本文選題：黃土高原 + 土壤水分　； 參考：《西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：水分是黃土高原地區(qū)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的核心限制因子之一。土壤水分既是土壤的重要組成物質(zhì),也是該區(qū)旱作農(nóng)業(yè)和植被生長(zhǎng)所需水分的直接來(lái)源。土壤水分變化及區(qū)域差異研究是認(rèn)識(shí)區(qū)域氣候變化和植被—土壤關(guān)系的重要內(nèi)容,也是科學(xué)合理地恢復(fù)重建可持續(xù)植被的重要基礎(chǔ)。黃土高原地區(qū)在最近的20年,特別是實(shí)行退耕還林(草)工程以來(lái),大規(guī)模植被恢復(fù)對(duì)該區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境產(chǎn)生了重要影響,同時(shí)也改變了區(qū)域地表水土過(guò)程和分布特征。為了認(rèn)識(shí)該區(qū)表層土壤水分的時(shí)空變化特點(diǎn)及其對(duì)植被恢復(fù)的響應(yīng),本研究采用歐洲遙感衛(wèi)星(ERS)風(fēng)散射計(jì)反演的土壤水分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)和歸一化植被指數(shù)(NDVI)等遙感資料,依據(jù)經(jīng)典統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)、地統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué),以及時(shí)間序列分析理論,從站點(diǎn)和區(qū)域兩個(gè)尺度,結(jié)合農(nóng)田實(shí)測(cè)土壤水分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)、傳統(tǒng)區(qū)域調(diào)查土壤水分資料,以及土地利用和氣候等相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù),探討了微波遙感數(shù)據(jù)反演的土壤水分在黃土高原地區(qū)的適用性,確定了適合研究區(qū)域的反演模型和參數(shù);采用上述研究結(jié)果,結(jié)合多斷面樣帶和GIS空間分析方法,調(diào)查了黃土高原地區(qū)大規(guī)模退耕還林(草)工程實(shí)施前后表層土壤水分的時(shí)空變化特征;進(jìn)而分析了表層土壤水分與植被恢復(fù)重建和降水量的時(shí)空耦合關(guān)系,初步查清了表層土壤水分變化對(duì)大規(guī)模植被恢復(fù)的相應(yīng)范圍和程度。本研究取得的主要成果如下:(1)通過(guò)對(duì)歐洲遙感衛(wèi)星(ERS)風(fēng)散射計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)與農(nóng)田氣象站實(shí)測(cè)土壤水分實(shí)際觀測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)照分析,結(jié)合黃土高原地區(qū)土壤特征確定了微波遙感數(shù)據(jù)表層土壤水分反演模型和參數(shù),計(jì)算了黃土高原表層土壤水分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)(土壤濕度指數(shù),SWI)對(duì)應(yīng)的土壤體積含水量(Wswi)。結(jié)果表明,遙感反演的土壤體積含水量Wswi和農(nóng)田實(shí)測(cè)的表層0~10 cm的土壤水分呈極顯著相關(guān),且相關(guān)程度隨土層深入而逐漸降低,表明該微波遙感反演的數(shù)據(jù)接近表層土壤水分實(shí)際情況,能客觀地反映表層土壤水分的分布特征,表現(xiàn)出土壤水分遙感反演數(shù)據(jù)在黃土高原地區(qū)具有良好的適用性,可用于分析表層土壤水分的時(shí)間和空間變化分析。(2)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在農(nóng)業(yè)集中的平原地區(qū),遙感反演的土壤體積含水量Wswi與實(shí)測(cè)的農(nóng)田表層土壤水分值相關(guān)性較高,而在農(nóng)業(yè)、林業(yè)、牧業(yè)用地復(fù)合交錯(cuò)地區(qū)其相關(guān)性較差;雨養(yǎng)農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)和灌溉農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)氣象站點(diǎn)農(nóng)田實(shí)測(cè)的土壤水分和微波遙感反演的土壤水分年內(nèi)及年際變化趨勢(shì)均與降水量變化趨勢(shì)一致,但在相對(duì)干旱季節(jié),農(nóng)田實(shí)測(cè)水分普遍較衛(wèi)星反演土壤水分結(jié)果高,說(shuō)明在應(yīng)用該衛(wèi)星數(shù)據(jù)估算農(nóng)田土壤水分時(shí),除了考慮地貌、土壤、植被、氣候等自然因素,同時(shí)也應(yīng)充分考慮農(nóng)業(yè)措施(如灌溉措施)對(duì)土壤水分的影響。應(yīng)用結(jié)果表明,現(xiàn)有的反演模型采用的參數(shù)主要是依據(jù)模型研發(fā)地區(qū)實(shí)際選擇的,在應(yīng)用于其他地區(qū)時(shí)需依據(jù)應(yīng)用區(qū)域的土壤環(huán)境特征對(duì)反演模型的具體參數(shù)加以修正,并依據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)赝寥拉h(huán)境觀測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)建立適用的反演模型。(3)通過(guò)與傳統(tǒng)的區(qū)域土壤水分調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)比較,微波遙感反演的0~100 cm表層土壤水分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)較好地反映了1992~2013年黃土高原地區(qū)土壤水分的時(shí)空變化規(guī)律,土壤水分年值總體上表現(xiàn)出南多北少、東高西低的空間分布差異規(guī)律。土壤水分季節(jié)值較好地反映出土壤水分年內(nèi)季節(jié)動(dòng)態(tài)變化特征:春季失墑、夏季增墑、秋末冬季緩慢失墑�？臻g上呈現(xiàn)出由東南向西北逐漸減少的特點(diǎn)。不同樣帶植被、降水和土壤水分分布和變化梯度明顯。結(jié)果也表明1998~2000年為整個(gè)黃土高原植被指數(shù)和土壤水分變化的轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn),說(shuō)明退耕還林(草)工程對(duì)黃土高原植被覆蓋和土壤水分環(huán)境產(chǎn)生了深刻影響。(4)通過(guò)分析比較退耕還林(草)工程初期(1998~2000年)和工程開(kāi)展10年后(2008~2010年)植被恢復(fù)重建與表層土壤水分的時(shí)空分布特征,發(fā)現(xiàn)NDVI顯著增加面積占黃土高原總面積的80.99%,而72.64%的地區(qū)表層土壤水分呈現(xiàn)減少趨勢(shì)。植被恢復(fù)和土壤水分變化的空間耦合分析表明,黃土高原57.65%的地區(qū)植被覆蓋增加并且土壤水分減少,而且其中約有32.80%的地區(qū)降水量還有所增加;土壤水分和植被覆蓋同時(shí)增加地區(qū)面積約為23.34%;植被覆蓋和土壤水分同時(shí)減少地區(qū)面積占14.99%。研究結(jié)果警示人們,在干旱和半干旱的黃土高原地區(qū)大規(guī)模地植被恢復(fù)有可能導(dǎo)致區(qū)域性土壤水分條件惡化。必須根據(jù)土壤水分變化特征,調(diào)整植被建設(shè)策略,以達(dá)到區(qū)域生態(tài)恢復(fù)的可持續(xù)性。
