本文關鍵詞：薄殼山核桃容器苗培育關鍵技術研究　出處：《南京林業(yè)大學》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

  更多相關文章： 薄殼山核桃 容器苗 育苗技術 底部滲灌 控釋肥

【摘要】：薄殼山核桃[Carya illinoensis(Wangenh.)K.Koch],為胡桃科山核桃屬植物,是世界著名干果、高檔木本油料、優(yōu)質硬闊木材樹種,集經(jīng)濟效益、社會效益和生態(tài)效益于一身,發(fā)展前景廣闊,近年來得到了迅速發(fā)展。但是當前造林及建園以裸根苗定植為主,成活率低、緩苗慢影響早期效益,嚴重制約了其種植潛力的彰顯;本文對其種子休眠特性、最適容器、基質及控根技術、苗木生長規(guī)律、底部滲灌水分管理以及控釋肥應用等關鍵技術進行研究,建立了薄殼山核桃容器苗培育技術體系。主要研究結論如下:1.研究了種殼機械阻礙、內(nèi)源抑制物質、生理后熟可能導致種子休眠的因素,以及浸種時間、GA3浸種、催芽溫度對種子萌發(fā)的影響,結果表明:完全剝除、去除胚根端種殼后,種子達到最大萌發(fā)率時間由20 d縮短到12 d左右,說明種殼對胚根的伸長具有明顯的機械阻礙。種殼夾裂種子第3 d即達到最終吸水率的85%,而完整種子第8 d僅達最大吸水率的84%,說明種殼存在一定的透水障礙。種殼夾裂種子呼吸速率顯著高于完整種子;30°C下種子呼吸速率顯著高于20°C下的呼吸速率,說明薄殼山核桃種殼存在透氣障礙,較高溫度下可得到改善。種殼由木質化石細胞層組成,表面存在一定數(shù)量的孔洞,是種子與外界進行空氣和水分交換的通道,不同品種種子間孔徑、分枝和數(shù)量的差異,造成了種子透水透氣性的不同。薄殼山核桃種殼中含有化感物質,顯著抑制雜交狼尾草種子的萌發(fā)和幼苗的生長;對自身的萌發(fā)也有抑制作用,但需要積累到一定濃度才能表現(xiàn)出來。在0~9 d、50~200 mg/L、20~37°C范圍內(nèi),延長浸水時間、增加GA3濃度、提高催芽溫度,薄殼山核桃種子發(fā)芽勢提高,但對最終發(fā)芽率無明顯影響。薄殼山核桃種子不存在胚休眠或生理后熟,不管是采收的新鮮種子,還是干藏后相對含水量較低的種子,或者經(jīng)過低溫層積處理的種子,只要果實成熟,37°C恒溫催芽8 d種子發(fā)芽率可達90%。2.研究了8種容器種類和規(guī)格組合下薄殼山核桃容器苗生長的情況,相關性分析表明,各生長參數(shù)呈顯著或極顯著相關性,單一指標不能反映苗木的生長狀況;采用主成分分析和隸屬函數(shù)值法綜合評價認為,生產(chǎn)中可以薄的美植袋作為育苗容器。研究了容器規(guī)格、基質配方、切根比例對苗木生長的影響,多因素方差分析表明,3個影響因子具有交互效應,以15 cm×25 cm或10 cm×30 cm(成本更低)容器、體積比3:1的泥炭和珍珠巖基質、胚根長至6 cm時切去1/2的組合,對容器苗生長最好。3.研究了薄殼山核桃1年生容器苗的生長規(guī)律,結果表明,苗高生長和地徑生長均呈雙S形曲線,一年有兩次生長高峰,生長具有交替性,高生長集中在生長前期、生長后期以地徑生長為主。根系生長也有兩次生長高峰,生長初期以主根伸長為主,生長后期以主根增粗、側根發(fā)育為主,且主根伸長總是出現(xiàn)在苗高生長高峰之前。地上部和地下部生長具有密切聯(lián)系,且具有交替性。研究了葉面噴施、莖干涂抹KT和GA3對薄殼山核桃容器苗增粗效應,結果表明,所有處理均促進了苗木的粗生長,以葉面噴施200 mg/L GA3和50 mg/LKT促進容器苗地徑生長和葉面積增大效果最佳;莖干涂抹促長結果顯著低于葉面噴施,且隨濃度增加側芽出現(xiàn)伸長和畸形現(xiàn)象。4.研究了薄殼山核桃容器苗的耐水性,結果表明,淹水30 d,薄殼山核桃幼苗葉片開始變黃,出現(xiàn)少量褐色斑點,葉綠體進一步腫脹變圓,嗜鋨顆粒數(shù)量增加,片層結構開始松散,但無質壁分離現(xiàn)象;而干旱30 d,葉綠體結構完全破壞,大部分細胞器已經(jīng)破壞溶解,質壁完全分離。研究了底部滲灌技術的應用及適應機制,結果表明,底部滲灌比上方噴灌節(jié)水62%,水分利用效率提高193%;苗木的營養(yǎng)生長、光合指標以及養(yǎng)分積累顯著提高,苗高、地徑分別提高11.7%和41.5%;根系中N增加53.8%、K增加100%,莖干中N增加35.3%、P增加48.3%,葉片中N、P、K分別增加48.7%、117.2%、28.7%。底部滲灌下苗木仍能保持較高水平的根系活力;隨苗木的生長進程,根系SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)、POD(過氧化物酶)和CAT(過氧化氫酶)保護酶活性均表現(xiàn)出先上升后下降的趨勢,說明苗木通過提高根系中保護酶的活性消除傷害,不斷適應根系環(huán)境。5.對控釋肥處理后薄殼山核桃容器苗生長指標進行主成分分析,并利用隸屬函數(shù)值法綜合評價,6 g/L的APEX19-6-12處理的中苗木綜合評價值最高。控釋肥處理顯著促進了苗木可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、淀粉的積累和葉綠素相對含量的提高;隨著施肥濃度增加營養(yǎng)物質積累增加,但高濃度(10 g/L)的APEX19-6-12處理顯著抑制了營養(yǎng)物質的積累、降低了葉綠素相對含量,其中6 g/L的APEX19-6-12處理下苗木營養(yǎng)物質積累和葉綠素相對含量最高�？蒯尫侍幚砗蟮V質元素含量和在各器官中的分配規(guī)律不同,N(氮)、Ca(鈣)含量均與肥料配方和施肥濃度相關,相同濃度下APEX19-6-12處理的苗木營養(yǎng)元素含量高于APEX 14-14-14處理;K(鉀)含量僅受控釋肥配方影響;Mg(鎂)含量則既不受配方影響也不受施用濃度的影響。除了K外,其它三種元素在植株各器官中的分配均不受控釋肥配方的影響。
[Abstract]:Pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) K.Koch], for Juglandaceae walnut plants, is the world famous fruit, high-grade woody oil, high-quality hardwood timber species, in economic benefits, social benefits and ecological benefits in a broad prospects for development, has been developed rapidly in recent years. But the current afforestation and garden to bare root colonization, the seedling survival rate is low, slow effect of early benefit, seriously restricted the cultivation potential highlight; the dormancy of the seeds, the most suitable container, matrix and root control technology, seedling growth rhythm, the bottom of the irrigation water management and Research on key technology of control release fertilizer application, set up