本文選題：面源污染　切入點(diǎn)：氮磷負(fù)荷　出處：《吉林大學(xué)》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：探索保證作物產(chǎn)量、提高肥料利用率和減少面源污染相協(xié)調(diào)的農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展道路,是保障國(guó)家糧食安全和生態(tài)環(huán)境安全的迫切要求。優(yōu)化施肥管理不僅可以保證產(chǎn)量、增加收益,同時(shí)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)肥料增效和保護(hù)環(huán)境的目的。不同施肥管理對(duì)作物產(chǎn)量及生態(tài)環(huán)境有重要的影響,為了了解不同施肥管理對(duì)作物的施肥效果及面源環(huán)境污染的作用機(jī)制,進(jìn)一步明確不同施肥管理對(duì)氨揮發(fā)、氮、磷徑流和淋溶流失、土壤-作物系統(tǒng)氮素平衡等面源污染的影響,在東北黑土玉米連作體系下,通過(guò)1年(2014)室外氨揮發(fā)模擬試驗(yàn)及室內(nèi)培養(yǎng)試驗(yàn)、2年(2013-2014)的室外自然降雨條件下土槽模擬試驗(yàn)、6年(2004-2009)田間定位試驗(yàn)研究了6種不同施肥模式即不施肥(CK)、農(nóng)民習(xí)慣施肥(F)、測(cè)土配方施肥(S)、秸稈還田施肥(R)、有機(jī)肥化肥混施(M)及新型肥料控釋肥料(C)對(duì)玉米產(chǎn)量、肥料利用率和面源污染的影響規(guī)律;并利用生命周期模型評(píng)價(jià)不同施肥模式對(duì)環(huán)境污染的總體影響,以期尋找并建立以穩(wěn)產(chǎn)、增效、環(huán)境友好為目的的優(yōu)化施肥模式,為解決東北地區(qū)黑土地玉米生產(chǎn)上的面源污染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)問(wèn)題提供理論依據(jù)。結(jié)果如下:1.2014年室外監(jiān)測(cè)模擬不同施肥管理對(duì)氨揮發(fā)影響的研究結(jié)果表明:在相同氣候及土壤條件下,施肥量相同時(shí),農(nóng)民習(xí)慣處理氨揮發(fā)累積量最高,達(dá)到26.1 kg N/hm~2。秸稈還田處理和控釋肥處理的氨揮發(fā)累積量基本持平,分別為24.24 kg N/hm~2和23.88 kg N/hm~2,與農(nóng)民習(xí)慣相比分別降低了7.1%和8.5%。有機(jī)肥處理氨揮發(fā)總量為21.7 kg N/hm~2,比農(nóng)民習(xí)慣降低了16.9%,CK處理不含有氮肥,揮發(fā)量最少為8.48 kg N/hm~2。通過(guò)室內(nèi)培養(yǎng)試驗(yàn)證明了土壤濕度及環(huán)境溫度對(duì)氨揮發(fā)影響顯著;當(dāng)環(huán)境溫度較低土壤濕度不高時(shí),緩控釋肥施肥管理可顯著降低氨揮發(fā)量。與農(nóng)民習(xí)慣相比,秸稈還田施肥、控釋肥及有機(jī)肥處理都可保證作物產(chǎn)量并減少進(jìn)入環(huán)境中氨揮發(fā)量。2.豐水年(2013)室外監(jiān)測(cè)模擬不同施肥管理對(duì)氮、磷流失影響研究結(jié)果表明:施肥處理較不施肥處理可以降低6%-10%的徑流產(chǎn)沙量;泥沙中攜帶的氮流失總量是徑流水體中流失總量的7倍,泥沙攜帶磷流失總量是徑流水體的16倍。不同施肥管理在整個(gè)生育期泥沙、徑流水及淋溶水向水體遷移的氮總負(fù)荷量順序?yàn)檗r(nóng)民習(xí)慣有機(jī)肥化肥混施秸稈還田施肥測(cè)土配方施肥,他們的氮總流失負(fù)荷分別為:18.27 kg/hm~2,15.79 kg/hm~2,15.13 kg/hm~2和14.24 kg/hm~2;肥料流失率分別為2.64%,1.61%,1.60%和1.16%。不同施肥管理的磷流失總負(fù)荷量順序?yàn)橛袡C(jī)肥化肥混施不施肥農(nóng)民習(xí)慣測(cè)土配方施肥秸稈還田施肥,他們的磷總流失負(fù)荷分別為:3.61 kg/hm~2,3.21 kg/hm~2,3.17 kg/hm~2,2.94 kg/hm~2和2.70 kg/hm~2;水土流失是造成磷流失的最主要原因。各施肥管理的徑流、淋溶水樣中氮、磷濃度均超過(guò)地表水Ⅳ級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。溶解態(tài)氮(DN)都是氮素地表徑流、淋溶損失的主要形態(tài);磷主要以顆粒物形式存在。在豐水年測(cè)土配方施肥管理可保證產(chǎn)量的同時(shí),降低氮磷流失,提高肥料利用率。3.干旱年(2014)室外監(jiān)測(cè)模擬不同施肥模式對(duì)氮、磷流失影響的研究結(jié)果表明:在干旱年在整個(gè)生育期因降雨量少故無(wú)水土流失現(xiàn)象,不同施肥管理通過(guò)徑流及淋溶水向水體遷移的氮總負(fù)荷量順序?yàn)檗r(nóng)民習(xí)慣秸稈還田施肥有機(jī)肥化肥混施緩控釋肥,他們的氮總流失負(fù)荷分別為:3.46 kg/hm~2,3.29 kg/hm~2,2.85 kg/hm~2和2.21 kg/hm~2;肥料流失率分別為0.97%,0.90%,0.71%和0.45%。不同施肥管理的總磷流失負(fù)荷的順序?yàn)榻斩掃�田施肥有機(jī)肥化肥混施農(nóng)民習(xí)慣緩控釋肥不施肥,他們的磷總流失負(fù)荷分別為:51.45 g/hm~2,33.87 g/hm~2,33.57 g/hm~2,25.83g/hm~2和9.47 g/hm~2;與豐水年份相比,各施肥管理的氮磷流失負(fù)荷均明顯減少,主要原因是沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)水土流失現(xiàn)象。各施肥管理徑流淋溶氮磷濃度均超標(biāo),氮素形態(tài)主要以溶解態(tài)氮流失為主約占總氮的80-90%,其中尤以有機(jī)氮和硝態(tài)氮為主要成分;磷素形態(tài)主要以顆粒態(tài)磷流失為主,在可溶性磷中無(wú)機(jī)磷為主要成分,約占總磷的10-30%。在干旱年緩控施肥管理可保證產(chǎn)量的同時(shí),降低氮、磷流失,顯著提高肥料利用率。4.東北黑土區(qū)玉米連作體系中連續(xù)6年田間試驗(yàn)中,不同施肥管理對(duì)作物產(chǎn)量、氮吸收量、土壤中硝態(tài)氮累積及土壤作物系統(tǒng)氮平衡的研究結(jié)果表明與農(nóng)民習(xí)慣相比,測(cè)土減氮施肥管理氮肥利用率提高37.9%,平均年降低土壤中硝態(tài)氮累積量16.2 kg/hm~2,6年共減少土壤無(wú)機(jī)氮?dú)埩?9.6%,降低氮損失47.4%,減少氮盈余43.4%;減氮并施用緩控釋肥模式氮肥利用率提高了50%以上,年均降低土壤中硝態(tài)氮累積27.2 kg/hm~2,6年共減少土壤無(wú)機(jī)氮?dú)埩?2.8%,降低氮損失75.3%,減少氮盈余69.3%.