本文關(guān)鍵詞： 種子雨 幼苗更新 種子擴(kuò)散 定居限制 負(fù)密度制約 物種共存　出處：《北京林業(yè)大學(xué)》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：種子植物的天然更新主要經(jīng)歷種子雨、種子擴(kuò)散和幼苗定植三個(gè)過程。其中,種子(種子雨或種子庫)和幼苗(或幼樹)階段被認(rèn)為是森林更新過程中最重要和敏感的兩個(gè)時(shí)期,也是未來群落組成和結(jié)構(gòu)的決定性因素。研究種子擴(kuò)散和幼苗更新二者之間關(guān)聯(lián)性,以及擴(kuò)散限制、負(fù)密度制約效應(yīng)和生態(tài)位過程在種子擴(kuò)散和幼苗更新過程中的相對(duì)重要性,將有助于我們更好地解釋生物多樣性的形成、維持與進(jìn)化機(jī)制,從而為森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)生物多樣性保護(hù)提供理論依據(jù)。該文以位于吉林蛟河地區(qū)的中齡林(the half-mature forest、成熟林(the mature forest:MF)和老齡林(the old growth forest:OGF)3種類型的針闊混交林監(jiān)測(cè)樣地為基礎(chǔ),每塊樣地代表了一個(gè)特定的演替階段。在樣地內(nèi)共設(shè)置了451個(gè)種子雨-幼苗觀測(cè)樣站。通過連續(xù)3年的調(diào)查和觀測(cè),分析了不同演替階段的群落中種子雨和幼苗的物種組成及其在時(shí)間和空間尺度上的變化格局。檢驗(yàn)了局域尺度上負(fù)密度制約效應(yīng)和生態(tài)位過程對(duì)幼苗存活的影響。分析和評(píng)價(jià)了擴(kuò)散限制、密度制約效應(yīng)和生態(tài)位過程在物種多樣性維持中的作用。主要研究結(jié)果如下：1、蛟河地區(qū)不同演替階段針闊混交林樣地中種子雨具有明顯的季節(jié)動(dòng)態(tài),有時(shí)會(huì)呈現(xiàn)雙峰模式。絕大多數(shù)物種的種子產(chǎn)量存在著較大的年際變異和空間變異,并且空間變異系數(shù)遠(yuǎn)大于年際變異系數(shù)。然而種子的年際和空間變異并不隨著演替進(jìn)程的推進(jìn)而變化。2、用多元回歸的方法分析了幼苗數(shù)量與林分類型、同種成體胸高斷面積之和以及林冠開闊度的關(guān)系。結(jié)果表明：(1)林下層主要木本植物幼苗的組成在不同演替階段群落中差異不大,并與樣地內(nèi)主要樹種組成保持著一定相似性,但幼苗重要值排序在年際間和不同演替階段稍有波動(dòng)。(2)3個(gè)樣地內(nèi)幼苗個(gè)體數(shù)量和物種數(shù)都主要集中在5-20 cm高度級(jí)之間,之后隨高度級(jí)增加而逐漸減少,但幼苗個(gè)體數(shù)量減少得更快。這表明與種間競(jìng)爭(zhēng)相比,物種內(nèi)部的相互作用是導(dǎo)致幼苗死亡的主要原因,在一定程度上證實(shí)了負(fù)密度制約效應(yīng)在幼苗更新過程中的作用。(3)水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica)、色木槭(Acer mono)、青楷楓(Acer tegmentosum)、東北槭(Acer mandshuricum)和紫椴(Tilia amurensis)5個(gè)主要樹種的幼苗都與同種成體胸高斷面積之和呈顯著的正相關(guān)關(guān)系,還呈現(xiàn)出明顯的生境偏好,表明擴(kuò)散限制和生態(tài)位過程也會(huì)影響幼苗的數(shù)量和分布。間接證實(shí)了負(fù)密度制約效應(yīng)、擴(kuò)散限制和生態(tài)位過程對(duì)溫帶地區(qū)不同演替階段森林群落中幼苗數(shù)量組成的影響。3、幼苗的空間分布對(duì)群落更新具有重要意義。對(duì)木本植物幼苗的數(shù)量分布以及水曲柳、色木槭、杉松(Abies holophylla)和東北槭4個(gè)主要樹種幼苗與大樹的空間關(guān)系及其年際變化進(jìn)行了分析,并用Syrjala檢驗(yàn)來分析樣站尺度上,幼苗密度、豐富度的空間分布在年際間的差異。結(jié)果顯示：(1)木本植物幼苗的數(shù)量分布在不同群落和年際之間都表現(xiàn)出明顯的差異,樣站尺度上3個(gè)樣地內(nèi)的幼苗密度存在著較大的空間變異性,而幼苗豐富度的空間異質(zhì)性較低。表明幼苗分布的空間異質(zhì)性對(duì)幼苗密度有著重要影響。(2)樣站尺度上幼苗數(shù)量、物種數(shù)的空間分布在不同年份之間是存在差異的。在一定程度上證實(shí)了種子產(chǎn)量、擴(kuò)散方式和群落組成對(duì)幼苗空間分布的影響。(3)從幼苗與大樹空問關(guān)系來看,4個(gè)主要樹種的幼苗與成樹之間表現(xiàn)出相似的分布格局,表明成體植株的空間分布特征也能夠影響幼苗的空間分布。4、對(duì)種子限制和定居限制的研究表明,溫帶森林中也存在著較強(qiáng)的種子限制,并且演替初期種子限制的強(qiáng)度要明顯高于演替中期和后期。演替初期和中期物種的更新受限主要受種子產(chǎn)量不足和擴(kuò)散限制影響,而在演替后期物種的更新主要受擴(kuò)散限制的影響。種子限制與定居限制之間沒有顯著負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系,表明我們的研究結(jié)果并不支持拓殖-競(jìng)爭(zhēng)權(quán)衡促進(jìn)物種共存的假說。相反,擴(kuò)散限制與定居限制之間的顯著正相關(guān)關(guān)系,從側(cè)面證明了負(fù)密度制約效應(yīng)對(duì)本研究區(qū)域物種共存的促進(jìn)作用。我們的研究并沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)種子限制和定居限制受種子的大小調(diào)控。此外,幼苗的定植主要受到生物因素的影響。5、通過廣義線性混合效應(yīng)模型(generalized linear mixed-effects models, GLMMs)檢驗(yàn)了生物和非生物鄰體對(duì)幼苗存活的影響以及生物鄰體對(duì)幼苗存活影響的種間差異。結(jié)果表明溫帶森林中存在著負(fù)密度制約效應(yīng)。生物、非生物因素都會(huì)影響幼苗的存活,其相對(duì)重要性會(huì)隨著演替進(jìn)程、幼苗大小、幼苗年齡而變化。對(duì)于高度小于20cm、1-2年生的幼苗以及全部群落水平的幼苗來說,負(fù)密度制約的強(qiáng)度在物種問存在著顯著差異。同時(shí)我們還發(fā)現(xiàn),局域尺度的負(fù)密度制約效應(yīng)并沒有導(dǎo)致群落補(bǔ)償趨勢(shì)。我們的研究結(jié)果證實(shí)了負(fù)密度制約效應(yīng)和生態(tài)位過程對(duì)幼苗存活的影響,并且它們的相對(duì)重要性會(huì)隨著幼苗高度、年齡而變化。此外,生物和非生物因素對(duì)幼苗存活的影響會(huì)隨著演替進(jìn)程而變化。
