本文關(guān)鍵詞：麥田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中麥長(zhǎng)管蚜與赤霉病的生態(tài)調(diào)控模型構(gòu)建與機(jī)理研究　出處：《西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)》2016年博士論文　論文類(lèi)型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 生態(tài)調(diào)控 麥長(zhǎng)管蚜 禾谷鐮刀菌 誘導(dǎo)抗性 生長(zhǎng)素

【摘要】：全世界小麥(Triticum aestivum L.)的種植總面積超過(guò)21,500萬(wàn)公頃,在麥田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中,小麥往往被不同種類(lèi)的有害生物依次或同時(shí)進(jìn)行為害。有害生物種類(lèi)很多,麥長(zhǎng)管蚜和赤霉病等就是其中非常重要的小麥病蟲(chóng)害,麥蚜的刺吸危害以及赤霉病引起的穗腐,嚴(yán)重地影響小麥的品質(zhì)和產(chǎn)量,并威脅著人類(lèi)的糧食安全。目前,大多數(shù)研究?jī)H圍繞其中一種蟲(chóng)害或一種病害展開(kāi),難以發(fā)現(xiàn)麥田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中物種間調(diào)控模型和機(jī)制。應(yīng)用這種調(diào)控模型去調(diào)節(jié)麥田系統(tǒng)中病蟲(chóng)害的發(fā)生數(shù)量和程度,以此降低危害程度、減少化學(xué)農(nóng)藥的使用,是滿(mǎn)足人類(lèi)日益增長(zhǎng)糧食需求的重要途徑之一。因此,本研究以小麥和不同種類(lèi)病蟲(chóng)害組建麥田生態(tài)亞系統(tǒng):挖掘并轉(zhuǎn)化小麥本身具有的抗性基因以培育高產(chǎn)抗蟲(chóng)害種質(zhì)資源、利用小麥的誘導(dǎo)抗性、尋找降低病原菌致病性的相關(guān)基因和基因敲除等方法讓致病基因沉默,以此構(gòu)建調(diào)控模型,分析其調(diào)控機(jī)理,以期為麥田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)有害生物生態(tài)調(diào)控提供理論依據(jù)。研究得出以下重要結(jié)論:1在麥田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中,小麥已經(jīng)進(jìn)化出眾多調(diào)控策略以降低麥長(zhǎng)管蚜的危害水平。本研究證明小麥品系XN98-10-35生態(tài)調(diào)控策略為耐害性;將已獲得6個(gè)小麥的表達(dá)序列標(biāo)簽(Expressed Sequence Tag),通過(guò)比對(duì)分析發(fā)現(xiàn),其中一個(gè)候選基因的功能與小麥的光合作用密切相關(guān),被定于小麥7D染色體上,與本課題組通過(guò)分子標(biāo)記方法研究的抗性基因定位的結(jié)果一致。所以,XN98-10-35主動(dòng)提高光合作用是其調(diào)節(jié)并抵御麥長(zhǎng)管蚜危害的重要分子機(jī)制之一。2在麥田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中,葉蟬種群動(dòng)態(tài)高峰早于麥長(zhǎng)管蚜種群,因此葉蟬取食后的小麥?zhǔn)侨绾握{(diào)控后續(xù)麥長(zhǎng)管蚜種群動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)構(gòu)建調(diào)控模型和害蟲(chóng)種群數(shù)量調(diào)節(jié)具有重要意義。本研究以麥長(zhǎng)管蚜生命表參數(shù)的變化為衡量指標(biāo),研究前期葉蟬危害的小麥如何調(diào)節(jié)麥長(zhǎng)管蚜生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育與繁殖以及種群動(dòng)態(tài)。研究結(jié)果表明:受到葉蟬危害后的感蚜小麥品種Bobwhite和Leguan均不是適合后期麥長(zhǎng)管蚜取食的宿主,即小麥?zhǔn)艿饺~蟬危害后,對(duì)麥長(zhǎng)管蚜產(chǎn)生了誘導(dǎo)抗性,顯著地影響其生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育和繁殖,進(jìn)而調(diào)控其種群動(dòng)態(tài)。3小麥赤霉病的流行主要由禾谷鐮刀菌(Fusarium graminearum Schwabe)引起,而且禾谷鐮刀菌可以攝取環(huán)境中合成生長(zhǎng)素的相關(guān)底物來(lái)生物合成生長(zhǎng)素,以提高其致病性。然而鮮有禾谷鐮刀菌體內(nèi)合成生長(zhǎng)素途徑的相關(guān)報(bào)道,因此研究麥田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中禾谷鐮刀菌采用哪些途徑合成生長(zhǎng)素,是該病害生態(tài)調(diào)控的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)之一。本研究結(jié)果表明:添加至培養(yǎng)液中可能的生長(zhǎng)素合成前體L-色氨酸、吲哚-3-丙酮酸、吲哚-3-乙胺(TAM)和吲哚-3-乙腈(IAN)等,除了L-色氨酸的代謝產(chǎn)物為生長(zhǎng)素的類(lèi)似物色醇外,其他的三種均可以被用來(lái)合成生長(zhǎng)素,證明禾谷鐮刀菌可利用多個(gè)底物經(jīng)由多條途徑合成生長(zhǎng)素,為其生態(tài)調(diào)控提供新的方向。4禾谷鐮刀菌在侵染過(guò)程中,可以分泌大量的嘔吐毒素(15-ADON)毒污小麥籽粒,有效降低其含量在糧食的安全生產(chǎn)上具有非常重要的作用。本研究探索添加不同濃度的生長(zhǎng)素以及生長(zhǎng)素合成前體對(duì)禾谷鐮刀菌15-ADON合成能力的影響,以期尋找可以抑制15-ADON合成的化合物與適用的濃度。結(jié)果顯示:僅1 mM IAN對(duì)禾谷鐮刀菌的野生菌株合成生物毒素15-ADON帶來(lái)嚴(yán)重的影響。為深入探究1 mM IAN調(diào)控禾谷鐮刀菌產(chǎn)生毒素機(jī)理研究發(fā)現(xiàn):高濃度IAN可以有效抑制菌絲的伸長(zhǎng)速度和數(shù)量。因此,添加1 m M IAN是麥田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)降低禾谷鐮刀菌產(chǎn)生毒素的調(diào)控策略之一。5探究生長(zhǎng)素合成過(guò)程是生態(tài)調(diào)控禾谷鐮刀菌侵染過(guò)程的關(guān)鍵,因此,本研究根據(jù)前人Microarray實(shí)驗(yàn)的結(jié)果,選擇12個(gè)可能參與合成生長(zhǎng)素或色醇的候選基因,利用USER Friendly Clone和農(nóng)桿菌介導(dǎo)轉(zhuǎn)染的方法,對(duì)其進(jìn)行替換突變。最終成功獲得9個(gè)候選基因的突變體。添加相應(yīng)底物之后,發(fā)現(xiàn)有4個(gè)候選基因的突變株合成色醇或生長(zhǎng)素的能力被抑制:即FGSG_01285、FGSG_05295、FGSG_01572或FGSG_09834參與了生物合成合成色醇或生長(zhǎng)素的途徑。與此同時(shí),這些突變株15-ADON分泌的能力也受到了極大的抑制,顯示出利用沉默基因技術(shù)也是麥田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)防止鐮刀菌產(chǎn)生毒物的調(diào)控策略。然而,還有3個(gè)候選基因的突變株卻極大的促進(jìn)15-ADON的合成,表明這些基因可能是調(diào)控禾谷鐮刀菌產(chǎn)生毒物的關(guān)鍵基因。6為了進(jìn)一步明確L-色氨酸可以促進(jìn)15-ADON分泌的機(jī)理,分析前人所得禾谷鐮刀菌添加L-TRP之后全局基因表達(dá)的研究結(jié)果,發(fā)現(xiàn)添加至培養(yǎng)液的L-色氨酸,僅有少量參與生物合成色醇,而大部分的L-色氨酸卻被降解為能源和碳源,由此添加L-色氨酸并不能作為生態(tài)調(diào)控禾谷鐮刀菌的手段。綜上所述,選擇種植優(yōu)質(zhì)、高產(chǎn)、耐害性小麥品種,配合噴施較高濃度生長(zhǎng)素或者IAN是麥田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中調(diào)控麥長(zhǎng)管蚜和赤霉病的有效途徑和方法。
