本文關(guān)鍵詞：冬小麥貯墑旱作產(chǎn)量形成與水氮利用特征　出處：《中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2017年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 貯墑旱作 冬小麥 夏玉米 產(chǎn)量 水氮利用效率

【摘要】：在華北水資源限制地區(qū),減少冬小麥灌溉對(duì)降低地下水超采具有重要意義�，F(xiàn)行推廣的小麥節(jié)水栽培技術(shù)春季灌溉1-2次(春灌量75-150 mm),為進(jìn)一步減少灌溉量,我們提出了"貯墑旱作"栽培模式,即播前貯足底墑、生育期內(nèi)不再灌溉。目前這一模式的技術(shù)已開始示范應(yīng)用,但對(duì)其產(chǎn)量形成和水氮利用特點(diǎn)及機(jī)理尚需要深入探明。本研究在河北地下水超采區(qū)冬小麥-夏玉米兩熟種植體系下,通過設(shè)置冬小麥貯墑旱作和節(jié)水灌溉(春灌2水)兩種模式的比較試驗(yàn)以及不同播前貯墑量、施氮量和不同品種對(duì)貯墑旱作的影響等試驗(yàn),系統(tǒng)考察了貯墑旱作栽培的群體動(dòng)態(tài)、源庫性能、產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成、耗水規(guī)律、氮素利用等特征,綜合分析了其產(chǎn)量、效率和效益潛力。主要結(jié)果如下:(1)貯墑旱作模式的冬小麥產(chǎn)量低于春灌2水模式,主要是降低了群體總粒數(shù)和生物產(chǎn)量,但花前貯藏物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)及其對(duì)籽粒貢獻(xiàn)率明顯增加、千粒重提高,仍可獲得6500 kg hm-2以上產(chǎn)量水平,冬小麥-夏玉米全年貯墑旱作產(chǎn)量達(dá)17000 kg hm-2以上。連續(xù)3年貯墑旱作冬小麥產(chǎn)量為6694-7432 kg·hm-2,平均產(chǎn)量比春灌2水模式減少16.6%。春季不灌溉降低了莖蘗成穗率,導(dǎo)致穗數(shù)減少;降低了開花期生物量,導(dǎo)致穗粒數(shù)減少;縮小了個(gè)體株型,降低了群體葉面積指數(shù)。但提高了群體穗葉比和粒葉比,庫/源比值增大,促進(jìn)了花前營(yíng)養(yǎng)器官中存儲(chǔ)物質(zhì)向籽粒的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),提高了籽粒灌漿速度,使千粒重明顯增加。在周年冬小麥-夏玉米兩熟種植體系中,冬小麥貯墑旱作的開花和成熟期提早,讓出5-7天光溫資源給夏玉米,有利于玉米穩(wěn)產(chǎn)增產(chǎn),使全年產(chǎn)量維持豐產(chǎn)水平。通過增加基本苗以增加穗數(shù),貯墑旱作小麥的產(chǎn)量可進(jìn)一步增加。(2)貯墑旱作冬小麥免去了生育期灌溉,顯著降低總耗水量,麥?zhǔn)蘸篁v出了較大土壤庫容存儲(chǔ)夏季降水,提高了周年水分利用效率。貯墑旱作冬小麥耗水來源是生育期降水和土壤貯水,播前貯足墑,常年播后至拔節(jié)前不會(huì)出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重水分虧缺,耗水土層主要在中上層,拔節(jié)后下層耗水增加,到成熟期2米土體通體耗水。3年平均對(duì)土壤貯水的消耗量占總耗水量67%,顯著高于春灌2水處理(35%)。與春灌處理相比,貯墑旱作小麥對(duì)土壤貯水的消耗量增加了 99 mm,總耗水量減少了 52 mm,水分利用效率無顯著差異,均達(dá)到1.8 kg·m-3以上。在周年冬小麥-夏玉米兩熟種植體系中,貯墑旱作冬小麥?zhǔn)斋@后2 m 土體水分庫容多增加了 99 mm,夏季多存儲(chǔ)降水63 mm,使全年蒸散量減少了 115 mm,并使夏玉米水分利用效率提高15.8%,全年水分利用效率提高5.2%。(3)貯墑旱作冬小麥降低了拔節(jié)后對(duì)氮素的吸收強(qiáng)度,降低了植株總吸氮量,但提高了氮素收獲指數(shù)和氮素利用效率。與春灌2水相比,在同樣的施氮量下,貯墑旱作小麥平均總吸氮量降低25.7%,拔節(jié)后的吸氮量及其所占總吸氮比例顯著降低,但氮素的物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)效率顯著提高;籽粒氮素來自花后吸收的比例減小,但來自花前貯藏氮素轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的比例增加,使植株氮收獲指數(shù)顯著提高,籽粒氮濃度維持穩(wěn)定。貯墑旱作小麥的氮肥偏生產(chǎn)力較低,但氮素利用效率顯著較高。在周年冬小麥-夏玉米兩熟種植體系中,冬小麥貯墑旱作降低了后茬夏玉米的氮素吸收,也提高了夏玉米氮收獲指數(shù)和氮素利用效率,使全年氮利用效率顯著提高。(4)貯墑旱作冬小麥在中等施氮量(225 kg hm-2)下可獲得高產(chǎn)和高水氮利用效率的協(xié)調(diào)。貯墑旱作冬小麥實(shí)行一次性施肥(底肥),在180-270 kg hm-2施氮范圍內(nèi),增施氮肥,提高了生物產(chǎn)量,但收獲指數(shù)穩(wěn)定;增加了總粒數(shù),但千粒重穩(wěn)定;提高了籽粒產(chǎn)量,但中氮(225 kg hm-2)和高氮(270kghm-2)處理差異不顯著;增加了氮素吸收量,但氮利用效率穩(wěn)定,氮收獲指數(shù)下降,氮肥偏生產(chǎn)率顯著下降;增加了總耗水量,但水分利用效率穩(wěn)定。綜合協(xié)調(diào)產(chǎn)量和水氮利用效率,以中等施氮量(225 kg hm-2)為佳。(5)貯墑旱作栽培播前2m土體最適貯墑量為田間持水量的85-90%,此貯墑量可獲得最高產(chǎn)量和水分利用效率。黑龍江低平原區(qū)中壤土 2 m 土體最大貯水量可達(dá)700 mm,有效貯水量可達(dá)445 mm,播前不同貯墑量試驗(yàn)表明,隨2m 土體土壤相對(duì)含水量增加,小麥產(chǎn)量和總耗水量均增加,在土壤相對(duì)含水量達(dá)90%時(shí)小麥產(chǎn)量已達(dá)最大,在土壤相對(duì)含水量達(dá)85%時(shí)小麥水分利用效率達(dá)最高。土壤相對(duì)含水量低于80%時(shí)不能獲得6000 kg hm-2以上產(chǎn)量,但土壤相對(duì)含水量超過90%時(shí)無效耗水量增加,水分利用效率降低。(6)適應(yīng)貯墑旱作栽培的高產(chǎn)高水效品種,其共同特征表現(xiàn)為群體容穗量大、穗粒數(shù)適中、千粒重和收獲指數(shù)較高。所選19個(gè)品種在貯墑旱作條件下的平均產(chǎn)量為6733 kg hm-2,但品種間產(chǎn)量和水分利用效率有顯著差異,高產(chǎn)高水效品種特征表現(xiàn)為:株高中等,穗數(shù)多,穗粒數(shù)適中,群體庫容量較大,單株葉面積較小,群體葉面積指數(shù)較高,非葉綠色器官面積適中,穗葉比、粒葉比高;籽粒生長(zhǎng)前中期冠層衰老速度較慢,但后期衰老速度較快,灌漿強(qiáng)度較高,千粒重和收獲指數(shù)明顯較高。綜合研究認(rèn)為,貯墑旱作模式在足墑播種基礎(chǔ)上免去了生育期灌溉(休灌),大幅度減少了灌溉用水,同時(shí)簡(jiǎn)化了作業(yè)管理,是一種適度豐產(chǎn)和節(jié)水高效的小麥栽培模式,在地下水嚴(yán)重超采地區(qū)的規(guī)�；←溕a(chǎn)中具有實(shí)用推廣意義,特別是將周年貯墑旱作模式(冬小麥-夏玉米貯墑旱作,小麥生育期休灌)與現(xiàn)行周年節(jié)水灌溉模式(冬小麥-夏玉米節(jié)水栽培,小麥春季澆1-2水)以及季節(jié)性休耕(一年一季玉米)模式合理搭配布局,建立輪作休耕、休灌節(jié)水生產(chǎn)體系,將能為區(qū)域農(nóng)業(yè)實(shí)現(xiàn)減灌壓采與穩(wěn)糧增收的結(jié)合走出一條新路。
