本文關(guān)鍵詞：冬油菜氮素營(yíng)養(yǎng)調(diào)控技術(shù)及相關(guān)機(jī)制研究　出處：《華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 冬油菜 氮肥管理 栽培管理 產(chǎn)量 氮素吸收和利用

【摘要】：油菜是我國(guó)重要的油料作物,長(zhǎng)江流域是我國(guó)最大的冬油菜種植區(qū),其種植面積和總產(chǎn)占全國(guó)90%左右,該區(qū)域油菜生產(chǎn)對(duì)保障我國(guó)食用油安全具有重要意義。冬油菜氮肥需求量大,實(shí)際生產(chǎn)中氮肥過(guò)量或不足現(xiàn)象同時(shí)存在、運(yùn)籌不合理、種類結(jié)構(gòu)單一、施用方式粗放等現(xiàn)象均很普遍。氮肥不合理施用造成了油菜產(chǎn)量潛力得不到充分發(fā)揮,氮肥利用率降低等一系列影響油菜高產(chǎn)高效的問(wèn)題。為此本研究選取長(zhǎng)江流域冬油菜主產(chǎn)區(qū)開(kāi)展冬油菜氮肥多年多點(diǎn)田間試驗(yàn),通過(guò)研究和比較不同生產(chǎn)場(chǎng)景下氮肥用量、運(yùn)籌、種類、施用方式以及根層土壤氮素調(diào)控等技術(shù)措施,從冬油菜產(chǎn)量和產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成因素、干物質(zhì)累積和氮素吸收以及氮肥利用效率角度剖析合理氮肥施用對(duì)冬油菜產(chǎn)量形成和氮素吸收利用的機(jī)制,以期為建立冬油菜氮素管理策略提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。主要研究結(jié)果如下:(1)根據(jù)栽培模式、輪作方式、種植密度、生態(tài)條件等進(jìn)行合理氮肥用量的精準(zhǔn)調(diào)控。栽培模式導(dǎo)致冬油菜對(duì)氮肥的響應(yīng)不同。移栽冬油菜產(chǎn)量水平明顯高于直播冬油菜,平均增產(chǎn)15.3%,較高單位面積角果數(shù)是移栽油菜獲得高產(chǎn)的重要保障,移栽冬油菜單位面積角果數(shù)比直播冬油菜多178.9個(gè)/m2。施氮顯著提高了移栽和直播冬油菜干物質(zhì)和氮素累積量,尤其是蕾薹期后增幅明顯,相比不施氮處理,直播冬油菜平均增產(chǎn)率和氮素累積量增幅分別為255.9%和279.1%,明顯高于移栽冬油菜。直播冬油菜氮肥農(nóng)學(xué)利用率也高于移栽冬油菜,說(shuō)明直播冬油菜對(duì)氮肥響應(yīng)更為敏感。目標(biāo)產(chǎn)量為1000~2000 kg/hm2時(shí),移栽和直播冬油菜氮肥推薦用量分別為151.5 kg/hm2和149.0 kg/hm2;目標(biāo)產(chǎn)量為2000~3000 kg/hm2時(shí),移栽和直播冬油菜氮肥推薦用量分別為208.3 kg/hm2和214.7 kg/hm2。相同產(chǎn)量水平下,移栽冬油菜比直播冬油菜節(jié)約氮肥35.7 kg/hm2。不同輪作模式下土壤供氮能力的差異影響冬油菜施氮效果和適宜施氮水平。棉花-油菜輪作油菜產(chǎn)量顯著高于水稻-油菜輪作,平均增產(chǎn)27.9%。不施氮處理下水稻-油菜輪作油菜產(chǎn)量顯著低于棉花-油菜輪作,說(shuō)明棉花-油菜輪作土壤供氮能力明顯高于水稻-油菜輪作。水稻-油菜輪作平均增產(chǎn)率和農(nóng)學(xué)效率分別為84.0%和6.0 kg/kg,顯著高于棉花-油菜輪作,說(shuō)明水稻-油菜輪作冬油菜產(chǎn)量對(duì)氮肥依賴性更大。氮肥施用在輪作體系中發(fā)揮著重要作用,適當(dāng)增加氮肥可以彌補(bǔ)水稻-油菜輪作的供氮不足,縮小兩種輪作模式的產(chǎn)量差。水稻-油菜冬油菜適宜氮肥用量為210.8 kg/hm2,而相同產(chǎn)量水平下,棉花-油菜輪作可以節(jié)約氮肥56.3 kg/hm2。栽培密度與氮肥顯著影響了冬油菜產(chǎn)量及產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成因素。優(yōu)化栽培密度是獲得高產(chǎn)的前提,高密度可以影響個(gè)體干物質(zhì)積累并減少了單株角果數(shù),施氮能夠提高單株角果數(shù)從而增加產(chǎn)量。低密度條件下,冬油菜產(chǎn)量隨著氮肥用量的增加而增加;高密度條件下,過(guò)量氮肥投入對(duì)產(chǎn)量并無(wú)顯著影響。目標(biāo)產(chǎn)量為3000kg/hm2時(shí),區(qū)域移栽冬油菜常規(guī)栽培密度為9.0×104株/hm2,如果密度可以增加到10.0~12.0×104株/hm2,最佳施氮量可降低10.3%~23.7%;相反,當(dāng)密度降低到7.0~8.0×104株/hm2時(shí),適當(dāng)增加氮肥供應(yīng)13.9%~34.8%可以獲得目標(biāo)產(chǎn)量。苗期漬水對(duì)油菜產(chǎn)量形成的抑制作用以及氮肥對(duì)受漬冬油菜生長(zhǎng)的緩解效應(yīng)。苗期漬水明顯抑制了冬油菜生長(zhǎng),葉片數(shù)、葉面積和SPAD值均有不同程度下降,漬水減少了油菜干物質(zhì)累積和氮素吸收利用,對(duì)油菜生長(zhǎng)造成了不可恢復(fù)的影響。苗期漬水處理顯著降低了油菜產(chǎn)量,減產(chǎn)達(dá)23.6%,成苗密度和單株角果數(shù)下降是引起產(chǎn)量降低的重要原因,分別下降了7.6%和20.4%。氮肥施用促進(jìn)了油菜生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育,改善了群體質(zhì)量,緩解了苗期漬水造成的產(chǎn)量損失,并且緩解效應(yīng)與氮肥投入量存在直接關(guān)系,合理增施氮肥對(duì)苗期漬水油菜生長(zhǎng)恢復(fù)具有很好的補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)。在保證產(chǎn)量不下降的情況下,排水處理要比漬水處理節(jié)約氮肥59.2 kg/hm2。(2)根據(jù)栽培模式和土壤供氮能力進(jìn)行合理的氮肥運(yùn)籌。與氮肥全部基施相比,移栽冬油菜氮肥60%基施、40%作越冬肥追施;直播冬油菜氮肥60%基施、20%作苗肥、20%作越冬肥追施效果最好,增加了油菜產(chǎn)量,提高了氮肥利用率。其中,產(chǎn)量增幅分別為14.7%和21.7%,氮素累積量增幅分別為19.8%和27.8%。各試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)氮肥運(yùn)籌效果表現(xiàn)出的差異主要取決于土壤供氮能力。(3)控釋尿素施用為氮肥一次性施用和減少氮肥施用提供了可行性,而控釋尿素與普通尿素配施進(jìn)一步降低了油菜生產(chǎn)成本。與普通尿素相比,移栽和直播冬油菜控釋尿素平均增產(chǎn)率分別為7.4%和11.5%,控釋尿素在低氮(90 kg/hm2)水平上的增產(chǎn)效果好于中高氮水平,說(shuō)明控釋尿素減量施用具有可行性。低氮水平條件下控釋尿素增產(chǎn)原因主要是依賴于花后干物質(zhì)和氮素累積量的顯著增加,隨著氮肥用量增加,控釋尿素相比普通尿素增產(chǎn)率是逐漸降低的,其中,控釋尿素施氮180 kg/hm2既能夠獲得較高產(chǎn)量又可進(jìn)一步降低氮肥用量�？蒯屇蛩睾推胀蛩嘏涫┎粌H可以減少生產(chǎn)成本,還可以通過(guò)適宜配施比例協(xié)調(diào)土壤、肥料氮素供應(yīng)和冬油菜氮素需求,進(jìn)而增加產(chǎn)量,提高氮肥利用率。基于產(chǎn)量和控釋尿素與普通尿素配施比例存在的線性加平臺(tái)關(guān)系,等氮量條件下,移栽冬油菜控釋尿素與普通尿素最佳配施比例為42%控釋尿素和58%普通尿素;直播冬油菜為60%控釋尿素和40%普通尿素。(4)根據(jù)栽培模式和土壤供氮能力確定合理氮肥施用方式。