本文關(guān)鍵詞：沙漠公路防護林主要植物種凋落物的分解特征　出處：《新疆大學(xué)》2017年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 沙漠公路防護林 鹽生木本植物 分解速率 養(yǎng)分遷移 控制措施

【摘要】：塔里木沙漠公路沿線氣候條件極端干旱、水資源匱乏、地下水礦化度高、風(fēng)沙活動強烈、沙丘流動性極強。塔里木沙漠公路作為聯(lián)通新疆南北疆的交通要道,是世界上穿越流動沙漠最長的等級公路。沙漠公路兩側(cè)建立了就地利用高礦化度地下水滴灌,以高抗逆性的檉柳屬(Tamarix Linn.)、沙拐棗屬(Calligonum L.)和梭梭屬(Haloxylon Bunge)灌木和小喬木為主要造林樹種的生物防沙體系,即塔里木沙漠公路防護林。塔里木沙漠公路防護林所處的特殊地理環(huán)境,使得防護林凋落物分解所釋放的養(yǎng)分成為植物營養(yǎng)和土壤肥力的主要來源。本文以塔里木沙漠公路防護林內(nèi)喬木狀沙拐棗(Calligonum arborescens)、梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)和多枝檉柳(Tamarix ramosissima)的凋落物為研究對象,于2012年~2014年通過野外定點監(jiān)測、原位分解試驗、定點控制試驗和室內(nèi)凋落物樣品分析,研究了塔里木沙漠公路防護林三種主要植物種凋落物的凋落量及其組成隨定植年限增加的動態(tài)變化特征;分析了不同凋落物類型、不同定植年限防護林地、不同林齡凋落物和不同控制措施對凋落物的質(zhì)量殘留率、分解速率、分解過程中元素(C、N、P、K、Ca、Mg、木質(zhì)素和纖維素)及元素比值動態(tài)變化特征的影響。揭示了塔里木沙漠公路防護林凋落物的凋落動態(tài),探討了控制措施對凋落物分解的影響;闡明了塔里木沙漠公路防護林凋落物分解過程、養(yǎng)分遷移模式及主要影響因素。主要結(jié)論如下:塔里木沙漠公路1995年、1998年、2001年、2004年和2006年定植防護林的年總凋落量分別為7.93 t·hm-2、6.19 t·hm-2、10.54 t·hm-2、9.10 t·hm-2、8.31 t·hm-2。各定植年限防護林三種植物的年凋落量均以檉柳最高,且秋季最高。凋落物組成均以梭梭同化枝、檉柳枝和沙拐棗同化枝的凋落量最高,占年總凋落量的70.58%~88.93%。不同定植年限防護林,總凋落量和主要凋落組分凋落量的月動態(tài)趨勢皆呈三峰型,峰值出現(xiàn)在3~5月、7月、9~11月,最高值均出現(xiàn)在11月。其余凋落物組成呈不規(guī)則變化且峰值出現(xiàn)的時間有所差異,梭梭老枝和檉柳葉為5~7月,梭梭果為9~10月,沙拐棗果為6~7月,檉柳花和沙拐棗花凋落在5~8月。沙漠公路防護林組成物種的遺傳和生態(tài)學(xué)特性、生理過程和氣候條件影響凋落量及其組成的凋落動態(tài)。在塔里木沙漠公路不同定植年限防護林地,三種凋落物的分解速率從高到低分別為多枝檉柳枝(0.24~0.32 g·g-1·a-1),喬木狀沙拐棗同化枝(0.17~0.23 g·g-1·a-1),梭梭枝(0.13~0.18 g·g-1·a-1)。三種凋落物分解速率最低值均出現(xiàn)在1995a防護林地;分解速率最高值,多枝檉柳枝和喬木狀沙拐棗同化枝出現(xiàn)在2004a防護林地,梭梭枝出現(xiàn)在2001a防護林地。防護林定植年限通過凋落物分解的微環(huán)境直接或間接影響凋落物分解。凋落物初始C、P、K和Mg含量是分解前期的主要控制因子;初始木質(zhì)素、纖維素含量,C/N和N/P比值是分解中期和后期的主導(dǎo)因子。在720d的分解過程中,三種凋落物的C元素呈凈釋放模式,N和P元素呈富集-釋放模式,K元素呈釋放-富集模式,梭梭枝和喬木狀沙拐棗同化枝的Ca和Mg元素呈凈富集模式,多枝檉柳枝的Ca和Mg元素呈釋放-富集模式。木質(zhì)素和纖維素含量呈先升高后降低的變化趨勢,木質(zhì)素在分解后期低于初始濃度,纖維素始終高于初始濃度。沙漠公路防護林凋落物的元素遷移動態(tài)主要受到凋落物基質(zhì)質(zhì)量、元素自身特性、分解階段和分解環(huán)境等的綜合影響。不同控制措施以及不同林齡凋落物的地表和埋深處理,凋落物分解速率最高為梭梭同化枝,多枝檉柳枝次之,最低為喬木狀沙拐棗同化枝。不同控制措施對凋落物分解速率的影響有所差異,對照組喬木狀沙拐棗同化枝、梭梭同化枝和多枝檉柳枝凋落物分解速率分別為0.53 g·g-1·a-1、0.94 g·g-1·a-1、0.55 g·g-1·a-1。各控制措施中,沙埋10cm三種凋落物的分解速率(0.92~1.69 g·g-1·a-1)最高,礦化度29.7g·L-1水灌溉的分解速率(0.31~0.54 g·g-1·a-1)最低。沙埋(0.69~1.69 g·g-1·a-1)、灌水周期7d(0.69~1.34 g·g-1·a-1)、施用磷鉀復(fù)合肥(0.57~1.25 g·g-1·a-1)和淡水灌溉(0.59~1.12 g·g-1·a-1)顯著提高三種凋落物的分解速率�？刂拼胧┩ㄟ^改變凋落物分解的微環(huán)境從而影響凋落物分解速率,水分是主要影響因素。凋落物的初始N含量和C/N、木質(zhì)素/N比值是不同控制措施下凋落物分解速率的主要控制因素,凋落物初始養(yǎng)分含量能較好的預(yù)測初期分解速率,凋落物難分解物質(zhì)是控制后期分解速率的主要因素,不同控制措施下凋落物分解各階段主要控制因素有所差異。凋落物420d的分解過程中,不同控制措施對凋落物分解過程中元素遷移模式的影響有所異同。其中,淡水灌溉處理下喬木狀沙拐棗同化枝和多枝檉柳枝在分解中后期呈現(xiàn)出P富集。高礦化度水灌溉處理下梭梭同化枝和多枝檉柳枝在分解中后期呈現(xiàn)出Ca富集。沙埋處理下喬木狀沙拐棗同化枝在分解前期呈現(xiàn)出N富集,沙埋10cm處理下三種凋落物呈現(xiàn)出P富集。施用氮肥處理下三種凋落物呈現(xiàn)出N富集,梭梭同化枝呈現(xiàn)出Ca富集。施用磷鉀復(fù)合肥處理下喬木狀沙拐棗同化枝在分解前期和中期呈現(xiàn)出N富集,三種凋落物皆呈現(xiàn)出P和K富集。灌水周期處理下喬木狀沙拐棗和梭梭同化枝呈現(xiàn)出Mg釋放。覆膜處理下多枝檉柳枝呈現(xiàn)出P釋放;梭梭同化枝呈現(xiàn)出Ca富集�？刂拼胧┰谝欢ǔ潭壬洗偈乖爻霈F(xiàn)了富集現(xiàn)象,增加了凋落物的養(yǎng)分歸還量。分解過程中木質(zhì)素含量呈上升-下降趨勢,因凋落物質(zhì)量和控制措施的作用在不同時間出現(xiàn)下降的拐點,喬木狀沙拐棗同化枝和多枝檉柳枝在分解后期低于初始值,梭梭同化枝木質(zhì)素始終高于初始值;三種凋落物的纖維素含量呈波動上升趨勢且始終高于初始值。不同林齡凋落物,7a喬木狀沙拐棗和梭梭同化枝的分解速率最高,15a多枝檉柳枝凋落物分解速率最高。不同林齡凋落物的分解速率,初始C和N含量為分解前期主要限制因素,木質(zhì)素和纖維素為分解后期主導(dǎo)因素。不同林齡三種凋落物的C、P、K和Mg元素皆呈釋放模式,N元素主要呈釋放模式,Ca元素主要呈富集-釋放模式。各林齡三種凋落物的木質(zhì)素含量呈上升-降低趨勢,因凋落物類型的差異,喬木狀沙拐棗同化枝在分解120d后低于初始值,梭梭同化枝和多枝檉柳枝始終高于初始值;纖維素含量呈波動上升趨勢且始終高于初始值。本研究表明,在極端干旱的沙漠人工防護林,凋落物初始化學(xué)性質(zhì)是凋落物分解速率的主要內(nèi)在決定因素,水分和養(yǎng)分條件影響著凋落物的分解速率和養(yǎng)分歸還。本文研究結(jié)果不僅對揭示特殊生境下沙漠人工防護林凋落物的凋落動態(tài)、分解速率和養(yǎng)分循環(huán)等有重要的理論意義,而且為沙漠人工防護林土壤性質(zhì)的改善、土壤肥力的提高,防護林穩(wěn)定和可持續(xù)發(fā)展管護措施的優(yōu)化提供了數(shù)據(jù)支撐和科學(xué)依據(jù)。