[Abstract]:In the restricted area of North China water resources, reduce the irrigation of winter wheat to reduce the over exploitation of groundwater has important significance. The current extension of wheat cultivation technology of spring irrigation 1-2 (75-150 mm, chunguan) to further reduce the amount of irrigation, we put forward the "dry storage moisture" cultivation mode, which is stored before sowing enough moisture, fertility during the period of no irrigation. The mode of technology has already begun demonstration applications, but its yield and water and nitrogen use characteristics and mechanisms still need to further clarify. This study over exploitation of groundwater in Hebei winter wheat summer maize cropping system in two, by setting the winter wheat storage moisture dry farming and water-saving irrigation (irrigation in spring 2 water) comparison tests of two kinds of modes and different water storage amount, nitrogen content and different varieties of effects on moisture in dry storage system, studied the population dynamics of water storage in dry cultivation, source sink properties, yield, water consumption The characteristics of nitrogen utilization, and comprehensive analysis of the production efficiency and potential benefits. The main results are as follows: (1) the yield of Winter Wheat in dry storage moisture model below 2 water spring irrigation mode is mainly to reduce the population of the total grain number and yield, but before transport and storage material of seed contribution rate increased significantly can still get 6500 kg 1000 grain weight increased, hm-2 above the level of output, the annual winter wheat summer maize storage moisture dry yield was 17000 kg hm-2 more than 3 consecutive years of storage moisture of Winter Wheat in Dryland yield was 6694-7432 kg hm-2, the average yield ratio of 2 water reducing 16.6%. spring spring irrigation mode without irrigation reduced the percentage of productive tillers, cause the spike number decreased; reduced flowering biomass, resulting in reduced grain number; reduced the individual plant type, reduced leaf area index. But the increase of panicle leaf ratio and grain leaf ratio, increased sink source ratio, promote the storage in vegetative organs before anthesis Photosynthate transport, increased grain filling rate, grain weight increased significantly. In the two anniversary of winter wheat summer maize cropping system, soil moisture storage of Winter Wheat in Dryland of flowering and early maturity, yield the 5-7 temperature of summer maize resources to the sky, is conducive to the stable production of corn, the annual output to maintain high yield level. By increasing basic seedling to increase the spike number, dry storage moisture the yield of wheat can be increased further. (2) water storage of Winter Wheat in Dryland without irrigation in growing period, significantly reduced the total water consumption of wheat harvest, after freeing up larger storage capacity of soil increased summer precipitation, the annual water use efficiency. The soil water consumption of Winter Wheat in Dryland is the source of growth period precipitation and soil water storage before