本文關(guān)鍵詞：葡萄園配方施肥及鎘污染植物修復(fù)研究　出處：《四川農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 葡萄 配方施肥 超富集植物改良 鎘 植物修復(fù)

【摘要】：四川葡萄產(chǎn)業(yè)近幾年發(fā)展迅猛,目前種植面積近4萬公頃,產(chǎn)量50余萬噸,效益約40億元,葡萄產(chǎn)業(yè)已成為四川農(nóng)民增收致富的主導(dǎo)產(chǎn)業(yè),四川地區(qū)也已成為全國優(yōu)質(zhì)、高效和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化栽培示范樣板。但是,由于生產(chǎn)上部分葡萄園功能葉黃化現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重、長期存在重化肥輕有機肥、重氮磷肥輕鉀肥、重大量元素輕微量元素、未按需施肥、施肥方法不當(dāng)以及‘工業(yè)三廢’、肥料、農(nóng)藥殘留積累導(dǎo)致土壤鎘污染等問題,使得果品安全、質(zhì)量日趨下降。因此亟需進行本研究,為葡萄產(chǎn)業(yè)節(jié)本增效、提質(zhì)增效、環(huán)境友好和土壤鎘修復(fù)提供理論依據(jù)和技術(shù)支撐。研究以四川省眉山市彭山區(qū)觀音鎮(zhèn)‘香悅’葡萄為試材,研究配方施肥及黃化防治對試驗園土壤理化性質(zhì)、葡萄品質(zhì)及經(jīng)濟效益的影響,根據(jù)得到的最優(yōu)配方,研制專用配方肥,進行田間試驗。此外,針對葡萄園土壤鎘污染的修復(fù)問題,利用土施用超富集植物秸稈、噴施脫落酸、嫁接、不同生態(tài)型超富集植物雜交等方法研究了超富集植物改良修復(fù)葡萄園土壤鎘污染的能力。本研究為葡萄優(yōu)質(zhì)高效、節(jié)支增收及果園生態(tài)環(huán)境可持續(xù)發(fā)展提供科學(xué)的指導(dǎo),對葡萄乃至其它水果安全、優(yōu)質(zhì)、高效和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化生產(chǎn)具有重要的科學(xué)意義和應(yīng)用價值。通過本試驗研究得到如下結(jié)果：1.以產(chǎn)量1500kg/畝、TSS大于17.5%、單穗重0.75-1.0kg為目標(biāo),根據(jù)土壤本底值及葡萄需肥規(guī)律,設(shè)計不同施肥配方,研究確定了可用于四川葡萄園的最佳施肥配方,即每畝秋季施干雞糞1000kg+過磷酸鈣100kg、萌芽肥施尿素39-41kg+速效硼6kg、壯果肥施磷酸一銨35-37kg+尿素10kg、著色肥施硫酸鉀67kg,可顯著改善土壤理化性質(zhì)、提高葡萄果實品質(zhì)和經(jīng)濟效益。能有效調(diào)節(jié)土壤pH,分別提高有機質(zhì)含量、土壤孔隙度14.94～31.10%、1.46～2.03%,降低土壤容重7.02-8.19%,土壤全氮、速效氮、全磷、有效磷處于較高水平,全鉀、有效鉀處于中等水平,為葡萄生長提供大量氮素的同時切實改變了土壤長期磷偏少、鉀嚴(yán)重缺乏、其它微量元素不足的現(xiàn)狀；葡萄果實綜合品質(zhì)最好,著色均勻,TSS、總糖、固酸比分別高于對照13.69-14.54%、9.41～18.72%、16.34～23.78%(對照的TSS、總糖、固酸比分別為17.10%、12.27%、35.07)；年投入成本降低930-980元/667m2,年經(jīng)濟效益增加3930～3980元/667m2,增收顯著。2.針對葡萄功能葉黃化的問題開展了營養(yǎng)診斷分析,確診了缺鎂是黃化的主要原因。通過單獨補充(設(shè)5kg、7.5kg和10kg三個水平)和混合補充(總量設(shè)5kg、7.5kg和10kg三個水平)鎂、鐵、鋅、錳,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),單獨補鎂、鐵、鋅、錳對葉片黃化有一定抑制作用,葡萄果實品質(zhì)有一定程度提高,其中以每667m2單獨施硫酸鎂10kg或檸檬酸鐵5kg或硫酸鋅5kg或硫酸錳5kg效果最好,且單獨施用以上元素的效果優(yōu)于混合施用；通過對處理后葉片和土壤中元素含量分析發(fā)現(xiàn),該園鎂元素依然處于較低水平,其它元素含量正常,可在以后施肥過程中繼續(xù)添加鎂元素。3.根據(jù)上述結(jié)果研制出中熟葡萄專用配方肥,即每畝秋季施干雞糞1000kg+過磷酸鈣100kg、萌芽肥施脲銨氮肥(含尿素68%,硫酸銨22%,硼砂10%)50kg、壯果肥施含腐殖酸水溶肥(含磷酸一銨54.5%,尿素14.5%,腐植酸14%,硫酸鎂14%,EDTA鋅1.5%,ED TA鐵1.5%)70kg、著色肥施硫酸鉀67kg,可顯著改善土壤理化性質(zhì)和葡萄果實品質(zhì)。土壤pH在適宜范圍內(nèi),土壤有機質(zhì)含量、·孔隙度分別高于對照14.07～22.63%、4.98～5.02%,土壤容重降低了7.65～10.59%；全氮、速效氮分別比對照低了0.52～0.65 g/kg、35.70～37.08 mg/kg,全磷、全鉀、速效磷、速效鉀分別顯著高于對照0.13～0.15g/kg、1.28～4.42 g/kg、5.15～7.96 mg/kg、10.01～25.93 mg/kg,交換性鈣、鎂無顯著變化；著色優(yōu)于對照,TSS、總糖、固酸比、糖酸比分別顯著高于對照11.63-17.31%、10.98-13.22%、11.65-24.58%、12.31～12.54%(對照的TSS、總糖、固酸比、糖酸比分別為17.12%、13.15%、36.43、27.98)；年投入減少950～1050元／667m2,年效益增加3950～4050元/667m2,經(jīng)濟效益十分顯著。4.將鎘超富集植物少花龍葵、紅果黃鵪菜、鬼針草和宧薟秸稈施入人工鎘污染的葡萄園土壤并種植鎘超富集植物牛膝菊,研究了超富集植物秸稈對牛膝菊鎘積累的影響。結(jié)果表明,土壤施用紅果黃鵪菜秸稈提高了牛膝菊的生物量及抗氧化酶活性,其中,地上部分生物量、SOD活性、POD活性及CAT活性分別較未施用提高了7.33%、3.66%、19.12%和13.10%；而其它三種超富集植物秸稈降低了牛膝菊的生物量及抗氧化酶活性。紅果黃鵪菜秸稈和鬼針草秸稈提高了牛膝菊地上部分鎘提取量,分別為112.28和95.88μg/株,分別較未施用提高了23.11%和6.07%,其余兩種超富集植物秸稈降低了牛膝菊地上部分鎘積累。因此,土壤施用紅果黃鵪菜秸稈和鬼針草秸稈能夠有效提高牛膝菊的鎘修復(fù)能力,其中以紅果黃鵪菜秸稈優(yōu)于鬼針草秸稈。5.通過不同濃度梯度的ABA (0～40 μmol/L)處理兩種生態(tài)型(礦山和農(nóng)田)少花龍葵,研究了ABA對少花龍葵鎘積累的影響,結(jié)果表明,施用不同濃度的ABA均能不同程度地提高兩種生態(tài)型少花龍葵的生物量、鎘含量及鎘提取量。隨著ABA濃度的增加,兩種生態(tài)型少花龍葵的生物量呈增加趨勢,但地上部分鎘含量及鎘積累量呈先增后降的趨勢。