[Abstract]:Climatic conditions along the Tarim desert highway of extreme drought, shortage of water resources, groundwater with high mineralization, sand dune activity is strong, liquidity is very strong. The Tarim desert highway as Unicom northern South Xinjiang traffic hub, is the world's longest flow across the desert. The desert road on both sides of the road were established using local high salinity groundwater drip irrigation, with high resistance of Tamarix (Tamarix Linn.), Calligonum (Calligonum L.) and Haloxylon (Haloxylon Bunge) of shrubs and small trees as the main afforestation tree species in biological defense system, namely the Tarim Desert Highway Shelterbelt. The special geographical environment of Tarim Desert Highway Shelterbelt in the making of protective forest litter substances released by the decomposition of nutrients has become a major source of plant nutrition and soil fertility. The Tarim desert highway shelter forest Calligonum arborescens (Calligonum arborescens), Soso (Haloxylon ammodendron) and tamarixramosissima (Tamarix ramosissima) litter as the research object, in 2012 ~2014 years through the field measurement, the in situ decomposition test, analysis of point control test and indoor litter samples, dynamic characteristics of the Tarim desert highway anti litter of three main plant species in forest litter and its composition with the increase in age; analysis of different litter types, different planting years of protection forest, different ages and different litter quality control measures on litter decomposition rate, residual rate, decomposition process elements (C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, lignin and cellulose) and the influence of elements the ratio of dynamic characteristics. To reveal the litter dynamic of Tarim Desert Highway Shelterbelt litter, discusses the impact of control measures on litter decomposition; the Tarim Desert Highway Shelterbelt. The decomposition process, and the main influence factors of nutrient transfer model. The main conclusions are as follows: the Tarim desert highway in 1995, 1998, 2001, 2004 and 2006 years, the total amount of litter planting protection forest were the annual litter capacity of 7.93 T T - hm-2,6.19 hm-2,10.54 T - hm-2,9.10 T - hm-2,8.31 t - hm-2. of the three kinds of protection forest planting years plants are the highest and highest in autumn. Tamarisks, litter composition in Haloxylon ammodendron assimilating branches of litterfall Tamarix and Calligonum, willow assimilating branches of the highest, accounted for 70.58%~88.93%. of different planting period of protection forest total annual litterfall, month dynamic trend of the total amount of litter and litter components of litter were all three peaks. The peak in July, 3~5 months, 9~11 months, the highest value appeared in November. The remaining litter composition changes irregularly and the peak time difference, old branch and tamarisk willow Haloxylon is 5~7 month, 9~10 month for Haloxylon fruit, Calligonum fruit is 6~7 month, Tamarix flowers and flower litter Shaguai in 5~8 months. Genetic composition and ecological characteristics of species of Desert Highway Shelterbelt, physiological processes and climate conditions affect litterfall and litter dynamic composition. In the Tarim desert highway shelter forest in different planting years, three kinds of litter decomposition rate from high to low are much from (0.24~0.32 - g-1 - G and A-1), Calligonum arborescens (0.17~0.23 g assimilating branches of g-1 A-1 (0.13~0.18 g), Haloxylon g-1 branch A-1). Three kinds of litter decomposition rate was the lowest value appeared in 1995a protection forest; the decomposition rate