本文選題：有機(jī)肥 + 作物產(chǎn)量��； 參考：《中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：目前我國氮肥施用量過高,氮肥利用效率低,資源環(huán)境代價(jià)大。有機(jī)肥施用后可培肥地力,提高作物產(chǎn)量,是實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的途徑之一。本文以華北平原冬小麥-夏玉米輪作體系為研究對象,研究化肥減施后配施有機(jī)肥對夏玉米整個生育期地上部生物量累積和氮吸收的影響,同時(shí)測定整個生育期不同土層中土壤無機(jī)氮,評價(jià)其環(huán)境效應(yīng);通過對玉米整個生育期根系生長的研究,探討有機(jī)肥施用后根系形態(tài)特征的改變,闡明其與土壤剖面中氮淋洗的關(guān)系;同時(shí)對不同年份冬小麥和夏玉米收獲季土壤微生物群落和活性的測定,探討化肥減施后對土壤生物肥力的影響及其季節(jié)性變化特征;最后通過室內(nèi)培養(yǎng)實(shí)驗(yàn)測定不同施肥處理原位土壤抵抗干旱的能力。主要結(jié)果如下:(1)化肥減施30%后配施有機(jī)肥可維持玉米產(chǎn)量,減少土壤剖面中硝態(tài)氮損失并提升土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)。與常規(guī)施肥相比,有機(jī)肥替代化肥對玉米地上部生物量累積和氮吸收影響無顯著差異,且玉米產(chǎn)量三年平均增加7-15%。在2014年玉米收獲季,與化肥相比,有機(jī)肥處理減少了底層土壤中無機(jī)氮的含量(50%),提高了氮的農(nóng)學(xué)利用效率(69%)和偏生產(chǎn)力(47%)。經(jīng)過三年后,有機(jī)肥較化肥顯著增加土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)7.8-16.8%。(2)在2013-2015年玉米整個生育期采集不同施肥處理0-60 cm 土壤中的根系,發(fā)現(xiàn)根系生長在整個生育期呈先增加后降低的趨勢,50%以上的玉米根系主要分布在表層土壤(0-20 cm)。在玉米V12葉期,與常規(guī)施肥相比,化肥減施30%后配施有機(jī)肥可促進(jìn)50-60 cm 土層中根系伸長(2014年除外)。有機(jī)肥施用后增加了表層土壤含水量(V6和R6時(shí)期),而后者與表層細(xì)根系(0.2 mm)長度顯著正相關(guān)。此外,土壤表層細(xì)根長度與土壤中無機(jī)氮含量顯著負(fù)相關(guān),并且底層粗根系(0.2 mm)長度與地上部氮吸收顯著正相關(guān)。結(jié)果表明,有機(jī)肥施用后土壤Nmin含量減少,與有機(jī)肥施用后通過改變表層細(xì)根系和底層粗根系長度,增加植物對氮素的吸收有關(guān),最終可能會降低土壤中潛在無機(jī)氮淋洗的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。(3)通過對華北平原冬小麥-夏玉米收獲季土壤微生物群落和活性的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與100%NPK相比,化肥減施50%+有機(jī)肥未顯著降低土壤微生物數(shù)量,并且同時(shí)和秸稈還田之后可顯著提高土壤微生物總數(shù)量和細(xì)菌數(shù)量,分別為29.3%和30.5%(2013年玉米收獲季)。小麥季土壤微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)的改變對施肥的響應(yīng)高于玉米季(2011年)。施肥顯著增加了和碳代謝相關(guān)的酶活性(蔗糖酶除外),且小麥季高于玉米季。說明有機(jī)肥和秸稈的添加可提升土壤有機(jī)質(zhì),小麥季土壤碳固持潛力要高于玉米季。(4)通過對9年長期定位試驗(yàn)原位土壤進(jìn)行盆栽試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),未滅菌條件下,干旱處理未顯著降低玉米生物量,滅菌后干旱處理較濕潤處理平均玉米生物量顯著降低了 34.6%,且有機(jī)肥處理玉米生物量下降高于化肥處理。有機(jī)肥處理土壤滅菌后,干旱處較濕潤處理顯著提高了根際土檸檬酸和速效磷的含量,未滅菌條件下干旱和濕潤處理差異不顯著。有機(jī)肥施用顯著提高了非根際土團(tuán)聚體結(jié)構(gòu)的穩(wěn)定性。與不滅菌處理相比,滅菌處理顯著提高了玉米地上部生物量和根際土有機(jī)酸的含量,降低了土壤團(tuán)聚體結(jié)構(gòu)的穩(wěn)定性。發(fā)現(xiàn)水分處理效應(yīng)僅在滅菌下顯現(xiàn),表明土壤微生物可在一定程度上影響植物對干旱脅迫的抗性,有機(jī)肥未表現(xiàn)出對植物抗旱性的緩沖作用。本研究從植物、土壤和微生物的角度,系統(tǒng)研究了化肥減施后配施有機(jī)肥或秸稈還田對作物產(chǎn)量和土壤肥力的影響。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在河北曲周目前肥力水平下,化肥減施30%后配施有機(jī)肥或秸稈還田可維持作物產(chǎn)量,提升土壤肥力,且小麥季土壤碳固持潛力高于玉米季。通過三年大田試驗(yàn),發(fā)現(xiàn)化肥減施后會促進(jìn)底層粗根系生長,增加地上部氮吸收,減少土壤剖面中無機(jī)氮含量。但與化肥相比,有機(jī)肥未表現(xiàn)出對植物抗旱性的緩沖作用。
[Abstract]:At present, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied in China is too high, the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer utilization is low and the resource and environment cost is great. It is one of the ways to realize the sustainable development of agriculture after the application of organic manure, and it is one of the ways to realize the sustainable development of agriculture. The effects of biomass accumulation and nitrogen absorption on the upper part of the growth period were studied. At the same time, the soil inorganic nitrogen was measured in different soil layers of the whole growth period, and the environmental effects were evaluated. The soil microbial community and activity in the winter wheat and summer maize harvest season in the same year were measured, and the effects of chemical fertilizer on soil biological fertility and its seasonal characteristics were discussed. Finally, the ability of soil resistance in situ in different fertilization treatments was measured by indoor culture experiment. The main results were as follows: (1) the fertilizer was reduced by 30% to apply organic fertilizer. Fertilizer can maintain maize yield, reduce the loss of nitrate nitrogen in soil profile and improve soil organic matter. Compared with conventional fertilization, the effect of organic manure instead of fertilizer on biomass accumulation and nitrogen absorption of maize above ground is not significantly different, and the yield of maize increased by 7-15%. in three years in 2014, compared with chemical fertilizer, the treatment of organic manure is reduced. The content of inorganic nitrogen in the underlying soil (50%) increased the efficiency of nitrogen use (69%) and partial productivity (47%). After three years, the organic manure significantly increased the soil organic matter 7.8-16.8%. (2) in the whole growth period of 2013-2015 years and collected the