其中,施用20 μmol/L ABA使兩種生態(tài)型少花龍葵地上部分的鎘含量及鎘提取量達到最大值,礦山生態(tài)型少花龍葵地上部分的鎘含量及鎘提取量分別為47.22ng/kg和569.42μg／株,分別較其對照提高了33.92%和63.94%；農(nóng)田生態(tài)型少花龍葵地上部分的鎘含量及鎘提取量分別為38.41 mg/kg和520.51μg/plant,分別較其對照提高了24.71%和42.60%。因此,20 μmol/L ABA是提高少花龍葵修復(fù)鎘污染葡萄園能力的最佳濃度。6.采用不同砧木對少花龍葵進行嫁接(未嫁接、茄砧木、馬鈴薯砧木和番茄砧木),研究了初步試驗和驗證試驗條件下,種間嫁接對少花龍葵后代鎘積累的影響。結(jié)果表明,番茄砧木嫁接提高了少花龍葵后代的生物量、鎘含量及鎘提取量,初步試驗和驗證試驗的地上部分生物量分別較未嫁接提高了5.95%和6.38%,地上部分鎘含量分別較未嫁接提高了5.68%和9.28%,地上部分鎘提取量分別較未嫁接提高了11.96%和16.24%；其余兩種砧木嫁接對少花龍葵后代的這些指標(biāo)影響不明顯,甚至有所降低。因而嫁接技術(shù)可以用于提高少花龍葵后代的葡萄園土壤鎘修復(fù)能力,其中番茄砧木效果最好。7.將兩種氣候生態(tài)區(qū)眉山市彭山區(qū)(盆西中亞熱帶多春夏旱區(qū))和雅安市雨城區(qū)(盆西山地中亞熱帶一寒帶區(qū))的龍葵進行正反雜交,研究了初步試驗和驗證試驗條件下,雜交對龍葵F1鎘積累的影響。結(jié)果表明,眉山(親本)的龍葵生物量、鎘含量、鎘提取量均要高于雅安(親本)。正反雜交的龍葵F1的生物量及鎘提取量均高于親本,表現(xiàn)出超親優(yōu)勢,但鎘含量均低于親本,表現(xiàn)出雜種弱勢。在驗證試驗中,眉山(父本)的龍葵F1的地上部分生物量分別比眉山(親本)和雅安(親本)提高了23.75%和49.01%,地上部分鎘提取量分別比眉山(親本)和雅安(親本)提高了4.14%和36.74%；雅安(父本)的龍葵F1的地上部分生物量分別比眉山(親本)和雅安(親本)提高了24.13%和49.47%,地上部分鎘提取量分別比眉山(親本)和雅安(親本)提高了8.59%和42.58%。此外,眉山(父本)龍葵的生物量、鎘含量、鎘提取量均低于雅安(父本)。因此,不同氣候生態(tài)區(qū)的龍葵進行雜交可以提高龍葵對葡萄園鎘污染土壤的修復(fù)能力,且用鎘提取量高的氣候生態(tài)區(qū)的龍葵作為母本進行雜交產(chǎn)生的Fl比用鎘提取量低的氣候生態(tài)區(qū)的龍葵作為母本進行雜交產(chǎn)生的F1的鎘修復(fù)能力更好。
[Abstract]:Sichuan grape industry is developing rapidly in recent years, the planting area of nearly 40 thousand hectares, yield more than 50 tons, profit of about 4 billion yuan, the grape industry has become the leading industry of Sichuan farmers, Sichuan area has become a national high-quality, efficient and standardized cultivation demonstration model. However, due to leaf Chlorosis on the part of grape production park function serious, long-term heavy fertilizer than organic fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer and potassium light weight, great amount of light elements and trace elements, not according to the needs of fertilization, improper fertilization and "industrial wastes", caused by the accumulation of fertilizer, soil cadmium pollution problems such as pesticide residues, the decline of the quality of fruit safety, so this study. Need for the grape industry, high efficiency, quality and efficiency, and provide a theoretical basis and technical support for environmental friendly and soil Cd repair. Research on Meishan city in Sichuan Province town of Guanyin "Pengshan Hong Yue" grape The test material, study on fertilization and prevention of yellowing orchard soil physicochemical properties, affecting the quality and economic benefits of grapes, according to the optimal formula, preparation of special fertilizer, a field experiment was carried out. In addition, aiming at the problem of repairing cadmium polluted soil of the vineyard soil, using hyperaccumulator straw, application of abscisic acid. Grafting of different ecotypes of hyperaccumulator hybrid method to study the ability of hyperaccumulator remediation vineyard soil cadmium pollution. This research is of high quality grapes, and provide scientific guidance to increase savings and sustainable development of the ecological environment of orchard, grape and other fruit quality, safe, efficient and standardized production has important scientific significance and the application value. The results are as follows: 1. through the experiment to yield 1500kg/ mu TSS is greater