本文選題：歐美108楊　切入點(diǎn)：速生豐產(chǎn)林　出處：《北京林業(yè)大學(xué)》2016年博士論文　論文類(lèi)型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：當(dāng)前,我國(guó)木材對(duì)外依存度已超過(guò)50%,同時(shí)隨著我國(guó)對(duì)天然林實(shí)施全面保護(hù)措施及國(guó)際木材貿(mào)易保護(hù)意識(shí)的逐漸提升,我國(guó)的木材安全問(wèn)題日益嚴(yán)峻,故大力營(yíng)造和發(fā)展速生豐產(chǎn)用材林來(lái)緩解木材短缺勢(shì)在必行。我國(guó)楊樹(shù)人工林面積位居世界第,占全國(guó)喬木人工林的18.1%,大力營(yíng)造和發(fā)展和楊樹(shù)速生豐產(chǎn)林是解決木材安全問(wèn)題的重要途徑,但我國(guó)楊樹(shù)人工林平均生產(chǎn)力目前在15 m3.hm-2.yr-1以下遠(yuǎn)低于世界平均水平。國(guó)內(nèi)外諸多學(xué)者提出合理高效的集約水肥經(jīng)營(yíng)管理措施是有效提高速生豐產(chǎn)林生產(chǎn)力的重要手段,同時(shí)還可達(dá)到節(jié)水、減氮和增產(chǎn)的目的。將灌溉和施肥措施結(jié)合起來(lái)可以使水和肥兩者的供應(yīng)具有同步性,從而有效提高水肥利用效率。因此,在我國(guó)楊樹(shù)速生豐產(chǎn)林的大力發(fā)展和經(jīng)營(yíng)過(guò)程中,選擇恰當(dāng)合理的水肥投入方式、投放時(shí)期、合理配比、最佳用量等關(guān)鍵技術(shù)可對(duì)林木速生、節(jié)水節(jié)肥以及減少環(huán)境污染具有重要意義。本文以歐美108楊(Populus×euramericana cv.'Guariento')為研究對(duì)象,將地表滴灌和隨水施肥技術(shù)結(jié)合起來(lái)共同應(yīng)用到楊樹(shù)速生豐產(chǎn)林的水肥管理中,旨在從樹(shù)木生理生態(tài)特性、細(xì)根生長(zhǎng)與分布、林木生長(zhǎng)、林地生產(chǎn)力和碳儲(chǔ)量等方面進(jìn)行歐美108楊水氮耦合效應(yīng)研究,探明水氮耦合策略促進(jìn)林木生長(zhǎng)的作用機(jī)理,并綜合提出其高效的最佳滴灌和施肥技術(shù)組合。這將有助于提升楊樹(shù)速生豐產(chǎn)林的水分和養(yǎng)分管理水平,并為我國(guó)楊樹(shù)速生豐產(chǎn)林的水肥管理提供一定的技術(shù)借鑒和理論指導(dǎo),主要研究結(jié)果和結(jié)論如下：(1)水氮耦合措施有效改善了歐美108楊林地土壤水分和養(yǎng)分狀況。在林木生長(zhǎng)最快的4-7月土壤水勢(shì)(ψs)波動(dòng)幅度較大,7-8因降雨集中各處理的ψs值波動(dòng)幅度相對(duì)較小,隨后在9-11月份ψs值又開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)新的波動(dòng),故生長(zhǎng)季內(nèi)需要進(jìn)適時(shí)灌溉才能使各處理ψs保持其設(shè)定的閾值之上。在實(shí)施水氮耦合措施的3個(gè)生長(zhǎng)季內(nèi),-25、-50和-75 kPa三個(gè)灌溉水平下的林地平均ψs保持在-13.79- -14.19 kPa、-21.15--25.83 kPa、-29.88- -37.00 kPa范圍內(nèi)；林地20 cm深處的土壤含水率在3個(gè)滴灌水平下分別比CK提高61-69%、50-56%和27-55%。水氮耦合措施對(duì)林地土壤養(yǎng)分的影響顯著,如采取措施第一年,各耦合處理下0-20 cm土層有機(jī)質(zhì)和全氮含量分別比CK顯著高出1-81和3-59%,到第二年分別比CK高出29-134和31-81%。最優(yōu)耦合處理D3F3下的各養(yǎng)分含量最高,如措施第一年3個(gè)土層的有機(jī)質(zhì)含量分別比CK高出82、25和4%,第二年分別比CK高出107、106和75%。綜上,水氮耦合措施可有效改善歐美108楊林地土壤水養(yǎng)資源,為促進(jìn)其林木生長(zhǎng)提供了良好的立地條件。(2)歐美108楊細(xì)根主要分布在0-20 cm土層,耦合措施實(shí)施第一年,各水氮耦合處理中D3F3處理促進(jìn)細(xì)根生長(zhǎng)的效果最顯著,其3個(gè)土層細(xì)根生物量較CK分別提高了316、386和442%,根長(zhǎng)密度較CK分別提高345、176和132%。耦合措施實(shí)施第二年,各土層細(xì)根生物量密度、根長(zhǎng)密度和平均直徑均表現(xiàn)為：高水高肥(D3F3)和中水高肥(D2F3)2個(gè)處理間差異不顯著,但均顯著高于其它處理,其中D3F3處理6個(gè)土層生物量密度是CK的3.12-47.74倍；細(xì)根表面積是CK的4.36-30.57倍。當(dāng)灌溉量一定時(shí),增加施肥量可顯著促進(jìn)歐美108楊細(xì)根的生長(zhǎng),但當(dāng)施肥量一定時(shí)增加灌溉量對(duì)促進(jìn)細(xì)根生長(zhǎng)的效果不顯著,即趨肥性強(qiáng)于向水性。歐美108楊細(xì)根生長(zhǎng)對(duì)水氮耦合措施下所改善的林地土壤水養(yǎng)資源表現(xiàn)出高度可塑性,以此提高了林木吸收水養(yǎng)的能力,成為耦合措施促進(jìn)其林木生長(zhǎng)的重要機(jī)理之一。(3)水氮耦合措施會(huì)顯著提高其葉片LAI、Pn、WUE和樹(shù)干Vsf,且其影響隨著措施實(shí)施年份越久其影響越顯著。在3個(gè)生長(zhǎng)季內(nèi),具有最大年均LAI的處理為D3F3,其年均LAI分別比CK顯著高出21、44和58%。葉片Pn和WUE均是水氮耦合處理顯著大于CK,在5a和6a生時(shí),Pn分別比CK提高了23-63%和26-95%,WUE分別比CK提高30-110%和18-82%。樹(shù)干Vsf與Rs、Ta、SWC和VPD呈極顯著的正相關(guān)關(guān)系,與RH呈極顯著負(fù)相關(guān)性,各水氮耦合處理的樹(shù)干Vsf均顯著大于CK,如在7月份,5a和6a生歐美108楊樹(shù)干Vsf日均值在9個(gè)耦合處理下分別比CK提高27-70%和13-69%。水氮耦合措施中的灌溉水平對(duì)歐美108楊各生理生態(tài)因子的影響相比施肥水平和水氮交互作用更為顯著,且對(duì)施肥效果的響應(yīng)具有一定的滯后性。