roots of 0-60 cm soil with different fertilization treatments, and found that the root growth was in the whole growth period. The trend of first increasing and then decreasing, more than 50% of the maize roots were mainly distributed in the surface soil (0-20 cm). In the V12 leaf period of maize, the root elongation of the 50-60 cm soil layer could be promoted by the application of organic manure after the fertilizer reduction of 30%, and the organic manure added the soil water content of the surface soil (V6 and R6 period) after the application of organic manure. The fine root length of the surface layer (0.2 mm) was significantly positive correlation. In addition, the fine root length of the soil surface was negatively correlated with the inorganic nitrogen content in the soil, and the length of the root coarse root (0.2 mm) was significantly positively correlated with the nitrogen absorption in the upper ground. The results showed that the soil Nmin content decreased after the application of organic manure, and the surface fine root system and bottom were changed after the application of organic manure. The length of the coarse root system increased the uptake of nitrogen by plants, and may eventually reduce the risk of leaching of potential inorganic nitrogen in the soil. (3) through the study of soil microbial community and activity in the winter wheat and summer maize harvest season in North China, it was found that the amount of soil microorganism was not significantly reduced by the reduction of 50%+ organic fertilizer by chemical fertilizer application to 100%NPK. The total number of soil microbes and the number of bacteria could be significantly increased after returning to the field, respectively, 29.3% and 30.5% (2013 corn harvest season). The response of soil microbial community structure to fertilization was higher than that in corn season (2011) in wheat season. The fertilization significantly increased the activity of enzymes related to carbon metabolism (except for sucrase), and wheat The addition of organic manure and straw could improve soil organic matter. The potential of soil carbon fixation in the wheat season was higher than that of the corn season. (4) through a pot experiment on the soil in situ in the 9 year long-term location test, it was found that under the condition of non sterilization, the drought treatment did not significantly reduce the biomass of maize, and the drought treatment was more than the wet treatment after sterilization. The biomass of maize decreased by 34.6% significantly, and the decrease of maize biomass in organic manure treatment was higher than that of chemical fertilizer treatment. After the organic manure treatment soil sterilization, the content of citric acid and available phosphorus in rhizosphere soil was significantly increased in the dry place, and the difference of drought and humid treatment under the condition of non sterilization was not significant. The application of organic fertilizer improved the non root significantly. The stability of the structure of the soil aggregates. Compared with the non sterilization treatment, the sterilization treatment significantly improved the biomass of the upper part of the soil and the content of organic acids in the rhizosphere soil, and reduced the stability of the structure of the soil aggregates. It was found that the effect of water treatment only appeared under sterilization, indicating that the soil microorganism could affect the drought stress to a certain extent. The effects of organic manure and straw returning on crop yield and soil fertility were systematically studied from the point of view of plant, soil and microorganism. The study found that, under the current fertility level of Hebei Quzhou, the fertilizer was reduced by 30% and applied with organic manure. Straw returning can maintain crop yield and improve soil fertility, and the soil carbon fixation potential in wheat season is higher than that in corn season. Through three year field experiment, it is found that fertilizer reduction will promote the growth of coarse roots, increase nitrogen absorption and reduce the content of inorganic nitrogen in the soil profile. But compared with chemical fertilizer, organic fertilizer does not show drought resistance to plants. The buffering effect.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S513;S512.1

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