減氮施肥管理和緩控釋肥管理均對(duì)作物產(chǎn)量沒(méi)有明顯影響。5.氮損失估算模型和生命周期分析法對(duì)在東北黑土區(qū)玉米連作體系中連續(xù)6年田間試驗(yàn)中不同施肥管理評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果表明在氮損失估算模型中,優(yōu)化施肥管理與農(nóng)民習(xí)慣施肥管理相比可降低降低氨揮發(fā)、氧化亞氮釋放、氮淋溶和氮徑流17.6%,33.7%,44.4%和37.7%。優(yōu)化減氮施肥管理在連續(xù)6年中總氮損失降低了220.4kg/hm~2。每生產(chǎn)1噸玉米,優(yōu)化施肥管理與農(nóng)民習(xí)慣施肥管理相比分別降低能源消耗、溫室效應(yīng)、富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化及酸化潛力26.2%,22.8%,32.6%和30.2%。因此優(yōu)化施肥管理即可保證產(chǎn)量,同時(shí)可以降低對(duì)環(huán)境的影響,是一種綠色環(huán)保型施肥管理模式。
[Abstract]:Exploration to ensure crop production, improve fertilizer utilization rate and reduce non-point source pollution is the road of harmonious sustainable development of agriculture, is an urgent requirement to ensure food security and ecological environment security of the country. The optimum fertilization management can not only guarantee the output, increase revenue, and can realize the fertilizer efficiency and protect the environment. Different fertilizer management has an important influence on crop yield and ecological environment, in order to understand the mechanism of effect of different fertilization on crop fertilization effect and non-point source pollution, to further clarify the different fertilization on nitrogen and phosphorus, ammonia volatilization, runoff and leaching loss, effects of nitrogen balance in soil crop system of non-point source pollution in Northeast black soil, maize cropping system. Through the 1 years (2014) ammonia volatilization outdoor simulation experiment and indoor incubation experiment, 2 years (2013-2014) to test soil groove die outdoors under natural rainfall conditions (2004-20, 6 years 09) field experiment was conducted to study the 6 different fertilization modes: no fertilization (CK), fertilization (F), fertilization (S), straw fertilizer (R), organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer mixed (M) and a new type of fertilizer controlled release fertilizer (C) on maize yield, influence the utilization rate of fertilizer and non-point source pollution; and the use of life cycle model to evaluate the effects of different fertilization patterns on the overall environmental pollution, in order to find and establish a stable and friendly environment for efficiency, optimized fertilization model, provide a theoretical basis for solving the Northeast Black Soil on maize production. The non-point source pollution risk 1.2014 years of research are as follows: the outdoor monitoring simulation of influence of different fertilization on ammonia volatilization. The results showed that under the same climatic and soil conditions, fertilization amount at the same time, farmers used to dealing with the accumulated amount of ammonia volatilization was highest, reached 26.1 kg N/hm~2. straw treatment and controlled release Ammonia volatilization fertilizer accumulation was essentially flat, were 24.24 kg N/hm~2 and 23.88 kg N/hm~2, compared with the habits of farmers were decreased by 7.1% and 8.5%. manure ammonia volatilization was 