[Abstract]:Soil moisture is one of the key limiting factors of the ecosystem in the Loess Plateau. Soil moisture is not only an important component of soil, but also a direct source of water for drought farming and vegetation growth in this area. The study of soil moisture changes and regional differences is an important content of understanding regional climate change and soil vegetation and soil relations, and is also a science. In the last 20 years, especially since the implementation of the project of returning farmland to forest (grass), the large scale vegetation restoration has had an important impact on the ecological environment of the region, and also changed the regional surface soil and water process and distribution characteristics in the Loess Plateau area. In this study, the remote sensing data of soil moisture data and normalized vegetation index (NDVI) retrieved by the European remote sensing satellite (ERS) wind scatterometer are used in this study. According to the classical statistics, geostatistics, and time series analysis theory, the measured soil water fraction from the site and the area is combined with the two scales of the site and the area. According to the data of soil moisture, land use and climate, the applicability of soil moisture retrieved by microwave remote sensing data in the Loess Plateau area was investigated, and the inversion model and parameters suitable for the study area were determined, and the results were investigated by using the multi section sample zone and the GIS spatial analysis method. The temporal and spatial variation characteristics of soil moisture in the surface soil of the Loess Plateau Region before and after the large-scale reforestation project were carried out, and the spatio-temporal coupling relationship between the surface soil moisture and the vegetation restoration and reconstruction and the precipitation was analyzed, and the corresponding scope and degree of the surface soil moisture change to the large-scale vegetation restoration was preliminarily identified. The results are as follows: (1) the surface soil moisture inversion model and parameters of the microwave remote sensing data are determined by comparing the data of the ERS wind scatterometer with the actual observation data of the measured soil moisture in the farmland weather station, and the soil moisture data of the surface soil of the Loess Plateau (soil moisture) are calculated. The soil volumetric water content (Wswi) corresponding to SWI. The results show that the soil moisture content of the soil volume Wswi retrieved by remote sensing and the soil moisture of the surface 0~10 cm measured by the farmland are very significant, and the correlation degree decreases gradually with the depth of the soil layer, which indicates that the data retrieved by the microwave remote sensing approach is close to the actual condition of the surface soil moisture and can be objective. Reflecting the distribution characteristics of surface soil moisture, it shows that the remote sensing data of soil moisture has good applicability in the Loess Plateau area, and can be used to analyze the time and spatial variation of surface soil moisture. (2) the study found that the volume of soil volume Wswi retrieved by remote sensing and the measured farmland table in the