(4)地表滴灌和隨水施肥(SDIF)措施可顯著增加歐美108楊速生豐產(chǎn)林生物量和碳儲(chǔ)量。5-7a生時(shí)林分生物量在SDIF處理下分別為11.49、27.68和38.70 t·hm"2,相比CK的7.54、15.77和24.88 t·hm-2分別提高了52、75和60%。歐美108楊林.木各器官有機(jī)碳含量在SDIF和CK處理之間無(wú)顯著差異,各器官有機(jī)碳含量平均在46.28-58.30%范圍內(nèi)。5-7 a生時(shí)林分碳儲(chǔ)量在SDIF處理下分別為6.20、15.18和21.72 t-hm-2,相比CK處理的4.05、8.63和13.46 t-hm-2分別增加了53、76和61%。5和6a生歐美108楊林地0-60 cm土層碳儲(chǔ)量分別達(dá)到50.87和61.32 t·hm-2,相比CK的43.08和47.92 t·hm-2分別顯著提高18和28%。(5)水氮耦合措施可顯著促進(jìn)歐美108楊林木生長(zhǎng)并提高林地生產(chǎn)力。在措施實(shí)施第一年,最優(yōu)耦合處理D3F3使5a生歐美108楊DBH、H和V年生長(zhǎng)量分別達(dá)到4.9cm、3.0m和11.54 m3·hm-2·a-1,相比CK的4.0cm、1.9m和8.01 m3·hm-2·a-1分別提高23、58和44%；措施實(shí)施第二和三年,最優(yōu)耦合處理D2F3使6和7a生歐美108楊DBH、H和V的年生長(zhǎng)量分別達(dá)到5.6和3.1cm、4.2和2.3 m、27.85和25.96m3·hm-2·a-1,較CK的4.2和2.5 cm、3.3和1.6 m、20.48和16.58 m3.hm-2·a-1分別提高33和24%、27和44%、36和57%。水氮耦合措施下5-7 a生歐美108楊速生豐產(chǎn)林最高經(jīng)濟(jì)收益可達(dá)5522.37-39619.07元/公頃,比CK的4311-32429元/公頃增加22-28%。水氮耦合措施中各因子對(duì)歐美108楊林木生長(zhǎng)和生產(chǎn)力的影響大小依次為：施氮水平水氮交互灌溉水平。此外,歐美108楊在水氮耦合措施下林木IDBH、IH和Iv與各因子的偏相關(guān)系數(shù)大小順序依次為：土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)(OM)土壤含水率(SWC)土壤全氮(N)葉面積指數(shù)(LAI)細(xì)根生物量(FRB)凈光合速率(Pn)水分利用效率(WUE)樹(shù)干液流速率(Vsf),最大偏相關(guān)系數(shù)為0.887,最小為0.315。綜上,在對(duì)與本試驗(yàn)地環(huán)境相似地區(qū)的歐美108楊人工林進(jìn)行水肥管理時(shí)：①地表滴灌的灌溉起始閡值應(yīng)該在生長(zhǎng)季內(nèi)控制滴頭正下方20 cm處的土壤水勢(shì)在-25-50kPa范圍；②生長(zhǎng)季內(nèi)的早春旱季(4-5月)灌溉次數(shù)和量較大,6-10月結(jié)合降雨情況,可降低灌溉次數(shù)和量；③歐美108楊栽植后的1-4年內(nèi)采取滴灌施N措施可顯著促進(jìn)林地生產(chǎn)力,適宜施N量為450-600g/株/年,在生長(zhǎng)季內(nèi)4-8月份進(jìn)行少量多次施肥,首次施肥應(yīng)在展葉前進(jìn)行；④根據(jù)根系分布規(guī)律和節(jié)水節(jié)肥的集約經(jīng)營(yíng)理念出發(fā),滴灌垂直濕潤(rùn)區(qū)應(yīng)維持在0-50 cm深度,水平濕潤(rùn)區(qū)應(yīng)達(dá)到距離滴頭50 cm處。
[Abstract]:At present, China's dependence on foreign timber has more than 50%, at the same time, along with the gradual upgrading of China's implementation of the comprehensive protection measures and the international timber trade protection consciousness of the natural forest, timber safety problem in China is becoming more and more serious, so vigorously to create and development of plantation to alleviate the shortage of wood of poplar plantation area I is imperative. Country in the world, accounting for 18.1% of tree plantations, vigorously to create and develop and poplar forest wood is an important way to solve security problems, but China's current poplar Lin Pingjun productivity below 15 m3.hm-2.yr-1 far lower than the world average level. Many scholars put forward the intensive fertilizer management measures is reasonable and efficient effectively improve the fast-growing and high-yield forest productivity is an important means, but also can achieve the water saving, reducing nitrogen and yield. The irrigation and fertilization measures can be combined with The water and fertilizer supply is synchronous, so as to effectively improve water use efficiency. Therefore, in our country to develop Yang Shusu growing forest and operation process, choose appropriate water and fertilizer inputs, delivery period, reasonable ratio, the optimum