technical system of Pecan seedling cultivation container. The main conclusions are as follows: 1. research on the shell mechanical obstruction, endogenous inhibitory substance, physiological after ripening possible causes of seed dormancy, and seed soaking time, GA3 soaking, germination Effect of temperature on seed germination, the results showed that completely removal, removal of radiculodium shell, the maximum germination time was shortened from 20 d to about 12 d seeds, that kind of radicle elongation shell has obvious mechanical resistance. Shell crack clip third D seeds reach the water absorption rate of 85%. Complete eighth seed d only reached the maximum water absorption rate of 84%, that kind of housing exist certain barriers. A permeable shell clamp crack seed respiration rate was significantly higher than that of intact seeds; the seed rate of breathing under 30 ~ C was significantly higher than 20 DEG C respiration rate and that of pecan shell in high temperature air barrier can be improved. A shell from the wooden fossil cell layer composition, surface voids of a certain number of seeds of air and moisture exchange channel with the outside world, the seeds of different varieties of aperture, difference and number of branches, causing seed permeability Different. Contains Allelochemicals of pecan shell, hybrid Pennisetum significantly inhibited the seed germination and seedling growth; also has inhibitory effect on the germination, but need to be accumulated to a certain concentration can be shown. In 0~9 D, 50~200 mg/L, 20~37 ~ C range, long soaking time, increase the concentration of GA3, improve the germination temperature, pecan seed germination potential increased, but had no significant effect on final germination rate. Pecan seed dormancy does not exist or whether it is physiological after ripening, fresh seed harvesting, or dry storage after the relative water content of lower seed, or after cold stratification of seeds if the fruit is ripe, at 37 C for 8 d germination seed germination rate of 90%.2. of 8 container types and specifications under the combination of Pecan container seedlings growth, the correlation analysis showed that significant or highly significant phase growth parameters The correlation of the single index can not reflect the growth status of seedlings; by using principal component analysis and subordinate function value method evaluation that can thin the plant bag as seedling container production. The container size, matrix formula, root cutting ratio impact on seedling growth, multivariate variance analysis showed that 3 factors have the interaction effect, with 15 cm * 25 cm or 10 cm * 30 cm (lower cost) container, the volume ratio of 3:1 of peat and perlite, radicle length cut 1/2 to the combination of 6 cm, the best.3. container seedling growth of 1 year old container seedling growth rule, pecan research results show that the seedling height growth and diameter growth showed a double S curve, two times a year growth peak, with alternating growth, high growth is concentrated in the early growth stage, growth stage to diameter growth. Root growth also has two growth peak, early growth in root elongation The main growth period to taproot thickening, lateral root growth, and root elongation always occurred before the peak. The height of seedling growth of aboveground and