施氮方式對(duì)油菜產(chǎn)量、氮素吸收和利用率產(chǎn)生了顯著影響,施肥效果總體表現(xiàn)為氮肥集中施用翻施表施的趨勢(shì)。與表施處理相比,移栽和直播冬油菜氮肥集中施用產(chǎn)量平均增幅分別為18.2%和23.8%。集中施用處理可以明顯提高兩種栽培模式冬油菜干物質(zhì)累積,尤其是促進(jìn)了花后地下部干物質(zhì)和地上部干物質(zhì)同步累積,從而提高油菜產(chǎn)量。結(jié)合冬油菜栽培模式,實(shí)際生產(chǎn)中移栽和直播冬油菜應(yīng)該分別采取穴施或條施的氮肥集中施用技術(shù)。(5)基于土壤Nmin測(cè)試根層氮素管理可以有效匹配土壤氮素供應(yīng)和冬油菜氮素吸收。基于兩季研究結(jié)果,利用對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)描述土壤氮素供應(yīng)和冬油菜相對(duì)氮素吸收量之間的關(guān)系,可以得出移栽到越冬期、越冬期到蕾薹期、蕾薹期到花期、花期到成熟期的最佳氮素供應(yīng)目標(biāo)值分別為105~128,95~105、94~102和71~73kg N/hm2,根層氮素管理在溫暖冬季或者正常氣候條件下相比經(jīng)驗(yàn)氮肥管理效果會(huì)更好。
[Abstract]:Rape is an important oil crop in China, the Yangtze River Basin is China's largest winter rapeseed planting area, its planting area and total output accounted for about 90% of the country, has important significance in the area of rapeseed production of edible oil safety to protect our country. Nitrogen fertilizer demand of winter rapeseed, the actual production of nitrogen fertilizer and the phenomenon of excessive or insufficient there is, or is not reasonable, such as single species structure, extensive application phenomena are very common. Unreasonable application of nitrogen was caused by the rape yield potential can not be brought into full play, reduce the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer and a series of high yield of rapeseed in question. This study selects the rapeseed zone of Yangtze River basin to carry out winter winter rapeseed n years multiple field trials, through research and comparison of different production scenarios of nitrogen fertilizer dosage, application, type, application method and root layer soil nitrogen regulation measures from winter rapeseed yield and yield. Factors, dry matter accumulation and nitrogen absorption and nitrogen utilization efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer use the perspective of reasonable mechanism of absorption and nitrogen of winter rapeseed yield, in order to provide scientific basis for the establishment of winter rape nitrogen management strategies. The main results are as follows: (1) according to the pattern of cultivation, rotation, planting density, ecological conditions etc. for accurate regulation of nitrogen fertilizer. The reasonable cultivation patterns of winter rape response to nitrogen fertilizer resulted in different transplanting. Winter rapeseed yield was significantly higher than that of direct seeding of winter rapeseed, with an average increase of 15.3%, higher pod number in unit area is an important guarantee of transplanting rape yield, pod number per unit area of transplanting winter rape 178.9 more /m2. than direct seeding of winter rape fertilizer nitrogen significantly increased the transplanting and direct sowing of winter rapeseed dry matter and nitrogen accumulation, especially after the bud period increased significantly, compared with the treatment without nitrogen application, direct sowing of Winter Rape Yield rate and nitrogen accumulation rate were 255.9% and 279.1%, significantly higher than winter transplanting rapeseed. Live nitrogen of winter rapeseed agronomic rate is also higher than that of winter rape transplanting, live winter rape was more sensitive to nitrogen response. The target yield of 1000~2000 kg/hm2, transplanting and direct sowing of winter rape nitrogen fertilizer recommended dosage were 151.5 kg/hm2 and 149 kg/hm2 2000~3000 kg/hm2; the target yield, transplanting and direct sowing of winter rape nitrogen fertilizer recommended dosage were 208.3 kg/hm2 and 214.7 kg/hm2. in the same level of yield, influence ability of nitrogen of winter rape