than 17.5%, single panicle weight 0.75-1.0kg as the goal, according to the background value of soil and grape Fertilizer demand law also, the design of different fertilization formulas, can be used for research to determine the Optimal Fertilization Formula of Sichuan vineyards, namely the application of dry chicken manure per mu in autumn 1000kg+ superphosphate 100kg, bud fertilizer urea 39-41kg+ available boron 6kg, strong fruit fertilizer ammonium phosphate 35-37kg+ urea 10kg, coloring fertilizer potassium sulfate 67kg, can significantly improve the soil the physicochemical properties, improve fruit quality and economic benefits. Can effectively regulate the soil pH, organic matter content increased respectively, soil porosity 14.94 ~ 31.10%, 1.46 ~ 2.03% 7.02-8.19%, reduce soil bulk density, soil total nitrogen, available nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus at a high level, total potassium, available potassium in the medium level, provide at the same time large amounts of nitrogen for grape growth to change the long-term soil phosphorus potassium is less, a serious lack of status of other trace elements deficiency; comprehensive quality of grape fruit best, color uniform, TSS, total sugar, the ratio of solid acid Were higher than the control 13.69-14.54%, 9.41 ~ 18.72%, 16.34 ~ 23.78% (control TSS, total sugar, soluble solid acid ratio were 17.10%, 12.27%, 35.07); annual cost reduced by 930-980 yuan /667m2, the annual economic benefit increased by 3930~3980 yuan /667m2,.2. in grape leaves significantly increase yellowing of nutrition diagnosis analysis the diagnosis of magnesium deficiency is the main cause of yellowing. By supplementation alone (5kg, 7.5kg and 10kg three levels) and mixed supplement (total 5kg, 7.5kg and 10kg three levels of magnesium, iron, zinc), manganese, found that magnesium supplementation alone, iron, zinc, manganese has inhibitory effect on yellow leaves, fruit quality is improved to a certain degree, in which each 667m2 only application of Magnesium Sulfate 10kg or 5kg of ferric citrate or zinc sulfate or manganese sulfate 5kg 5kg has the best effect, and the separate application of the above elements is better than mixed application; the treated leaves and soil Analysis of magnesium element content, the park is still at a low level, the contents of other elements can be normal, after the fertilization process to add magnesium.3. according to the above results developed in the ripe grape special fertilizer, namely the application of dry chicken manure per mu in autumn 1000kg+ superphosphate 100kg, bud fertilizer (urea ammonium chloride containing urea 68%. 22% ammonium sulfate, borax 10%) 50kg, strong fruit fertilizer containing humic acid water soluble fertilizer (containing ammonium phosphate 54.5%, urea 14.5%, humic acid 14%, Magnesium Sulfate 14%, EDTA 1.5% ED TA 1.5% zinc, iron) 70kg, colored fertilizer potassium sulfate 67kg, can significantly improve the soil physicochemical properties and quality of grape fruit pH. The soil in the suitable range of soil organic matter content and porosity were higher than that of the control in 14.07 ~ 22.63%, 4.98 ~ 5.02%, soil bulk density decreased by 