[Abstract]:World wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) of the total planting area of more than 215 million hectares, in the wheat field ecosystem, wheat is often harmful organisms of different types of sequentially or simultaneously make damage. Many pest species of wheat aphid and wheat scab is one of very important pests, wheat aphids sucking harm and the scab caused by ear rot, seriously affecting the quality and yield of wheat, and threaten human food security. At present, most studies only around one pest or a disease, it is difficult to find crop among species in an ecosystem model and regulation mechanism. Using this control model to adjust the amount and degree of occurrence pest catcher system, in order to reduce the harm degree, reduce the use of chemical pesticides, is one of the important ways to meet the growing human demand for food. Therefore, the study on Wheat And different kinds of diseases and insect pests of crop establishment sub ecosystem: Mining and transformation of resistance genes to wheat has to cultivate high-yield pest resistant germplasm resources, the use of induced resistance in wheat, and seek to reduce pathogenic related genes and gene knockout method to silence genes, in order to construct the regulation model, analyze its regulation mechanism in order to provide theoretical basis for wheat field ecosystem ecological pest control. The research draws the following conclusions: 1 in the wheat field ecosystem, wheat has evolved many harm level control strategy to reduce the wheat aphid. This study proved that XN98-10-35 ecological control strategy of wheat lines for tolerance; acquired expression sequence label 6 wheat (Expressed Sequence Tag), through the comparison analysis, which is closely related with the function of a candidate gene of wheat photosynthesis, was scheduled to be small Wheat chromosome 7D, and the research group through the study on molecular markers of resistance gene detection method of the consistency of the results. Therefore, XN98-10-35 is actively improving photosynthesis regulating and one of the important molecular mechanism against aphid damage.2 in wheat field ecosystem, the insect population dynamic peak earlier than the wheat aphid population, therefore after the wheat leafhopper feeding is how to regulate the following wheat aphid population dynamics has important significance for the construction of regulation model and pest population regulation. Based on the change of Sitobion avenae aphid life table parameters as the index, to study how to regulate the wheat growth and reproduction and population dynamics of aphids before period of wheat leafhopper harm. The results show that by leafhopper harm of aphid wheat varieties Bobwhite and Leguan were not suitable for the late wheat aphid feeding host, namely wheat by leafhopper harm, to The wheat aphid induced resistance, significantly affect the growth and reproduction, and regulating the population dynamics of.3 Wheat Scab Epidemic mainly by Fusarium graminearum (Fusarium graminearum Schwabe) caused by Fusarium graminearum, and related substrates to synthesize auxin