21.7 kg N/hm~2, 16.9% lower than that of farmers' habits, CK does not contain nitrogen volatilization of at least 8.48 kg N/hm~2. test the effect of soil moisture and temperature on ammonia volatilization significantly by indoor cultivation; when the environment temperature is low soil moisture is not high, slow release fertilizer fertilization can significantly reduce ammonia volatilization. Compared with the farmers' habits, straw fertilizer, controlled-release fertilizer and organic fertilizer can ensure crop yield and reduce ammonia volatilization into the environment the amount of.2. in wet year (2013) outdoor monitoring simulation of different fertilization on nitrogen and phosphorus loss affect the results of the study showed that fertilization treatment with no fertilizer treatment can reduce runoff and sediment 6%-10%; sediment The total nitrogen loss carry is 7 times the total loss of runoff in water, sediment and phosphorus loss is 16 times the total runoff water. Different fertilizer management in the whole growth period of total nitrogen load of sediment, runoff and leaching of water in order to water transfer for farmers used organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer mixed straw fertilization soil testing Fertilization, total nitrogen loss load they were: 18.27 kg/hm~2,15.79 kg/hm~2,15.13 kg/hm~2 and 14.24 kg/hm~2; 1.61% fertilizer loss rates were 2.64%, 1.60%, and 1.16%. of different fertilization management of phosphorus loss total load order of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer mixed fertilizer farmers used fertilization straw fertilizer, the total phosphorus loss load them were: 3.61 kg/hm~2,3.21 kg/hm~2,3.17 kg/hm~2,2.94 kg/hm~2 and 2.70 kg/hm~2; soil erosion is the main reason causing the loss of phosphorus runoff. The fertilization and leaching Water nitrogen, phosphorus concentration exceeded the standard of the grade of surface water. Dissolved nitrogen (DN) is the main form of nitrogen runoff and leaching loss; phosphorus mainly existed in the form of particles. Fertilization management in wet years can ensure production at the same time, reduce the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus, improve fertilizer utilization the rate of.3. dry year (2014) outdoor monitoring simulation of different fertilization modes on nitrogen and phosphorus loss influence research results show that: in the drought years in the whole growth period due to low rainfall so no soil erosion phenomenon, total nitrogen load sequence of different fertilization management through runoff and leaching of water transfer to water for farmers used straw organic fertilizer fertilizer and chemical fertilizer mixed slow-release fertilizer, the total nitrogen loss load they were: 3.46 kg/hm~2,3.29 kg/hm~2,2.85 kg/hm~2 and 2.21 kg/hm~2; 0.90% fertilizer loss rates were 0.97%, 0.71%, and 0.45%. of total phosphorus fertilization management loss The load order of straw fertilizing organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer mixed farmers used slow-release fertilizer and no fertilizer, the total phosphorus loss load they were: 51.45 g/hm~2,33.87 