transplanting than soil conservation of winter rape live n 35.7 kg/hm2. under different rotation systems for the winter rape nitrogen effect and suitable nitrogen level. Cotton the yield of rapeseed rotation was significantly higher than that of rape - rice rapeseed rotation, the average yield of 27.9%. treatment without nitrogen application under rice rape rotation was significantly lower than that of cotton yield of rape Flower - rape rotation, cotton canola rotation that soil nitrogen supply capacity was significantly higher than that of rice rape cropping rice rapeseed rotation. The average rate of increasing yield and agronomic efficiency were 84% and 6 kg/kg, significantly higher than that of cotton canola rotation, rice rape cropping winter rapeseed yield more dependent on nitrogen fertilizer nitrogen fertilizer plays. An important role in the rotation system, nitrogen supply increasing nitrogen can compensate for the rotation of rice and rape, reduce the two rotation mode. The yield of rice and rape winter rape appropriate nitrogen amount was 210.8 kg/hm2, and the same level of yield, cotton canola rotation can save 56.3 kg/hm2. planting density and N fertilizer significantly affected factors of winter rapeseed yield and yield. The optimum cultivation density is high yield condition, high density can dry matter accumulation and reduced the number of pods per plant nitrogen can influence the individual. Increase the number of pods per plant and increase the yield. Under the condition of low density, yield of winter rape increased with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer; high density conditions, excessive N fertilizer yield had no significant impact on the target. The yield is 3000kg/hm2, area of winter rape transplanting conventional planting density of 9 * 104 strains of /hm2, if the density can be increased to 10.0~12.0 * 104 strains of /hm2, the best nitrogen can reduce the amount of 10.3%~23.7%; on the contrary, when the density is reduced to 7.0~8.0 * 104 /hm2 strains, increasing nitrogen supply 13.9%~34.8% can obtain the target yield. Inhibition of waterlogging at Seedling Stage on Rape Yield Formation and nitrogen fertilizer on mitigating the effects of waterlogging growth of winter rapeseed. Waterlogging significantly inhibited the winter rape at seedling stage growth, leaf number, leaf area and SPAD value were decreased, waterlogging reduced dry matter accumulation and nitrogen uptake and utilization of rapeseed, rape growth caused unrecoverable The effects of waterlogging at seedling stage. Significantly decreased the yield of rapeseed, yield up to 23.6%, seedling density decreased and the number of pods per plant is an important cause of reduced production, dropped 7.6% and 20.4%. respectively. Nitrogen fertilizer promoted the growth and development of rape, improve population quality, alleviate the yield loss caused by waterlogging at seedling stage, and there are direct relief the relationship between effect and N inputs, reasonable nitrogen recovery has a good compensation effect of waterlogging at seedling stage. Rape growth in ensuring the yield decline, water treatment than saving waterlogging treatment of nitrogenous fertilizer is 59.2 kg/hm2. (2) of nitrogen fertilizer reasonably according to the cultivation mode and soil nitrogen supply capacity. Compared with the total nitrogen the base fertilizer, transplanting winter rape nitrogen 60% base fertilizer, 40% more fertilizer topdressing nitrogen fertilizer; winter rape 60% live 20% as base fertilizer, fertilizer for 20% more fertilizer topdressing increased rapeseed yield had the best