uptake in the environment to the biosynthesis of auxin, in order to improve its pathogenicity. However, few reports of Fusarium graminearum in auxin biosynthesis pathway, so the study of wheat field ecosystem in Fusarium graminearum by the ways in which synthetic auxin, is one of the key points of the disease ecological regulation. The results of this study show that: added to the culture of auxin synthesis precursor L- tryptophan may acid, indole -3- indole pyruvic acid. -3- ethylamine (TAM) and indole -3- (IAN), but was similar for alcohol metabolite L- tryptophan to auxin, three can be used in other The synthesis of auxin, Fusarium graminearum that can use multiple substrate through a plurality of pathway for the synthesis of auxin, its ecological regulation provides new direction.4 of Fusarium graminearum in the infection process, vomiting can secrete large amounts of toxic poison pollution (15-ADON) grain wheat, reduce its content has a very important role in the production of food safety the. This study explores adding different concentrations of auxin and auxin precursors of Fusarium graminearum 15-ADON synthesis effect, in order to find 15-ADON can inhibit the synthesis of compounds with suitable concentration. The results show that the serious impact is only 1 mM IAN of Fusarium graminearum wild strains of synthetic biology toxin 15-ADON. In order to explore the regulation of IAN 1 mM of Fusarium graminearum toxin producing mechanism of discovery: elongation rate and quantity of high concentration of IAN can effectively inhibit the mycelium. Therefore, adding 1 m M IAN is a wheat field ecosystem reduced Fusarium graminearum toxin production control strategy of.5 on auxin synthesis process is the key of ecological regulation, Fusarium graminearum infection process and therefore, according to the previous results of Microarray, 12 may be involved in the synthesis of growth hormone or tryptophol candidate genes, using the method of USER Friendly Clone and agricultural Agrobacterium mediated transfection, the mutation was eventually successful. 9 candidate gene mutants. After adding the corresponding substrate, there are 4 candidate gene mutations or auxin synthesis tryptophol ability was inhibited found: FGSG_01285, FGSG_05295, FGSG_01572 or FGSG_09834 is involved in the biosynthesis of auxin synthesis of alcohol or color at the same time, the mutant strain 15-ADON secreted ability has also been greatly suppressed, showing the silencing of gene technology is the crop ecological system The control strategy to prevent Fusarium toxins. However, there are 3 candidate gene mutant was greatly promoted the synthesis of 15-ADON, suggesting that these genes may be the key regulatory gene.6 of Fusarium graminearum producing poison in order to further clarify the mechanism of L- tryptophan can promote the secretion of 15-ADON, analysis of results obtained with Fusarium graminearum after adding an L-TRP global gene expression, that added to the culture of L- color liquid ammonia acid, only a small amount of alcohol and L- involved in the biosynthesis of color, but most of the tryptophan was degraded as carbon and energy sources, thus adding L- tryptophan and not as a means of ecological control of Fusarium graminearum. In summary, selection of planting quality tolerance, high yield, wheat varieties with high concentration of auxin or IAN spray is an effective way and method of wheat field ecosystem in the regulation of wheat scab long Guan Yahe.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：S435.12

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