g/hm~2,33.57 g/hm~2,25.83g/hm~2 and 9.47 g/hm~2; compared with the wet year, the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus load of each fertilizer management were significantly reduced, the main reason is not the loss of water and soil the management of fertilizer runoff leaching concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus were the main nitrogen form to exceed the standard, the dissolved nitrogen loss mainly accounted for 80-90% of total nitrogen, especially in organic nitrogen and nitrate as the main ingredient; phosphorus mainly in particulate phosphorus loss mainly in soluble phosphorus inorganic phosphorus as the main component, accounting for about TP 10-30%. controlled fertilizer management can ensure the production at the same time, in the drought year to reduce nitrogen, phosphorus loss, improve the utilization rate of fertilizer.4. in black soil region of northeast corn continuous cropping system in continuous 6 years in field test In the experiment, different fertilization on crop yield, nitrogen uptake and soil nitrate nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen balance in the soil crop system research results show that compared with the farmers used to reduce nitrogen fertilization management, soil testing and fertilizer utilization rate increased 37.9%, the average annual decrease in soil nitrate nitrogen accumulation in 16.2 years to reduce soil inorganic kg/hm~2,6 n 19.6%, reduce nitrogen loss by 47.4%, reduce the nitrogen surplus 43.4%; nitrogen reduction and application of slow-release fertilizer model of nitrogen utilization rate increased by more than 50%, an annual reduction in soil nitrate accumulation in 27.2 kg/hm~2,6 total reduction of soil inorganic nitrogen residue 32.8%, reduce nitrogen loss by 75.3%, reduce the nitrogen surplus less nitrogen fertilizer management and 69.3%. controlled release fertilizer management on crop yield did not significantly affect the analysis model and method of life cycle of corn in the black soil region of Northeast China in 6 consecutive years of continuous cropping system in field experiment of different fertilization management on nitrogen loss estimation.5. The results show that the price of nitrogen loss estimation model, optimized fertilization management and fertilization management compared to reduce ammonia volatilization, nitrate leaching and nitrogen release of Nitrous Oxide, 33.7%, 44.4% and 17.6% of the runoff, reducing nitrogen fertilizer management in 37.7%. optimization for 6 consecutive years in the total nitrogen loss was reduced by 220.4kg/hm~2. every production of 1 tons of corn, optimized fertilization management and fertilization management compared to reduce energy consumption, greenhouse effect, eutrophication and acidification potential of 26.2%, 22.8%, 32.6% and 30.2%. so the optimal fertilization management can ensure production, at the same time can reduce the impact on the environment, is a kind of environmental protection type fertilizer management mode.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：X71

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