amount of the key technology of fast-growing trees, saving water and fertilizer and reduce the pollution of the environment is of great significance. This paper in Europe and the United States 108 Yang (Populus * euramericana cv.'Guariento') as the research object, the surface drip irrigation and fertigation technology together applied to poplar forest management of water and fertilizer, to trees from the physiological and ecological characteristics and fine root growth and distribution, forest productivity and forest growth. Carbon storage and other aspects of research and the 108 Yang coupling effect of water and nitrogen, explore the strategy of water and nitrogen coupling mechanism of promoting tree growth, and put forward the best and efficient application of drip irrigation Fertilizer technology portfolio. This will help to improve the moisture of poplar forest and nutrient management, provide certain technical reference and theoretical guidance for China's management of water and fertilizer and poplar forest, the main research results and conclusions are as follows: (1) measures of water and nitrogen coupling effectively improve the Euramerican poplar 108 the soil moisture and nutrient status in the forest. The fastest growth of 4-7 monthly soil water potential (PSI s) greater volatility, 7-8 due to the concentrated rainfall s value fluctuation of PSI is relatively small, then in the 9-11 month psi s value also began a new wave, so the growing season needs to make timely irrigation the PSI s maintains its threshold. In the implementation of measures of water and nitrogen coupling of the 3 growth of Tine, -25, s and -75 -50 forest average psi kPa three irrigation levels remained at -13.79--14.19 kPa, -21.15--25.83 kPa, -29.88--37.00 kPa within the scope of the forest; The content of soil water to a depth of 20 cm at the rate of 3 a level higher than CK under drip irrigation were 61-69%, 50-56% and 27-55%. effects of water and nitrogen coupling measures on soil nutrient significantly, such as measures to the first year, the coupling treatment 0-20 cm soil organic matter and total nitrogen content were significantly higher than the CK 1-81 and 3-59%, to second years were 29-134 higher than that of CK and 31-81%. optimal coupling treatment under D3F3 nutrient content was the highest in the first year, measures such as organic matter content of the 3 soil layers were higher than that of CK and 82,25 in 4%, second years were 107106 higher than that of CK and 75%. in water and nitrogen coupling measures can effectively improve the soil and water resources 108 poplar, in order to promote the growth of trees provides a good site conditions. (2) and 108 Yang Xigen are mainly distributed in 0-20 cm soil layer, coupling measures to implement the first year, the coupling of water and nitrogen treatment D3F3 could promote root growth effect Obviously, the 3 fine root biomass compared with CK were increased by 316386 and 442%, the root length density were more than that of CK 345176 