[Abstract]:The natural regeneration of seed plants mainly through seed rain, seed dispersal and seedlings planting three process. Among them, the seed (seed rain or seed) and seedling stage (or tree) is considered to be the most important in the process of forest regeneration and two sensitive period, but also the future of community composition and structure of the decisive factors associated. Between the study of seed dispersal and seedling regeneration in two, and the diffusion limitation, the negative density dependent effect and the relative importance of the niche in the process of updating the seed dispersal and seedlings in the process, will help us to better explain the formation of biodiversity, maintenance and evolution mechanism, which provides a theoretical basis for forest ecosystem biodiversity the protection of the middle age forest. Located in the Jilin Jiaohe area (the Half-mature forest (the mature forest:MF) mature forest and old growth forest (the old growth forest:OGF) 3 types of quotmixed coniferquot To forest monitoring plots as the basis, each sample represents a specific stage of succession. The 451 seed rain observation stations were set in the seedling plots. Through the investigation and observation for 3 years, analyzed the seeds of different successional stages in the rain and seedling species composition and in time and the spatial scale change pattern. The test on a local scale negative density dependent effects and niche of seedling survival. Analysis and evaluation of the diffusion limitation, density effect and ecological niche in the process of species diversity in the role. The main results are as follows: 1. The seed rain in Jiaohe area at different successional stages coniferous forest plots have obvious seasonal changes, sometimes show the Shuangfeng mode. Seed yield of most species exist interannual variability and spatial variation is larger, and the spatial variability coefficient is far greater than the When the coefficient of variation. However, interannual and spatial variability of seed is not with the succession process and the changes of.2, using multivariate regression method analyze the number and type of forest seedlings, the same as the relationship between body basal area and canopy openness. The results showed that: (1) under forest layer of main woody plant seedlings the difference in the composition of communities in different successional stages in small, and maintain a certain similarity with the main tree species in the plot, but the seedlings had slight fluctuations in the value of order of the interannual and different successional stages. (2) in 3 sample plots of seedling number of individuals and species are mainly concentrated in the 5-20 cm level. When the height gradually decreases, but the decrease in the number of seedlings were faster. This shows that compared with interspecific competition, interaction within a species is the main cause of seedling death, to some extent confirms the negative density The role of restricting effect in seedling regeneration process. (3) (Fraxinus mandshurica), Fraxinus mandshurica Acer (Acer mono), Qing Kai Feng (Acer tegmentosum (Acer), northeast of Acer mandshuricum) and linden (Tilia amurensis) the 5 main species of seedlings with the same basal body showed positive correlation a significant relationship between area and habitat preference also showed obvious, showed that diffusion limitation and niche process will also influence the distribution and quantity of seedlings. Indirectly confirmed the negative density dependent effects,.3 diffusion limited and niche process on the number of seedlings of forest communities in different successional stages in temperate regions, seedlings of space the distribution of community renewal has important significance. The number and