of the highest value, branched willows and tamarisk Calligonum arborescens assimilating branches appear in 2004a protection forest, shelter forest in 2001a branch of Haloxylon ammodendron. Micro environment protection forest plantation by litter decomposition directly or indirectly affect the litter decomposition of litter. The initial C, P, K and Mg content decomposition The main control factors of early; initial lignin, cellulose content, C/N and N/P ratio is the dominant factor of decomposition of middle and late in the decomposition process of 720d, C elements in three kinds of litter showed a net release mode, N and P elements showed enrichment release pattern, K elements are released - enrichment pattern of Haloxylon ammodendron the branches and branches of Ca assimilation of Calligonum arborescens and Mg elements showed a net accumulation model, multi Ca and Mg elements from switchgrass was released - enrichment mode. The lignin and cellulose content showed a trend of first increase and then decrease, the decomposition of lignin in the late lower than the initial concentration of cellulose is always higher than the initial concentration of element migration. Dynamic desert highway shelter forest litter is mainly affected by litter substrate quality, elements of their own characteristics, the comprehensive effects of decomposition stage and decomposition environment. Different control measures and the surface of different age and depth of litter, litter The highest decomposition rate of H.ammodendron assimilation twigs, branches of Tamarix switchgrass times, a minimum of Calligonum arborescens. Different effects of assimilating branches of different control measures on litter decomposition rates, control group of Calligonum arborescens assimilating branches, branches and branches of Tamarix ammodendron assimilation willow litter decomposition rate was 0.53 G - g-1 - G - a-1,0.94 g-1 - a-1,0.55 G - g-1 - a-1. of the control measures, the decomposition rate of sand burying 10cm three kinds of litter (0.92~1.69 G - g-1 - A-1) the highest decomposition rate of mineralization of 29.7g L-1 water irrigation (0.31~0.54 G - g-1 - A-1). The lowest sand burial (0.69~ 1.69 g g-1 A-1) irrigation cycle 7d (0.69~1.34 g, g-1 A-1), the application of phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer (0.57~1.25 G - g-1 - A-1) and fresh water irrigation (0.59~1.12 G - g-1 - A-1) significantly increased the decomposition rate of three kinds of litter decomposition rate. From the influence of litter micro environmental measures by changing litter decomposition control Rate of water is the main influencing factors. The initial N content and C/N litter lignin, the ratio of /N is mainly to control the rate of decomposition of different control measures of litter factors, initial litter nutrient content can predict better initial decomposition rate of litter decomposition, difficult substances are the main factors controlling the late decomposition rates, different control the measures of litter decomposition in each stage of the main controlling factors of difference. The decomposition process of litter 420D, effects of different control measures in the process of decomposition of migration pattern elements on litter have similarities and differences. Among them, fresh water irrigation treatment under Calligonum arborescens and Tamarix Tamarix switchgrass in assimilating shoots in the decomposition of the late show high P enrichment. Salinity water irrigation treatments of H.ammodendron assimilation twigs and multi Tamarix switchgrass the decomposition of the late