sowing, storing enough moisture, perennial after sowing to jointing will not appear serious water deficit, soil water consumption is mainly in the upper and lower water consumption increased after jointing stage to mature stage, 2 meters of soil body .3 the average annual water consumption of soil water consumption to total water consumption of 67%, significantly higher than the 2 spring irrigation water treatment (35%). Compared with the spring irrigation treatment, the consumption of soil water storage of the soil moisture storage in Rainfed Wheat increased by 99 mm, the total water consumption was reduced by 52 mm, the water use efficiency had no significant difference. Are more than 1.8 kg - m-3. In the two anniversary of winter wheat summer maize cropping system, soil moisture storage of Winter Wheat in dryland were harvested after 2 m soil moisture storage capacity of more than 99 mm, summer precipitation storage is 63 mm, the annual evapotranspiration decreased by 115 mm, and the water use efficiency of summer maize increased by 15.8% the annual water use, improve the efficiency of 5.2%. (3) absorption intensity on the nitrogen storage moisture of Winter Wheat in Dryland was reduced after jointing, reduce the plant total nitrogen content, but increased the nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen harvest index. Compared with 2 in the spring irrigation water, nitrogen fertilizer under the same moisture storage in Rainfed Wheat average The total nitrogen content decreased 25.7%, nitrogen uptake after jointing stage and total nitrogen ratio decreased significantly, but the production efficiency of nitrogen increased significantly; nitrogen absorption from after anthesis was reduced, but from before storage nitrogen translocation increased, the nitrogen harvest means significantly increased, grain nitrogen concentration to maintain a stable storage. The moisture in Rainfed wheat nitrogen partial productivity is low, but the nitrogen utilization efficiency was significantly higher. In the two anniversary of winter wheat summer maize cropping system in winter wheat dry storage moisture decreased after nitrogen uptake of summer maize crop, but also improve the maize nitrogen harvest index and nitrogen use efficiency, so that the annual the nitrogen use efficiency increased significantly. (4) water storage of Winter Wheat in Dryland under moderate nitrogen (225 kg hm-2) can be obtained with high yield and high nitrogen and water use efficiency of Winter Wheat in dryland soil moisture storage coordination. The implementation of a one-time fertilizer (fertilizer), 180-270 kg hm- 2 range of nitrogen, nitrogen fertilizer, improve the yield, but the harvest index is stable; increase the total grain number, grain weight but stable; improve the grain yield, but nitrogen (225 kg hm-2) and high nitrogen (270kghm-2) treatment had no significant difference; but increased nitrogen uptake, nitrogen use efficiency stability, decrease of nitrogen harvest index, nitrogen partial production rate decreased significantly; the increase in the total water consumption, but water use efficiency and stability. The comprehensive coordination of yield and water and nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen in the medium (225 kg hm-2) is preferred. (5) the water dry cultivation before sowing soil optimum moisture content storage 2m for the 85-90% of field