7.65 ~ 10.59%; total nitrogen, available nitrogen were lower than the control 0.52 g/kg ~ 0.65, 35.70 ~ 37.08 mg/kg, total phosphorus, total potassium, Available phosphorus and available potassium were significantly higher than those in the control of 0.13 ~ 0.15g/kg, 1.28 ~ 4.42 g/kg, mg/kg 5.15 ~ 7.96, 10.01 ~ 25.93 mg/kg, exchangeable calcium, magnesium had no significant change; color than the control, TSS, total sugar, the ratio of solid acid, sugar acid ratio were significantly higher than the control 11.63-17.31%, 10.98-13.22%, 11.65-24.58%, 12.31 (~ 12.54% TSS of the control, the total sugar, the ratio of solid acid, sugar acid ratio were 17.12%, 13.15%, 36.43,27.98); annual investment by 950 ~ 1050 yuan / 667m2, the annual benefit increased by 3950 to 4050 yuan /667m2,.4. will have significant economic benefits over cadmium enrichment plant of Solanum photeinocarpum, youngia erythrocarpa, and patience of straw application into slices of Bidens artificial Cd contaminated soil and planted vineyards CD hyperaccumulator Galinsoga, studied the effect of hyperaccumulator straw on Galinsoga cadmium accumulation. The results showed that soil youngia erythrocarpa straw increased the biomass of Achyranthes bidentata and antioxidant The activity, the aboveground biomass, SOD activity, POD activity and CAT activity were not increased the 7.33%, 3.66%, 19.12% and 13.10%; and the other three hyperaccumulator straw biomass decreased and the activity of antioxidant enzymes of Achyranthes bidentata. Youngia erythrocarpa straw and straw increased the Bidens Galinsoga on CD, were 112.28 and 95.88 respectively compared with the g/ strain, without application increased by 23.11% and 6.07%, the remaining two kinds of straw reduced cadmium hyperaccumulator part of Achyranthes bidentata on accumulation. Therefore, soil youngia erythrocarpa straw and straw Bidens can effectively improve the repair ability of cadmium Achyranthes chrysanthemum, which youngia erythrocarpa is better than that of straw stalk.5. Bidens by different concentration gradient of ABA (0 ~ 40 mol/L) treatment of two ecotypes (mines and farmland) of Solanum photeinocarpum, studied the effect of ABA on less accumulation of Long Kuige, The results show that the biomass of different concentrations of ABA significantly increased the two ecotypes of Solanum photeinocarpum, cadmium and cadmium extraction capacity. With the increase of ABA concentration, the biomass of two ecotypes of Solanum photeinocarpum showed an increase trend, but on the content of cadmium and cadmium content was first increased after the trend of decreasing. Among them, the application of 20 mol/L ABA to two ecotypes of part of the amount of cadmium and cadmium extraction of Solanum photeinocarpum to reach the maximum, the amount of cadmium and cadmium extraction mining ecotype of Solanum photeinocarpum ground were 47.22ng/kg and 569.42 g / plant, respectively compared to the control increased by 33.92% and the 63.94% part of the content; amount of cadmium and cadmium extraction of farmland ecological Solanum photeinocarpum ground for 38.41 mg/kg and 520.51 g/plant respectively, compared with the control increased by 