature of the top leaf blade is less than that of the middle layer. The surface humidity of single plant maize leaves shows a "decrease - increase - decrease - increase" wave shape when water supply is sufficient, while the water stress presents a "basin" shape, which is related to the physiological regulation of the crop itself. The variation trend of leaf air temperature difference and leaf air wetting difference in each layer is almost identical, and all presents "wave shape" with time change. The surface temperature, humidity, temperature difference of leaf gas and the difference of leaf air humidity are still stratified in the vertical direction, and the distribution regularity is similar to that of single plant, but it presents a turning point at some time nodes (such as noon). In the space scale of the field, the temperature of maize leaves is gradually rising from outside and inside, and the humidity of maize leaves is in the morning period. The present trend is gradually rising from outside and inside and gradually decreasing from outside and inside in the afternoon. This is related to the physiological effects of leaf transpiration. In the end of this section, the relationship between leaf conductivity and microenvironmental parameters and the relative water content of leaves is studied. It is proved that the parameters of microenvironment can indicate whether the crop is subjected to water stress.[3]. The variation of the number of tillering and dry matter accumulation of Winter Wheat under different nitrogen levels based on the characteristics of crop reflectance spectroscopy was studied in this part. It was concluded that the number of tillers and the accumulation of dry matter decreased by high or low nitrogen application, and the different growth stages of winter wheat were studied. The variation of tiller number and the correlation between the tiller number and the 9 planting index, of which OSAVI (650850) was most sensitive to the number of tillers at the return period, and EVI2 (650850) was the most sensitive to the number of tillers at the starting period. The prediction model of the relative tiller number, the determining coefficient RC2 of the tiller number of the green period was 0.85, and the model validation coefficient RV2 was 0.79. The determining coefficient RC2 was 0.84 and the model validation coefficient RV2 was 0.75. The variation rate of dry matter accumulation in winter wheat at different growth stages was studied, and the cumulative accumulation rate of dry matter in the early growth period was slower, and the cumulative rate of the rise period to the flowering period was the most, and the cumulative rate of the flowering period to the mature period decreased. The correlation between dry matter accumulation of winter wheat at different growth stages and 9 planting index, of which OSAVI (650850) is most sensitive to the accumulation of dry matter in the return period, and EVI2 (650850) is the most sensitive to the accumulation of dry matter in the starting period. A model for predicting dry matter accumulation is established, and the determination coefficient of the calibration model of dry matter accumulation in the period of return is RC2 For 0.6117, the model verification coefficient RV2 is 0.5885, the determination coefficient of the calibration model of dry matter accumulation at the starting period is RC2 0.84. The model validation coefficient RV2 is the 0.75.[4] crop canopy spectral reflectance detection system, and the overall framework, optical channel design and sensing system of the passive crop canopy spectral reflectance measurement system are introduced. Type selection design, software design and problems in the application of the system, and then lead to the development and design of the active crop canopy spectral reflectance detection system. The design idea of the active crop canopy spectral reflectance detection system based on laser light source, system framework, laser LD selection, first order amplification circuit and pulse are introduced in detail. And the broadening circuit, the central controller circuit, the system power supply circuit and the software design flow chart. Finally, the test system performance test is given. By comparing the SHIMADZU spectrometer, the ASD ground spectrometer and the SPAD chlorophyll meter, the stability of the detection system in the sunlight is better than that of the.[5] apple vibration harvest platform and the impact of the apple bruising. According to the actual harvest of Apple mechanization in Washington state, a kind of Apple vibration harvesting platform was designed. The design idea of "deceleration + separation" was proposed. The target of reducing the damage rate of Apple was preliminarily realized by combining deceleration rod and sponge curtain. The damage rate and damage area of apple under different platforms were studied. In the range of 0-40 degrees, the damage rate of the receiving platform was 0-40 degrees, and the damage rate of Apple showed a "trough" trend which decreased first and then increased, and the 25 degree was the best solution. Under this angle, the damage indexes of apple were the lowest. Through the field harvest test of three kinds of apples, Gala, Honeycrisp, GrannySmith, the platform had higher receiving efficiency and controlled by the control. At the same time, the damage rate and damage area percentage of apple can be significantly reduced by the tilt angle plus different combinations of deceleration rods and sponges, and there are significant differences in the damage performance of different kinds of apples under the harvest platform, which may be related to the physical and chemical properties of the apple itself.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：S126
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本文編號(hào)：2006395