capacity, the moisture storage quantity can be obtained the highest yield and water use efficiency. Soil in Heilongjiang low plain areas and 2 m soil maximum water content of up to 700 mm, the effective water storage can reach 445 mm before sowing in different moisture storage volume showed that with the 2m phase of soil water content increased, the yield of wheat and The total water consumption increased, the relative water content in soil was 90% when wheat yield has reached the maximum, the relative water content in soil of 85% wheat water use efficiency was the highest. Kg hm-2 6000 cannot be obtained above yield relative soil water content was lower than 80%, but the relative soil water content more than 90% invalid for the increase of water consumption, water the utilization efficiency decreased. (6) to high yield and high water use efficiency in Dryland Cultivation varieties of storage, the common features of group containing large amount of grain number per panicle, 1000 grain weight and moderate, the higher harvest index. The average yield of 19 selected varieties in the soil under dry conditions was 6733 kg hm-2, but the yield among varieties and a significant difference in water use efficiency, high yield and high water use efficiency varieties characterized by medium height, panicle number, panicle moderate population sink capacity is larger, smaller leaf area, higher leaf area index groups, non leaf organs of moderate size, The ratio of panicle, grain leaf ratio; grain growth before the mid canopy senescence speed is slow, but later aging fast, high strength grouting, 1000 grain weight and harvest index was significantly higher. It is removed from the storage mode, moisture dry irrigation in growing period in the seeding foot basis (Hugh irrigation), greatly reduce the irrigation water. At the same time, simplifying the operation management, is a moderately high yield and water-saving wheat cultivation mode, has great practical significance in wheat production scale groundwater overdraft area, especially the annual storage moisture dry mode (winter wheat and summer maize in dryland wheat storage water, irrigation and water saving Hugh) current anniversary irrigation mode (winter wheat and summer maize cultivation water, spring wheat poured 1-2 water) and seasonal fallow (Year season maize) mode reasonable collocation layout, establish rotation fallow, Hugh water-saving irrigation system of production area will be able to The field agriculture realizes the combination of reducing irrigation and mining, stabilizing grain and increasing income.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S512.11

【參考文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前10條

1 Baoyuan Zhou;Yang Yue;Xuefang Sun;Zaisong Ding;Wei Ma;Ming Zhao;;Maize kernel weight responses to sowing dateassociated variation in weather conditions[J];The Crop Journal;2017年01期

2 徐學(xué)欣;王東;;微噴補(bǔ)灌對(duì)冬小麥旗葉衰老和光合特性及產(chǎn)量和水分利用效率的影響[J];中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué);2016年14期

3 Xiying ZHANG;Wenli QIN;Juanna XIE;;Improving water use ef fi ciency in grain production of winter wheat and summer maize in the North China Plain: a review[J];Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering;2016年01期

4 吳金芝;王志敏;李友軍;張英華;;干旱脅迫下不同抗旱性小麥品種產(chǎn)量形成與水分利用特征[J];中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào);2015年06期

5 徐云姬;錢希e，

本文編號(hào)：1356289