distribution of woody plant seedlings of Fraxinus mandshurica, Acer mono, Sugi Matsu (Abies holophylla) and Its Interannual and spatial relations in Northeast Acer 4 main tree species of seedlings and trees. For the analysis, and use Syrjala test to analyze the sample stand scale, seedling density, the differences in the spatial distribution of abundance between years. The results showed that: (1) the number of seedlings of woody plants distributed between different communities and interannual showed distinct differences, seedling density of 3 plots in the stand scale there are large spatial variability, and the spatial heterogeneity of seedling richness was low. Show that the spatial heterogeneity of seedling distribution have an important influence on the density of seedlings. (2) stations on the scale of seedling number, the number of species distribution space is different in different years. To some extent confirmed the seed yield, diffusion and community composition effects on seedling spatial distribution. (3) from seedling and tree spatial relations, between the 4 main species of seedlings and trees showed a similar distribution pattern, showed that the spatial distribution of adult plants The distribution characteristics of.4 can influence the spatial distribution of seedlings, of seed limitation and establishment limitation, there is a strong limit of temperate forests of seed, and the early strength was higher than that of seed limited succession succession of middle and late successional species in the early and mid update Limited mainly by seed yield insufficient and limited diffusion effect in effect, the late successional species regeneration is diffusion limited. Seed limitation is not negatively related with settled restrictions, that our results do not support the development and Competition Promoting species coexistence tradeoff hypothesis. On the contrary, diffusion between limits and restrictions settled a positive relationship from the side that negative density control effect of the study area to promote the role of species coexistence. Our study found no seed limitation and establishment limitation in seed Control. In addition, the seedling planting is mainly influenced by the biological factors of.5 by generalized linear mixed effects model (generalized linear mixed-effects models, GLMMs) to test the biological and non biological neighbor effect on seedling survival and seedling survival of neighborhood effects of biological species differences. The results show that there is a negative density dependence in temperate zone forest. Biological, non biological factors will affect seedling survival, the relative importance of the succession process, seedling size, seedling age and height changes. For less than 20cm, 1-2 year old seedlings and seedlings of all community level, the strength of the negative density dependent. There were significant differences in species. At the same time we also found that local scale negative density restriction effects did not lead to community compensation trend. Our results confirmed the negative density dependent effects and ecological process of the young Miao Cunhuo's influence and their relative importance vary with seedling height and age. In addition, the influence of biological and abiotic factors on seedling survival will change with succession process.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京林業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：S718.5

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