and 132%. coupling measures for the implementation of second years, the density of fine root biomass, root length density and average diameter were: high water fertilizer (D3F3) and D2F3 (high water fertilizer) differences between the 2 treatments was not significant, but significantly higher than other treatments, the treatment of D3F3 6 soil biomass density is 3.12-47.74 times of CK; fine root surface area is 4.36-30.57 times of CK. When the irrigation amount, increasing the amount of fertilizer can significantly promote the Euramerican poplar 108 fine root growth, but when a certain amount of fertilizer when the increase of irrigation amount to promote root growth effect is not significant, the trend was stronger than that of water fertilizer to the soil water resources. Forest Populus euramericana 108 improvement measures for fine root growth under water and nitrogen coupling showed a high plasticity, in order to improve the absorption of water in the forest Ability to become one of the important measures to promote the coupling mechanism of tree growth. (3) measures of water and nitrogen coupling will significantly increase the leaf LAI, Pn, WUE and Vsf trunk, and the effect with the measures for the implementation of a year longer. Its influence is more significant in 3 growth Tine, processing with the largest annual LAI D3F3. The average LAI had significantly higher respectively than the CK 21,44 and 58%. Pn in leaves and WUE are water and nitrogen treatment was significantly higher than that of CK, 5A and 6A in Pn, respectively than CK increased 23-63% and 26-95%, WUE and 18-82%. respectively higher than CK 30-110% Vsf and Rs Ta, the trunk, and positively correlated significantly the SWC and VPD, showed a significant negative correlation with RH, the coupling of water and nitrogen treatment trunk Vsf were significantly higher than that of CK, such as 5A and 6A in July, 108 American poplar stem daily average Vsf in 9 coupled processing respectively higher than CK 27-70% and 13-69%. of water and nitrogen coupling measures in irrigation water level for 108 Yang Ge Effect of physiological and ecological factors than the fertilization level and water nitrogen interaction effect is more significant, and the response to fertilization effect has a certain lag. (4) surface drip irrigation and fertigation (SDIF) measures can significantly increase the yield in Europe and 108 poplar forest biomass and carbon storage of forest biomass in.5-7a at SDIF under the treatment of 11.49,27.68 and 38.70 respectively t HM 2, compared to CK 7.54,15.77 and 24.88 t hm-2 respectively increased 52,75 and 60%. and Yang Lin 108. No significant differences in wood organs between SDIF and organic carbon content in different organs of CK treatment, the average organic carbon content in the range of 46.28-58.30%.5-7 a when the carbon the reserves under SDIF treatment were 6.20,15.18 and 21.72 t-hm-2, compared to CK treated 4.05,8.63 and 13.46 t-hm-2 were increased by 53,76 and 61%.5 and 6a and 108 