agricultural concentrated plain area The correlation of soil moisture content was relatively high, while in agriculture, forestry, and pastoral land complex interlaced areas, the correlation was poor. The soil moisture and the interannual variation trend of soil moisture and the interannual variation of soil moisture and microwave remote sensing in the rainfed and irrigated agricultural areas were in accordance with the trend of water reduction, but in the relative drought season, The measured soil moisture in farmland is generally higher than that of satellite inversion, which indicates that the effects of agricultural measures (such as irrigation measures) on soil water content should be taken into consideration in the application of the satellite data to the estimation of soil moisture in farmland, and the effects of agricultural measures (such as irrigation measures) on soil water content should be considered. The main parameters are based on the actual selection of the model R & D area. In other areas, the specific parameters of the inversion model need to be modified according to the soil environment characteristics of the applied region, and the applicable inversion model is established according to the local soil environment observation data. (3) by comparing with the traditional regional soil moisture survey data, The 0~100 cm surface soil moisture data retrieved by wave remote sensing can better reflect the temporal and spatial variation of soil moisture in the Loess Plateau Region in 1992~2013, and the annual value of soil moisture shows the difference of spatial distribution in the South and the East, and the seasonal value of soil moisture is a good reflection of the seasonal dynamic changes of soil moisture. In spring, soil moisture loss, summer soil moisture increase, and slow loss of soil moisture in the end of autumn. There is a gradual decrease in space from southeast to northwest. It is not the same with vegetation, precipitation and soil moisture distribution and change gradient. The result also indicates that 1998~2000 year is the turning point of the whole Loess Plateau vegetation index and soil moisture change, indicating the return of farmland to forest (grass). The project has a profound influence on the vegetation cover and soil water environment in the Loess Plateau. (4) by analyzing and comparing the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of the vegetation restoration and reconstruction and the surface soil moisture in the early period of the project (1998~2000 years) and the 10 years of the project, it was found that the significant increase in the area of NDVI accounted for 80.99% of the total area of the Loess Plateau. The spatial coupling analysis of vegetation recovery and soil water change showed that vegetation coverage increased and soil moisture decreased in 57.65% of the Loess Plateau, and about 32.80% of the areas had increased rainfall and increased soil moisture and vegetation coverage at the same time in 72.64% of the region. For 23.34%, the results of 14.99%. study on vegetation coverage and soil moisture reduction are a warning that large-scale vegetation recovery in arid and semi-arid loess plateau areas may cause regional soil water conditions to deteriorate. The vegetation construction strategy must be adjusted to achieve regional ecological restoration according to the characteristics of soil moisture change. The sustainability of the complex.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：S152.7;Q948

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