underground are closely related, and has alternate. Of foliar stem, with KT and GA3 thickening effect on pecan container seedlings. The results showed that all treatments promoted the growth of seedlings with coarse, spraying 200 mg/L GA3 and 50 mg/LKT to promote the container seedling ground diameter growth and leaf area increase the best effect; stem smear growth were significantly lower than that of spraying, and with the increasing of concentration of lateral resistance, pecan container seedlings appear elongation and abnormal phenomenon.4. results showed that 30 d of waterlogging, Pecan seedling leaves turn yellow, small brown spots, chloroplast further swollen osmiophilic granules increased, lamellar structure began to loose, but no plasmolysis now Like; while the drought of 30 d, the chloroplast structure was completely destroyed, the majority of the organelles have been destroyed completely dissolved, plasmolysis. On the bottom of infiltration irrigation technology application and adaptation mechanism, results show that the bottom Irrigation irrigation ratio above 62%, the water use efficiency increased by 193%; the vegetative growth of seedlings, photosynthetic indexes and nutrient the accumulation significantly increased, seedling height, ground diameter increased by 11.7% and 41.5% respectively; the root N increased 53.8%, K increased 100%, stem N increased 35.3%, P increased by 48.3%, leaf N, P, K were increased by 48.7%, 117.2%, at the bottom of the 28.7%. irrigation under the seedlings can still maintain higher root activity level with the growth process; seedling, root SOD (superoxide dismutase), POD (peroxidase) and CAT (catalase) protective enzyme activity showed a downward trend after the first rise, that by increasing the root seedlings protection enzyme activity to eliminate the harm, and constantly adapt to the root Department of environmental.5. on the principal component analysis of growth index of Pecan container seedlings of controlled-release fertilizer treatment, and a comprehensive evaluation method of subordinate function value by 6 g/L APEX19-6-12 treated seedlings in comprehensive evaluation value is the highest. The CRF treatment significantly promoted seedling soluble sugar, soluble protein, starch accumulation and chlorophyll relative content increased; with fertilizer concentration increased nutrient accumulation, but high concentration (10 g/L) APEX19-6-12 treatment significantly inhibited the accumulation of nutrients, reducing the relative content of chlorophyll, which APEX19-6-12 6 g/L the accumulation and chlorophyll of seedlings under nutrient content. The highest relative content of mineral elements controlled release fertilizer and distribution the law in different organs in different N (n), Ca (CA) were associated with manure and fertilizer concentration, seedling APEX19-6-12 treatment under the same concentration camp the nutrient content is high In APEX 14-14-14 treatment, K (potassium) content was controlled only by controlled release fertilizer formula; Mg (mg) content was neither affected by formula nor affected by application concentration. Besides K, the other three elements in plant organs were not controlled by fertilizer release formula.

【學位授予單位】：南京林業(yè)大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：S664.1

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