show Ca enrichment. Sand buried under the treatment of Calligonum arborescens assimilating branches at the early stage of the decomposition showing a rich N Set, sand buried under 10cm treatment of three kinds of litter showed P enrichment. Nitrogen fertilizer under three kinds of litter showed N enrichment, H.ammodendron assimilation twigs showing Ca enrichment. The application of phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer treatment of Calligonum arborescens in decomposition of assimilating branches of prophase and metaphase N showed enrichment, three kinds of litter all had P and K enrichment. The irrigation cycle under the treatment of Calligonum arborescens and H.ammodendron assimilation twigs showing Mg release. Tamarix ramosissima under mulching treatment showed a willow P release; H.ammodendron assimilation twigs showing Ca enrichment. The control measures in a certain extent to element enrichment phenomenon, increase litter nutrient return the content of lignin. The decomposition process showed increasing decreasing trend, because of litter quality and control measures of the effect of decreasing inflection point at different time, Calligonum arborescens assimilating branches and multi Tamarix bowing in the late stage of decomposition lower than the initial value, sacsaoul Assimilating branches of lignin is always higher than the initial value; the cellulose content of three kinds of litter in a rising trend and is higher than the initial value. Different age of litter, 7a Calligonum arborescens and Haloxylon ammodendron assimilating branches of the decomposition rate of the highest, 15A branched Tamarix litter decomposition rate is highest. The decomposition rate of litter in different age, initial C and the content of N is the early stage of the decomposition of the main limiting factors, lignin and cellulose for the decomposition of late dominant factors. Different ages of three litter C, P, K and Mg elements were all release pattern, N element was mainly release mode, Ca elements mainly in the accumulation release mode. By age three litter the lignin content showed increasing decreasing trend, due to differences in litter types of Calligonum arborescens in assimilating shoots after 120d decomposition is lower than the initial value of H.ammodendron assimilation twigs and multi tamarisk willow is always higher than the initial value of cellulose content showed fluctuations; The increase trend and is higher than the initial value. This study shows that in the artificial forest protection desert extreme drought, litter initial chemical properties are inherent factors determine the litter decomposition rate, nutrient and moisture conditions affect the decomposition rate and nutrient return of litter. The research results not only reveal the special habitats of litter dynamics artificial protection desert forest litter, decomposition rate has important theoretical significance and nutrient cycling, and soil properties of artificial forest protection desert improvement, improve soil fertility, provide data support and scientific basis for optimizing the stability and sustainable development of protection forest management and protection measures.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：新疆大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S714

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6 姚健;喀斯特人工林凋落物特性及對土壤生態(tài)功能影響[D];南京林業(yè)大學(xué);2011年

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8 潘輝;三種相思樹人工林凋落物養(yǎng)分歸還功能及碳平衡研究[D];福建農(nóng)林大學(xué);2008年

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