poplar 0-60 cm soil carbon reserves reached 50.87 and 61.32 T / hm-2, phase More than 43.08 of CK and 47.92 t hm-2 respectively increased 18 and 28%. (5) measures of water and nitrogen coupling can significantly promote the European Yang Linmu 108 growth and improve forest productivity. In the first year of the implementation of measures, the optimal coupling treatment D3F3 5A and Yang DBH H and V 108, annual growth reached 4.9cm and 3.0m respectively. 11.54 m3 - hm-2 - A-1, compared to CK 4.0cm, 1.9m m3 and 8.01 hm-2 A-1 respectively increased 23,58 and 44%; measures for the implementation of second and third years, the optimal coupling treatment D2F3 6 and 7a 108 and Yang DBH, H and V annual growth reached 5.6 and 3.1cm, 4.2 and 2.3 m, 27.85 25.96m3 and hm-2 A-1, a 4.2 CK and 2.5 cm, 3.3 m and 1.6, 20.48 and 16.58 m3.hm-2 A-1 respectively increased by 33 and 24%, 27 and 44%, 36 and 57%. 5-7 measures of water and nitrogen coupling a Europe 108 poplars high-yield forest maximum economic yield of up to 5522.37-39619.07 yuan / ha, 4311-32429 CK increased 22-28%. yuan / ha Each factor measures of water and nitrogen coupling in order for the influence on the growth and productivity of the 108 American Yang Linmu size: nitrogen levels of water and nitrogen interaction irrigation level. In addition, 108 poplar trees in Europe and the measures of water and nitrogen coupling under IDBH, the sequence of partial correlation coefficients of IH and Iv and all the factors are: soil organic matter (OM) soil moisture (SWC) soil total nitrogen (N) leaf area index (LAI) of fine root biomass (FRB) net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and water use efficiency (WUE) sap flow rate (Vsf), the maximum partial correlation coefficient was 0.887, the minimum is 0.315. so on and the experimental environment similar regions of Europe and 108 poplar plantation irrigation water and fertilizer management: the initial threshold value should control surface drip irrigation emitters in the growing season just below the 20 cm soil water potential in the range of -25-50kPa; the growing season in the spring dry season (4-5 months) and the number of times a large amount of irrigation, combined with 6-10 months The rain, can reduce the number and volume of irrigation; the European 108 poplar 1-4 years after taking fertigation N measures can significantly promote the productivity of forest land, suitable amount of N for strain 450-600g/ / year, for a small number of fertilization in the growing season for the first time in 4-8 months, fertilization should be in before the exhibition leaves according to the root; distribution and saving water and fertilizer intensive irrigation management idea, vertical wetted area should maintain at 0-50 cm depth, horizontal wetted area should reach 50 cm away from the emitter.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京林業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：S792.11
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本文編號(hào)：1588544