effect. The amount, improve the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer. The yield increase by 14.7% and 21.7%, nitrogen accumulation rate were between 19.8% and 27.8%. of each test point showed nitrogen fertilizer effect mainly depends on the soil nitrogen supplying capacity. (3) controlled-release urea application provides the feasibility of nitrogen fertilizer application and nitrogen fertilizer to reduce disposable. The controlled-release urea combined with conventional urea to further reduce the rape production cost. Compared with urea, transplanting and direct sowing of winter rapeseed controlled-release urea average production rates were 7.4% and 11.5%, controlled release urea at low nitrogen level (90 kg/hm2) on the yield increasing effect was better than that in high nitrogen level, controlledrelease urea reducing the application is feasible. Under the low nitrogen level of controlled-release urea yield is the main reason depends on the significant increase after anthesis dry matter and nitrogen accumulation, the nitrogen fertilizer increased, compared with common urea controlled release urea The rate is gradually reduced, the controlled-release urea nitrogen 180 kg/hm2 can obtain higher yield and can further reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, controlled release urea and common urea fertilizer can not only reduce the production cost, but also through the appropriate fertilizer proportion of soil fertilizer, nitrogen supply and winter rape nitrogen demand, and increase the yield. To improve the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer. The relationship between yield and linear plus platform of controlled-release urea and conventional urea fertilizer are based on the proportion of nitrogen, under the condition of transplanting rapeseed controlled-release urea and conventional urea fertilizer optimum ratio of 42% controlled-release urea and 58% urea; live winter rapeseed controlled release urea and common urea 40% 60%. (4) according to the reasonable nitrogen fertilization for determining nitrogen cultivation pattern and soil. Nitrogen application on yield, nitrogen absorption and utilization rate had a significant impact in the overall performance in nitrogen fertilization effect Application of double surface trend. Compared with the application of surface treatment, transplanting and direct sowing of winter rape nitrogen application yield average increase of 18.2% and 23.8%. concentration treatment can significantly improve the dry matter accumulation of two kinds of cultivation patterns of winter rapeseed, especially after flowering promoted root dry matter weight and shoot dry matter accumulation and synchronization. To improve the yield of rapeseed. Combined with the winter rapeseed cultivation mode, the actual production of transplanting and direct sowing of winter rapeseed should adopt when nitrogen application or banding technique. (5) soil test Nmin root zone nitrogen management can effectively match the supply of soil nitrogen and nitrogen uptake of winter rapeseed. Based on the two quarter results based on using logarithmic function description the relationship between soil nitrogen supply and winter rape relative nitrogen absorption, it can be transplanted to the winter, winter to bud stage, bud stage to flowering, flowering into The optimal nitrogen supply target value is 105~128,95~105,94~102 and 71~73kg N/hm2 respectively. The nitrogen management in root zone is better than that in normal climate.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：S565.4

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