24.71% and 20 mol/L ABA 42.60%. therefore, is to improve the Solanum photeinocarpum remediation of cadmium contaminated vineyard The optimal concentration of.6. capacity with Different Rootstock grafting on Solanum photeinocarpum (non grafted eggplant, potato and tomato rootstock, rootstock, rootstock) on the preliminary test and verification test conditions, interspecific grafting effects on cadmium accumulation of Solanum photeinocarpum offspring. The results showed that tomato rootstock grafting increased the biomass of Solanum photeinocarpum later, cadmium and cadmium extraction, preliminary test and validation test of aboveground biomass compared with the non grafted increased by 5.95% and 6.38%, on the part of the cadmium content respectively compared with the non grafted increased by 5.68% and 9.28%, on the part of CD compared with the non grafted increased by 11.96% and 16.24%; the impact of these the index of Solanum photeinocarpum offspring of the remaining two kinds of grafting stocks is not obvious, or even decreased. So the grafting technique can be used to improve the soil cadmium vineyard repair ability of Solanum photeinocarpum offspring, including the effect of Tomato Rootstocks The.7. will be two climate ecological area in Meishan District of Pengshan city (West Basin in the subtropical arid regions and multi spring and summer) in Yucheng District of Ya'an city (West in a subtropical mountain basin boreal area) reciprocal crosses of Solanum nigrum, studied preliminary testing and verification of test conditions, effect of hybridization on Cadmium accumulation of Solanum F1. The results showed that Meishan (parent) of Solanum nigrum biomass, contents of cadmium, cadmium extraction amount was higher than that of Ya'an (parent). Biomass and CD and hybridization of Solanum F1 was higher than that of parent, showed over parent heterosis, but the content of CD was lower than the parent showed hybrid weakness. In the test, Meishan (the male parent) and Solanum F1 aboveground biomass were higher than Meishan (parent) and Ya'an (parent) increased by 23.75% and 49.01%, respectively, on the part of CD than Meishan (parent) and Ya'an (parent) increased by 4.14% and 36.74%; Ya'an (male parent) of Solanum F1 on the part of The biomass were higher than Meishan (parent) and Ya'an (parent) increased by 24.13% and 49.47%, respectively, on the part of CD than Meishan (parent) and Ya'an (parent) increased by 8.59% and 42.58%. in Meishan (male parent) biomass, Solanum nigrum contents of cadmium, cadmium extraction amount was lower than that of Ya'an (male) therefore, different climate areas can improve the repair ability of Solanum nigrum hybrid Solanum nigrum on vineyard soil polluted by cadmium and cadmium extraction, ecological and climatic zones of a high amount of Solanum nigrum used as female parent in hybrid Fl produced by low cadmium extraction than climate ecological regions of Solanum nigrum and used as female parent in hybrid produced by F1 CD repair ability is better.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：四川農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：X53;S663.1

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